E-Book, Englisch, Band 8, 976 Seiten, Format (B × H): 190 mm x 270 mm, Gewicht: 10 g
An International Handbook
E-Book, Englisch, Band 8, 976 Seiten, Format (B × H): 190 mm x 270 mm, Gewicht: 10 g
ISBN: 978-3-11-020337-0
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
In bringing together knowlegde of different sources and disciplines under a common roof, the editors have achieved a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of language pathology. Because of the diversity of the disciplines contributing to this scientific field, the chapters differ clearly in theories and methodologies. Yet this handbook represents a clear and common interdisciplinary contribution to linguistic disorders and pathologies and, furthermore, demonstrates the amount of interdisciplinary interaction still required. We chose this title in order to encompass as broadly as possible abnormalities and alterations of language perception, comprehension and production in adults and children, including nonpathological disorders. This handbook will be of interest to anybody involved with disordered language and/or language and speech disturbances, such as linguists and psychologists working in related research areas or teaching related subjects, scientists analyzing and modelling linguistic and cognitive processes (e.g. in Cognitive Psychology, Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Neuropsychology, Behavioural Neurology, Artificial Intelligence Research, and Cognitive Science), clinicians dealing with aquired or developmental language disorders, and speech pathologists and therapists. Besides presenting the state of the art, the handbook provides rich bibliographical information for research workers, clinicians, and advanced students.
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Weitere Infos & Material
1;Contents;4
2;Preface;5
3;I. Language Use in Normal Speakers and its Disorders;15
3.1;1. The Architecture of Normal Spoken Language Use;15
3.1.1;1. Introduction;15
3.1.2;2. Speaking;15
3.1.3;3. Speech Understanding;21
3.1.4;4. Incrementality, Autonomyand Interaction;26
3.1.5;5. References;27
3.2;2. Morphosyntactic Characteristics of Spoken Language;15
3.2.1;1. Introduction;30
3.2.2;2. Language as an Interpersonal Activity;30
3.2.3;3. The ‚Oral-Written’ Dimension;37
3.2.4;4. Generation of Surface Structure;38
3.2.5;5. ‚Anomalies’ in Spoken Language;41
3.2.6;6. Concluding Remarks;44
3.2.7;7. References;44
3.3;3. Phonological and Articulatory Characteristics of Spoken Language;15
3.3.1;1. Introduction;48
3.3.2;2. Two Perspectives on Coarticulation;50
3.3.3;3. Coordination;56
3.3.4;4. Speech Dynamics;58
3.3.5;5. References;58
3.4;4. Characteristics of Hesitation Phenomena;60
3.4.1;1. The Hesitant Nature of Speech;60
3.4.2;2. Planning Units;61
3.4.3;3. The Influence of Syntax;62
3.4.4;4. The Influence of Content;63
3.4.5;5. Cognitive Rhythms;64
3.4.6;6. Implications for the Study of Language Pathology;65
3.4.7;7. References;65
3.5;5. Spontaneous and Evoked Slips of the Tongue;67
3.5.1;1. Introduction;67
3.5.2;2. Definitions and Typologies of Slips of the Tongue;68
3.5.3;3. Conditioning Factors;70
3.5.4;4. Experimental Procedures for Exploring Speech Errors;73
3.5.5;5. Methodological Issues;75
3.5.6;6. Conclusions;77
3.5.7;7. References;78
3.6;6. Slips of the Pen, Tongue, and Typewriter:A Contrastive Analysis;80
3.6.1;1. Introduction;80
3.6.2;2. Errors: General Considerations;80
3.6.3;3. Typing Errors;81
3.6.4;4. Classes of Pen Slips;82
3.6.5;5. Error Detection;83
3.6.6;6. Feedbackin Handwriting and Typing;83
3.6.7;7. Comparisonsof Slips across Modalities;83
3.6.8;8. References;85
3.7;7. Errors and their Relevance for Models of Language Production;86
3.7.1;1. Introduction;86
3.7.2;2. Phrasal Processing;89
3.7.3;3. Lexical Retrievaland Phrasal Construction;96
3.7.4;4. Relations of Phrasal and Lexical Processes: Error Data and Experimental Evidence;101
3.7.5;5. References;104
3.8;8. Disordered Language in Creative Writing;106
3.8.1;1. Introduction;106
3.8.2;2. Rule-Breaking;107
3.8.3;3. Chance and Choice;108
3.8.4;4. Form and Meaning;110
3.8.5;5. References;111
4;II. Acquired Organic Pathologies of Language Behavior: Neurolinguistic Disorders;112
4.1;9. Clinical Symptoms and Syndromes of Aphasia;112
4.1.1;1. Definition;112
4.1.2;2. Epidemiology and Etiology;112
4.1.3;3. Symptoms of Aphasia;112
4.1.4;4. Syndromes of Aphasia;117
4.1.5;5. References;129
4.2;10. Cerebral Organization of Language;134
4.2.1;1. Introduction;134
4.2.2;2. Anatomical Issues;134
4.2.3;3. Physiological Issues;135
4.2.4;4. Functional Issues;137
4.2.5;5. Biological Issues;138
4.2.6;6. Language Functionand Lesion Localization;140
4.2.7;7. Language Functionand Cortical Stimulation;145
4.2.8;8. Conclusion;147
4.2.9;9. References;147
4.3;11. Diagnostic Methods in Aphasiology;152
4.3.1;1. Introduction;152
4.3.2;2. The Test Battery Approach;154
4.3.3;3. The Single Case Study Approachin Cognitive Neuropsychology;160
4.3.4;4. Two Specific Assessment Problems;163
4.3.5;5. Conclusion;164
4.3.6;6. References;165
4.4;12. Semantic Disorders in Aphasia;168
4.4.1;1. Introduction;168
4.4.2;2. Lexical Semantics;169
4.4.3;3. Category- and Modality-Specific Deficits;170
4.4.4;4. Sentence Semantics and Logical Form;172
4.4.5;5. Conclusions;173
4.4.6;6. References;173
4.5;13. Syntactic Disorders in Aphasia;175
4.5.1;1. Introduction;175
4.5.2;2. Major Historical Forerunners;176
4.5.3;3. Agrammatismas a Central Syntactic Deficit;177
4.5.4;4. Agrammatismas a Morpholexical Deficit;179
4.5.5;5. Modality Specificityand Performance Disorders;180
4.5.6;6. Current Syntactic Accounts;180
4.5.7;7. Conclusion;181
4.5.8;8. References;182
4.6;14. Disorders of Word Class Processing in Aphasia;184
4.6.1;1. Syntactic Categories;184
4.6.2;2. Disorders of Language Processing in Aphasia;188
4.6.3;3. Theories of Agrammatism Connected to Category Distinction;193
4.6.4;4. References;195
4.7;15. Disorders of Lexical Morphology in Aphasia;196
4.7.1;1. Introduction;196
4.7.2;2. Morphological Errors and their Interpretation;197
4.7.3;3. Jargonaphasia and Word-Formation Mechanisms;199
4.7.4;4. Morphological Deficits in Sentence Comprehension and Production;199
4.7.5;5. Morphological Representationand Processing;200
4.7.6;6. References;200
4.8;16. Disorders of Word-Form Processing in Aphasia;202
4.8.1;1. Introduction;202
4.8.2;2. Productive Sources for Neologisms;202
4.8.3;3. Production Models for Neologisms;204
4.8.4;4. Conclusion;210
4.8.5;5. References;210
4.9;17. Segmental Disorders in Aphasia;212
4.9.1;1. Introduction;212
4.9.2;2. The Clinical Populationunder Examination;213
4.9.3;3. An approach to the Interpretation of Segmental Output Errorsin Aphasia;214
4.9.4;4. Segmental Error Patterns in Aphasia that Reflect Different Phonological Deficits;217
4.9.5;5. Summary;222
4.9.6;6. References;222
4.10;18. Disorders of Prosody in Aphasia;224
4.10.1;1. Characteristics of Prosody;224
4.10.2;2. The Perception of Prosodic Features in Aphasia;225
4.10.3;3. The Production of Stress and Pitch in Aphasia;227
4.10.4;4. The Foreign Accent Syndrome;228
4.10.5;5. References;229
4.11;19. Nonpropositional Speech in Aphasia;230
4.11.1;1. Introduction;230
4.11.2;2. Characterization of Nonpropositional Language;231
4.11.3;3. Nonpropositional Speech Production;233
4.11.4;4. Nonpropositional Language Comprehension;235
4.11.5;5. Discussion;236
4.11.6;6. References;237
4.12;20. Repetitive Phenomena in Aphasia;240
4.12.1;1. Introduction;240
4.12.2;2. Stereotypy or Recurrent Utterance;240
4.12.3;3. Echolalia;243
4.12.4;4. Contamination;244
4.12.5;5. Perseveration;245
4.12.6;6. Conclusions;251
4.12.7;7. References;251
4.13;21. Aphasia and Models of Language Production and Perception;253
4.13.1;1. Introduction;253
4.13.2;2. Lichtheim’s Model;253
4.13.3;3. Modern Box and Arrow Models;257
4.13.4;4. A Comparison and Critique;259
4.13.5;5. A Modern Treatment of Paraphasias;260
4.13.6;6. Conclusion;264
4.13.7;7. References;264
4.14;22. Acquired Disorders of Reading;266
4.14.1;1. Introduction;266
4.14.2;2. Disorders of Written Word Perception and Identification;266
4.14.3;3. Impairments of Phonological Reading;272
4.14.4;4. Reading via Semantics;272
4.14.5;5. References;274
4.15;23. Acquired Disorders of Writing and Spelling;277
4.15.1;1. Historical Introduction;277
4.15.2;2. Modern Models of Writing;279
4.15.3;3. Agraphia in Alzheimer’s Disease;288
4.15.4;4. References;289
4.16;24. Multilingualism and Aphasia;293
4.16.1;1. Introduction;293
4.16.2;2. Patterns of Recovery;293
4.16.3;3. Three Questions about Language Representation in the Brain;294
4.16.4;4. Neurofunctional Organization of More Than One Language;297
4.16.5;5. The Measure of Deficits;301
4.16.6;6. Conclusion;301
4.16.7;7. References;301
4.17;25. Communicative Behavior in Aphasia;303
4.17.1;1. Introduction;303
4.17.2;2. Review of the Experimental Evidence;305
4.17.3;3. Clinical Implications;312
4.17.4;4. General Conclusions;314
4.17.5;5. References;314
4.18;26. Text Processing in Aphasia;318
4.18.1;1. Introduction;318
4.18.2;2. Sentence Level within Text;319
4.18.3;3. Text Level Processing;320
4.18.4;4. Dissociation between Language Levels;321
4.18.5;5. Relationship between Language Levels;322
4.18.6;6. Macrostructure in Text Processing;323
4.18.7;7. Conclusion;324
4.18.8;8. References;324
4.19;27. Aphasia and Intelligence;325
4.19.1;1. Introduction;325
4.19.2;2. Intelligence or Intelligences?;326
4.19.3;3. Intelligenceand Information-Processing;327
4.19.4;4. Aphasia and Non-Verbal Deficits;329
4.19.5;5. Conclusions;330
4.19.6;6. References;331
4.20;28. Aphasia and Apraxia;332
4.20.1;1. Introduction;332
4.20.2;2. Brain Localization;334
4.20.3;3. Apraxia and Type of Aphasia;334
4.20.4;4. Modality Specific Apraxia;334
4.20.5;5. Testing for Apraxia;334
4.20.6;6. ‘Linguistic’ Description and Analysis of Parapractic Errors;335
4.20.7;7. Receptive Aspects of Apraxia;336
4.20.8;8. Sequential Aspects of Aphasia and Apraxia;336
4.20.9;9. Linguistic Models of Aphasia in Relation to Apraxia;337
4.20.10;10. Conclusions;338
4.20.11;11. References;338
4.21;29. Aphasia and Acalculia;340
4.21.1;1. Overview;340
4.21.2;2. Introduction;340
4.22;30. Short-Term Memory in Aphasia;347
4.22.1;1. Introduction;347
4.22.2;2. Memory Disordersin Aphasic Patients;347
4.22.3;3. Do Memory Impairments Play a Specific Role in Sentence Repetition, Comprehension, and Expression?;349
4.22.4;4. Summary;361
4.22.5;5. References;362
4.23;31. Aphasia Therapy;367
4.23.1;1. Introduction;367
4.23.2;2. Intuitive Therapies;367
4.23.3;3. Model-Based Approaches;371
4.23.4;4. Communication Therapy;376
4.23.5;5. Evaluation;379
4.23.6;6. Delivery of Services;380
4.23.7;7. Conclusion;382
4.23.8;8. References;383
4.24;32. Psychosocial Aspects of Aphasia;387
4.24.1;1. A Framework for Psychosocial Studies;387
4.24.2;2. Adjusting to the Social Context;388
4.24.3;3. Intervention and Rehabilitation;389
4.24.4;4. Future Perspectives;390
4.24.5;5. References;391
4.25;33. Pathology of Nonaphasic Language Behavior after Focal Left Hemispheric Damage;393
4.25.1;1. Frontal Lobe Language Disorders;393
4.25.2;2. ‚Latent Dysphasia’ after Non-perisylvian Cortical Damage;395
4.25.3;3. Subcortical Language Disorders;396
4.25.4;4. Conclusion;396
4.25.5;5. References;396
4.26;34. Verbal Communication Deficits after Right-Hemisphere Damage;398
4.26.1;1. Prosody;398
4.26.2;2. Lexical Semantics;399
4.26.3;3. Text and Pragmatics;400
4.26.4;4. Specificity of the Verbal Communication Disorders;401
4.26.5;5. Incidence of Verbal Communication Deficits;401
4.26.6;6. References;401
4.27;35. Pathology of Language Behavior in Dementia;403
4.27.1;1. Introduction;403
4.27.2;2. Alzheimer’s Disease;404
4.27.3;3. Parkinson’s Disease;410
4.27.4;4. Huntington’s Disease;413
4.27.5;5. Pick’s Disease;416
4.27.6;6. Progressive Aphasia and Dementia;417
4.27.7;7. References;417
4.28;36. Language Disorderswith Diffuse Brain Disease of Acute Onset;424
4.28.1;1. Introduction;424
4.28.2;2. General Neurological Outcomes;425
4.28.3;3. Underlying Neurophysiological Mechanisms;425
4.28.4;4. Language Characteristics of Patientswith Diffuse Brain Disease of Acute Onset;426
4.28.5;5. Conclusions;428
4.28.6;6. References;429
5;III. Acquired Organic Pathologies of Language Behavior:Neurophonetic Disorders;431
5.1;37. Dynamical Systems and Speech;431
5.1.1;1. Introductionand Historical Perspective;431
5.1.2;2. Functional Constraints onMultiarticulator Coordination;432
5.1.3;3. Coordination Dynamics of Speech;433
5.1.4;4. Conclusions;437
5.1.5;5. References;437
5.2;38. Pathophysiology of Disordered Articulation;440
5.2.1;1. Viewpoint;440
5.2.2;2. Basic Speech Motor Actions;441
5.2.3;3. Classificationof the Motor Speech Disorders;442
5.2.4;4. Considerations for Classificationof Motor Speech Disorders;445
5.2.5;5. References;446
5.3;39. Assessment Methods in Neurophonetics:Speech Production;447
5.3.1;1. Introduction;447
5.3.2;2. Assessment Techniques;447
5.3.3;3. Assessment Paradigms;454
5.3.4;4. Neurophonetic Assessment:Means and Ends;455
5.3.5;5. References;456
5.4;40. Speech Apraxia;458
5.4.1;1. Definition;459
5.4.2;2. Related Conditions;459
5.4.3;3. History;459
5.4.4;4. Signs of Speech Apraxia;460
5.4.5;5. A Contemporary Portraitof Speech Apraxia;462
5.4.6;6. Subtypes of Speech Apraxia;462
5.4.7;7. Localization;462
5.4.8;8. Explanations;463
5.4.9;9. Diagnosis;463
5.4.10;10. Conclusions;464
5.4.11;11. References;464
5.5;41. Spastic Dysarthria;467
5.5.1;1. Introduction;467
5.5.2;2. Attributes of Spastic Dysarthria;468
5.5.3;3. The Pathophysiology of Spasticity;469
5.5.4;4. Management of the Individualwith Spastic Dysarthria;470
5.5.5;5. References;471
5.6;42. Flaccid Dysarthria;472
5.6.1;1. Introduction;472
5.6.2;2. PeripheralNeuromuscular Structuresand Speech CharacteristicsAssociatedwith Flaccid Dysarthria;472
5.6.3;3. Neurological Causesof Flaccid Dysarthria;474
5.6.4;4. Management;475
5.6.5;5. References;476
5.7;43. Hypo- and Hyperkinetic Dysarthria;476
5.7.1;1. Types of Hypokineticand Hyperkinetic Dysarthria;476
5.7.2;2. Disorder Characteristics;477
5.7.3;3. Symptom Modulation;479
5.7.4;4. Pathophysiology;480
5.7.5;5. Characteristicsof the Speech Execution SystemBased on the Hypo-and Hyperkinetic Dysarthrias;481
5.7.6;6. References;481
5.8;44. Cerebellar Dysarthria;483
5.8.1;1. Introduction;483
5.8.2;2. Clinical Perceptual Attributesof Cerebellar Dysarthria;484
5.8.3;3. Phonetic Attributes;485
5.8.4;4. Acoustic Attributes;486
5.8.5;5. Kinematic Attributes;486
5.8.6;6. Pathophysiological Mechanismsin Cerebellar Dysarthria;489
5.8.7;7. Management of Patientswith Cerebellar Dysarthria;489
5.8.8;8. References;489
5.9;45. Feedback Impairments in Dysarthria;491
5.9.1;1. Background;491
5.9.2;2. Possible Sensory Impairmentsin Dysarthria;492
5.9.3;3. Clinical Assessmentof Sensorimotor Integrity;494
5.9.4;4. Implications for Treatment;494
5.9.5;5. Conclusions;495
5.9.6;6. References;495
5.10;46. Therapy of Dysarthrias and Speech Apraxia;495
5.10.1;1. Definitions;495
5.10.2;2. Therapy of the Dysarthrias;496
5.10.3;3. Treatment of Speech Apraxia;499
5.10.4;4. References;499
5.11;47. Effects of Anatomical Alterations on Fully Developed Articulation;501
5.11.1;1. Introduction;501
5.11.2;2. Maxillary Resections;501
5.11.3;3. Ablation of the Soft Palate;501
5.11.4;4. Mandibulectomy;501
5.11.5;5. Glossectomy;502
5.11.6;6. References;504
5.12;48. Disorders of Phonation;506
5.12.1;1. Introduction;506
5.12.2;2. Organic Voice Disorders;508
5.12.3;3. Functional Voice Disorders;510
5.12.4;4. Central Voice DisordersFollowing Craniocerebral Injury(CI);511
5.12.5;5. References;512
5.13;49. Pure Word Deafness (Verbal Auditory Agnosia);513
5.13.1;1. Cortical Deafness;513
5.13.2;2. Auditory Agnosia;514
5.13.3;3. Pure Word Deafness;514
5.13.4;4. References;517
5.14;50. Speech Tics in Tourette’s Syndrome;519
5.14.1;1. Characteristicsof Tourette’s Syndrome;519
5.14.2;2. Characteristics of Ticsin Tourette’s Syndrome;519
5.14.3;3. Effects of Speech Behavioron Tic Frequency;520
5.14.4;4. Position of Tics in Speech;521
5.14.5;5. Are Tics Voluntary or Involuntary?;521
5.14.6;6. Pathophysiology of Tic Behavior;521
5.14.7;7. Associated Behaviors;522
5.14.8;8. Relationships with Other Deficits;522
5.14.9;9. Conclusions;523
5.14.10;10. References;523
6;IV. Pathologies of Language Use in Psychiatric Disorders;525
6.1;51. Language Behavior in Alexithymia;525
6.1.1;1. Neurosisand Psychosomatic Disease;525
6.1.2;2. Affect Verbalization and Alexithymia;525
6.1.3;3. Communication of Emotional Meaning;526
6.1.4;4. Content Analysis and Emotional Meaning;526
6.1.5;5. Concluding Remarks;527
6.1.6;6. References;527
6.2;52. Pathology of Language Behavior in Affective Psychoses;528
6.2.1;1. Introduction;528
6.2.2;2. Speech Production;528
6.2.3;3. Syntax and Text;530
6.2.4;4. Lexicon and Semantics;530
6.2.5;5. Fluency and Speech Disruptions;531
6.2.6;6. Conclusion;534
6.2.7;7. References;534
6.3;53. Thought Disorders and Language Behavior in Schizophrenia;537
6.3.1;1. Introduction;537
6.3.2;2. The Descriptionand Quantitative Measurement of Schizophrenic Utterance;539
6.3.3;3. Language and Motor Behavior;541
6.3.4;4. Associational Processes;542
6.3.5;5. Memory and Language;544
6.3.6;6. A Model of Schizophrenic Utterance: The Association Activation Hypothesis;545
6.3.7;7. References;547
6.4;54. Linguistic Aspects of Language Behavior in Schizophrenia;549
6.4.1;1. Linguistic Deviations in Schizophrenic Speech;549
6.4.2;2. Systematic Studies of Naturally Occurring Schizophrenic Speech;552
6.4.3;3. Experimental Studies;555
6.4.4;4. Conclusions;556
6.4.5;5. References;557
6.5;55. Glossomania and Glossolalia in Schizophasia and their Linguistic Kinships to the Jargonaphasias;558
6.5.1;1. Schizophrenic Speech;558
6.5.2;2. Schizophasia;559
6.5.3;3. Schizophrenic Speech,;563
6.5.4;4. References;563
6.6;56. Communicative Behavior in Schizophrenia;564
6.6.1;1. Introduction;564
6.6.2;2. Description of Deviances;564
6.6.3;3. Conditions of the Occurrence of Deviances;567
6.6.4;4. Summary;568
6.6.5;5. References;568
7;V. Pathologies and Disorders of Language Development;573
7.1;57. Landmarks in Children’s Language Development;573
7.1.1;1. Introduction;573
7.1.2;2. The Developmentof Linguistic Competence;573
7.1.3;3. The Development of Communicative Competence;582
7.1.4;4. Some Closing Words;584
7.1.5;5. References;585
7.2;58. Definition and Diagnosis of Language Development Disorders;589
7.2.1;1. Introduction;589
7.2.2;2. Decline of the Medical Model;589
7.2.3;3. The Psychology of Language Development Disorder;592
7.2.4;4. References;597
7.3;59. Neurological Aspects of Language Development Disorders;600
7.3.1;1. Introduction;600
7.3.2;2. Hemisphere Structure;602
7.3.3;3. Associated Neurological Abnormalities;604
7.3.4;4. A Critical Period for Language Acquisition?;606
7.3.5;5. References;607
7.4;60. Psychiatric and Psychological Aspects of Language Development Disorders;610
7.4.1;1. Introduction;610
7.4.2;2. Influenceson Normal Language Development;610
7.4.3;3. Psychosocial Sequelae;615
7.4.4;4. References;618
7.5;61. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Linguistic Aspects;621
7.5.1;1. Introduction;621
7.5.2;2. Characteristics of Dysphasic Children;622
7.5.3;3. Patterns of Language Behaviorand Development;623
7.5.4;4. Information Processing Problems;636
7.5.5;5. References;638
7.6;62. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Perceptual and Cognitive Aspects;640
7.6.1;1. Introduction;640
7.6.2;2. Perceptual Aspects;640
7.6.3;3. Conceptualand Representational Aspects;645
7.6.4;4. The Search for Causal Factors:Conclusions and Future Directions;650
7.6.5;5. References;652
7.7;63. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Treatment;655
7.7.1;1. Introduction;655
7.7.2;2. The Effectiveness of Language Treatment;655
7.7.3;3. The Focus of Treatment;659
7.7.4;4. Summary;660
7.7.5;5. References;660
7.8;64. Acquired Aphasia in Children;661
7.8.1;1. Incidence of Childhood Aphasia;662
7.8.2;2. Ontogenyof Hemispheric Dominance;662
7.8.3;3. Symptoms of Childhood Aphasia;665
7.8.4;4. Recovery and Sparing of Function;669
7.8.5;5. Conclusions;672
7.8.6;6. References;672
7.9;65. Language Acquisition and Development with Sensory Impairment: Hearing-Impaired Children;675
7.9.1;1. Factors Affecting Language Acquisition;675
7.9.2;2. Conductive Hearing Loss;678
7.9.3;3. Prelingual Hearing Loss:Research Questions;680
7.9.4;4. Oral Language;681
7.9.5;5. Written Language;685
7.9.6;6. Lip-Reading;686
7.9.7;7. Sign Language Acquisition;689
7.9.8;8. Summary and Conclusions;690
7.9.9;9. References;691
7.10;66. Language Acquisition and Development with Sensory Impairment:Blind Children;694
7.10.1;1. Theoreticaland Methodological Issues;694
7.10.2;2. Phonology;695
7.10.3;3. Morphology and Syntax;696
7.10.4;4. Semantics;697
7.10.5;5. Pragmatics, Input, and Interaction;698
7.10.6;6. Conclusions;701
7.10.7;7. References;701
7.11;67. Language Acquisition and Developmentin Persons with Mental Retardation;703
7.11.1;1. Introduction;703
7.11.2;2. Elements of Language Acquisition;703
7.11.3;3. Specific Syndromes;707
7.11.4;4. Summary;709
7.11.5;5. References;709
7.12;68. Patterns of Interactionand Communication in Language Development Disorders;712
7.12.1;1. Introduction;712
7.12.2;2. Input: Mothers’ Speechto Language Disordered Children;714
7.12.3;3. Discourse Features in Language Disordered Children;719
7.12.4;4. The Conceptof Maternal Adjustment Revisited;721
7.12.5;5. References;723
7.13;69. Disorders of Written Language Development:Definitions and Overview;726
7.13.1;1. Learning to Read:The Alphabetic Principleand Stage Models of Reading Development;726
7.13.2;2. Reading Disorders: Definitions, Methods and Some History;728
7.13.3;3. Reading Disorders: Alternative Conceptions;732
7.13.4;4. References;735
7.14;70. Developmental Dyslexia and Language Disorders;739
7.14.1;1. Introduction;739
7.14.2;2. Spoken Language Deficits in Dyslexic Children;739
7.14.3;3. Written Language Deficits in Dyslexic Children;742
7.14.4;4. Individual DifferencesAmongst Dyslexic Children;742
7.14.5;5. Higher-Level Language Difficulties in Dyslexic Children?;744
7.14.6;6. Treatment Implications;744
7.14.7;7. Conclusions and Future Directions;746
7.14.8;8. References;746
7.15;71. Developmental Dyslexia and Cognitive Processes;748
7.15.1;1. Methodological Issues: Trying to Establish Causes;748
7.15.2;2. Visual Problems;749
7.15.3;3. Verbal Memory Problems;751
7.15.4;4. Conclusions and Future Directions;754
7.15.5;5. References;755
7.16;72. Single and Multiple Component Developmental Dyslexias;757
7.16.1;1. History and Background;757
7.16.2;2. Surface Dyslexia;758
7.16.3;3. Phonological Dyslexia;762
7.16.4;4. Deep Dyslexia;765
7.16.5;5. References;766
7.17;73. Treatment of Developmental Reading and Spelling Disorders;768
7.17.1;1. The Scope of Remedial Approaches;768
7.17.2;2. Methodological Issues in Evaluating Intervention;768
7.17.3;3. Psychological and Educational Approaches;769
7.17.4;4. Medicaland Neurological Approaches;777
7.17.5;5. Future Research;778
7.17.6;6. References;778
7.18;74. Hyperlexia and Precocious Reading;783
7.18.1;1. Definitions and Issues;783
7.18.2;2. Mechanisms Underlying Hyperlexic Reading;784
7.18.3;3. Parallels with Normal Precocious Reading;785
7.18.4;4. Conclusions;786
7.18.5;5. References;787
7.19;75. Aspects of Metalinguistic Abilities in Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia) and Dyslexia;788
7.19.1;1. Metalinguistic Abilities:;788
7.19.2;2. Populations Exhibiting Deficitsin Metalinguistic Awareness;790
7.19.3;3. Relation Between Developmental Language Disorders and Reading Disabilities;790
7.19.4;4. Experimental Studies of Metalinguistic Skills Evidenced by SLI Children;791
7.19.5;5. Experimental Investigationsof the Relation Between Metalinguistic Skills and Reading Development/Disabilities;793
7.19.6;6. Claims Regarding the Role of Metalinguistics in Language Disorders and Reading Disabilities;796
7.19.7;7. Clinical Implications: Assessment and Remediation;797
7.19.8;8. Directions for Future Research;798
7.19.9;9. References;798
7.20;76. Communicative Behavior with Neurotic Developmental Disorders:Elective Mutism;803
7.20.1;1. Introduction;803
7.20.2;2. Traumatic Mutism;803
7.20.3;3. Elective Mutism;803
7.20.4;4. References;808
7.21;77. Language and Communicative Behavior in Childhood Psychosis;809
7.21.1;1. Definition;809
7.21.2;2. Symptomatology;810
7.21.3;3. Speech and Language Behavior in Schizophrenic Children;811
7.21.4;4. Differential Diagnosis;815
7.21.5;5. Relationship between Language Disorders and Communicative Behavior;816
7.21.6;6. Conclusions;817
7.21.7;7. References;817
7.22;78. Language and Communicative Behavior in Autistic Disorder;819
7.22.1;1. Introduction;819
7.22.2;2. Epidemiology and Classification;820
7.22.3;3. Differential Diagnosis;820
7.22.4;4. Etiology of Autistic Disorderand PDD;823
7.22.5;5. Language and Communication Deficits in Autism;826
7.22.6;6. Intervention Strategiesfor Communication;829
7.22.7;7. Prognosis of Autistic Disorder;835
7.22.8;8. References;835
7.23;79. Speech Disordered Children;840
7.23.1;1. Introduction;840
7.23.2;2. Describing Phonological Errors;840
7.23.3;3. Associated Underlying Deficits;842
7.23.4;4. Causal Factors;844
7.23.5;5. Psycholinguistic Implications of Phonological Disorder;846
7.23.6;6. References;847
7.24;80. Developmental Dysarthria;849
7.24.1;1. Introduction;849
7.24.2;2. Etiology and Behavioral Pathology;850
7.24.3;3. Speech Pathology;854
7.24.4;4. Clinical Evaluation;858
7.24.5;5. Treatment;864
7.24.6;6. Summary;869
7.24.7;7. References;869
7.25;81. Effects of Congenital Malformations on Speech Development;873
7.25.1;1. Introduction;873
7.25.2;2. Cleft Lip and Palate;873
7.25.3;3. Apert Syndromeand Crouzon Disease;876
7.25.4;4. References;878
7.26;82. Stuttering: Physiological Correlates and Theoretical Perspectives;879
7.26.1;1. Introduction;879
7.26.2;2. Physiological Correlates of Stuttering;880
7.26.3;3. Conclusion;883
7.26.4;4. References;884
7.27;83. Linguistic Phenomenology in Stuttering;885
7.27.1;1. Introduction;885
7.27.2;2. Stuttering Accompanied by Language Disorders;885
7.27.3;3. Stuttering is a Language Disorder;886
7.27.4;4. Language Systems;887
7.27.5;5. Cognitive Grammar;888
7.27.6;6. The Competition Model;888
7.27.7;7. Research Implications;889
7.27.8;8. References;890
7.28;84. Psychological Aspects and Theories of Stuttering;891
7.28.1;1. Introduction;891
7.28.2;2. Psychological Aspects of Childhood Stuttering;892
7.28.3;3. Psychological Aspectsof Adulthood Stuttering;896
7.28.4;4. Discussion;898
7.28.5;5. References;899
7.29;85. Therapy of the Stuttering Child;900
7.29.1;1. Introduction;900
7.29.2;2. The Direct Treatment of Stuttering;900
7.29.3;3. The Indirect Treatment of Stuttering;903
7.29.4;4. References;906
7.30;86. Therapy of the Stuttering Adult;908
7.30.1;1. Speech Therapy and Fluency Training;908
7.30.2;2. The Combination of Speechand Social Therapy Measures;911
7.30.3;3. Multimodal Therapy;911
7.30.4;4. Therapy Success and Prognosis;912
7.30.5;5. Conclusion;912
7.30.6;6. References;913
7.31;87. Language Changes in Old Age;915
7.31.1;1. Organizationof Semantic Information;915
7.31.2;2. Language Comprehension;919
7.31.3;3. Production of Discourse;923
7.31.4;4. Language in Normal Aging, Aphasia, and Alzheimer’s Disease;926
7.31.5;5. References;928
8;VI. Indexes;934
8.1;88. Editors and Contributors;934
8.2;89. Index of Names;940
8.3;90. Subject Index;970
