Bottrill / Cheyne / Vijayaraghavan Practical Electrical Equipment and Installations in Hazardous Areas

1. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-0-08-048016-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 424 Seiten, Web PDF

This book provides the reader with an understanding of the hazards involved in using electrical equipment in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres. It is based on the newly adopted international IEC79 Series of Standards that are now harmonizing and replacing older national Standards. Explosion-proof installations can be expensive to design, install and operate. The strategies and techniques described in this book can significantly reduce costs whilst maintaining plant safety. The book explains the associated terminology and its correct use - from Area Classification through to the selection of explosion-protected electrical apparatus, describing how protection is achieved and maintained in line with these international requirements. The IEC standards require that engineering staff and their management are trained effectively and safely in Hazardous Areas, and this book is designed to help fulfill that need. A basic understanding of instrumentation and electrical theory would be of benefit to the reader, but no previous knowledge of hazardous area installation is required.
*An engineer's guide to the hazards and best practice for using electrical equipment in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres.
*Fully in line with the newly adopted international standards, the IEC79 series.
*Clear explanations of terminology and background information make this the most accessible book on this subject.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bottrill, Geoffrey

Cheyne, Derek

Vijayaraghavan, G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;6
3;Preface;1
4;1. Introduction;12
4.1;1.1 Introduction;1
4.2;1.2 Approach;1
4.3;1.3 Historical development;1
4.4;1.4 Bird’s eye view of legislation and research in other countries;1
4.5;1.5 The certification;1
4.6;1.6 Conclusion;1
5;2. Electrical energy, ignition and flammability;21
5.1;2.1 Electrical energy and ignition;1
5.2;2.2 The basics of electricity;1
5.3;2.3 Electrical heat energy;1
5.4;2.4 Sources of ignition;1
5.5;2.5 Flammability;1
5.6;2.6 Flammability principles;1
6;3. Area classification;38
6.1;3.1 General;1
6.2;3.2 Principles of safety;1
6.3;3.3 Hazards and hazardous areas;1
6.4;3.4 Basic properties of combustible and ignitable material;1
6.5;3.5 Basis of area classification;1
6.6;3.6 Zonal classification;1
6.7;3.7 Plant operations – normal and abnormal;1
6.8;3.8 Area classification – gas and vapors;1
6.9;3.9 Area classification – dust;1
6.10;3.10 Classification procedure;1
6.11;3.11 Responsibility and personnel involved;1
6.12;3.12 Documentation;1
6.13;3.13 Policy and guidelines for implementation;1
6.14;3.14 Area classification examples;1
6.15;3.15 Summary of area classification;1
6.16;3.16 A case study;1
7;4. Design philosophy and selection of equipment/apparatus;92
7.1;4.1 General;1
7.2;4.2 Risks . . . history;1
7.3;4.3 Classification concepts;1
7.4;4.4 Equipment . . . a definition;1
7.5;4.5 Apparatus grouping;1
7.6;4.6 Surface temperature classification;1
7.7;4.7 Concepts and techniques of explosion protection;1
7.8;4.8 Methods of explosion protection;1
7.9;4.9 Typical applications of methods of protection;1
7.10;4.10 Mixed techniques;1
7.11;4.11 Dust explosion-protection methods;1
7.12;4.12 Selection of explosion-protection technique for safeguarding;1
7.13;4.13 Conclusion;1
8;5. Protection concept ‘d’;117
8.1;5.1 General;1
8.2;5.2 Definitions;1
8.3;5.3 Certification in brief;1
8.4;5.4 Construction requirements;1
8.5;5.5 Flameproof theory;1
8.6;5.6 Other general requirements for explosive atmospheres;1
8.7;5.7 Testing;1
8.8;5.8 Grouping and effect of temperature classification;1
8.9;5.9 Conditions of use;1
8.10;5.10 Illustrations of mechanical construction types;1
8.11;5.11 Summary;1
9;6. Protection concept ‘e’;135
9.1;6.1 General;1
9.2;6.2 Definitions;1
9.3;6.3 Principles of design for increased safety;1
9.4;6.4 Certification (components);1
9.5;6.5 Construction requirements;1
9.6;6.6 Principles of testing;1
9.7;6.7 Periodic testing and repair of electrical apparatus;1
9.8;6.8 Conditions of use;1
9.9;6.9 Standards for Ex ‘e’;1
10;7. Protection concept ‘n’;149
10.1;7.1 General;1
10.2;7.2 Definitions;1
10.3;7.3 Principles of design;1
10.4;7.4 Certification;1
10.5;7.5 Construction requirements;1
10.6;7.6 Conditions of use;1
10.7;7.7 Illustrations;1
10.8;7.8 Standards for Ex ‘n’;1
11;8. Protection concept ‘i’ principles;155
11.1;8.1 Origins of intrinsic safety;1
11.2;8.2 Principles of IS;1
11.3;8.3 Electrical theory to explain IS;1
11.4;8.4 Implementation of IS;1
11.5;8.5 The shunt diode safety barrier;1
11.6;8.6 Associated apparatus;1
11.7;8.7 Electrical apparatus in the hazardous area;1
11.8;8.8 Enclosures;1
11.9;8.9 Temperature;1
11.10;8.10 The IS systems concept;1
11.11;8.11 An IS ‘system’;1
11.12;8.12 System documentation;1
11.13;8.13 Assessment of safety;1
11.14;8.14 Simple apparatus;1
11.15;8.15 Safety parameters;1
11.16;8.16 Temperature classification of systems;1
11.17;8.17 Systems concepts in other standards;1
11.18;8.18 Standards for Ex ‘i’;1
12;9. Protection concept ‘p’;195
12.1;9.1 General;1
12.2;9.2 Definitions;1
12.3;9.3 Development of standards for Ex ‘p’;1
12.4;9.4 Construction requirements;1
12.5;9.5 Principles of application;1
12.6;9.6 Other design requirements;1
12.7;9.7 Operation of ƒ;1
12.8;9.8 Testing;1
12.9;9.9 Summary;1
12.10;9.10 Standards for Ex ‘p’;1
13;10. Other concepts;209
13.1;10.1 General;1
13.2;10.2 Ex ‘o’: oil filling;1
13.3;10.3 Ex ‘q’: quartz/sand filling;1
13.4;10.4 Ex ‘m’: encapsulation;1
13.5;10.5 Component certification;1
13.6;10.6 Special type of protection ‘s’ (IEC Concept Code Symbol Ex ‘s’);1
13.7;10.7 Multiple certification;1
13.8;10.8 Selection of certification method;1
13.9;10.9 Apparatus for use in dust risks;1
14;11. Earthing and bonding;218
14.1;11.1 Earthing;1
14.2;11.2 Personnel safety;1
14.3;11.3 Hazardous area considerations;1
14.4;11.4 Earthing and bonding;1
14.5;11.5 Static electricity;1
14.6;11.6 Clean and dirty earthing;1
14.7;11.7 Electrical interference;1
14.8;11.8 Earthing terminology;1
14.9;11.9 Connection of earthing systems;1
14.10;11.10 Power supply systems;1
14.11;11.11 Portable equipment using batteries;1
14.12;11.12 Earthing arrangement standard solutions;1
14.13;11.13 Earth loops;1
14.14;11.14 Computer earthing;1
14.15;11.15 Surge protection systems;1
14.16;11.16 Standards and codes of practice;1
15;12. Installations;245
15.1;12.1 Introduction to installation requirements;1
15.2;12.2 Installation requirements;1
15.3;12.3 IEC 60079-14: standard contents;1
15.4;12.4 Other relevant installation standards and codes;1
15.5;12.5 Safety documentation;1
15.6;12.6 General requirements of the standard;1
15.7;12.7 Practical aspects of IS installations;1
15.8;12.8 Other considerations affecting installation;1
15.9;12.9 Other installation issues;1
16;13. Inspection and maintenance;281
16.1;13.1 Inspection and maintenance;1
16.2;13.2 Integrity ‘preserved’;1
16.3;13.3 Scope of IEC 60079-17;1
16.4;13.4 General requirements;1
16.5;13.5 Inspections;1
16.6;13.6 The insulation test;1
16.7;13.7 Maintenance;1
16.8;13.8 Testing;1
16.9;13.9 Unauthorized modification;1
16.10;13.10 Earthing integrity verification;1
16.11;13.11 BS 5345 inspection requirements;1
17;14. Safe working practices;293
17.1;14.1 General;1
17.2;14.2 Safety observations;1
17.3;14.3 Danger signals of electrical malfunctioning;1
17.4;14.4 Need for inspection and maintenance;1
17.5;14.5 Maintenance and safe practices;1
17.6;14.6 Fault-finding – safety ensured;1
17.7;14.7 Insulation testing in hazardous area;1
17.8;14.8 Earthing in hazardous area;1
17.9;14.9 Handling ‘fall out of fire and electrical shock’;1
18;15. Fault-finding and testing;313
18.1;15.1 Fault-finding;1
18.2;15.2 Fault-finding routine;1
18.3;15.3 Safety assessment of testing;1
18.4;15.4 Test equipment;1
18.5;15.5 Use of uncertified test apparatus;1
18.6;15.6 Interface testing;1
18.7;15.7 Certified apparatus;1
18.8;15.8 IS apparatus repair procedure;1
19;16. ATEX Directive;329
19.1;16.1 General;1
19.2;16.2 Definitions;1
19.3;16.3 Scope of the ATEX Directive;1
19.4;16.4 Bird’s eye view of ATEX Directive;1
19.5;16.5 Summary;1
20;Appendix A: IEC series standard titles for explosive atmospheres;1
21;Appendix B: Listing of IS standards and codes of practice by country;1
22;Appendix C: IEC 79-17 Ex ‘i’ inspection schedule;1
23;Appendix D: CENELEC members;1
24;Appendix E: IP code;1
25;Appendix F: Standards reference;1
26;Appendix G: Familiarization with electricity;1
27;Appendix H: ATEX Directive;1
28;Appendix I: Properties of combustible compounds;1
29;Appendix J: Important changes to AS/NZS 2381.1;1
30;Appendix K: Practical exercises for hazardous area course;1
30.1;K.1 Introduction;1
30.2;K.2 Exercises;1
30.3;K.3 Solutions to exercises;1
31;Index;1