E-Book, Englisch, 320 Seiten, Format (B × H): 165 mm x 240 mm
Bulian / Graystone Wood Coatings
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-08-093160-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Technology
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Theory and Practice
E-Book, Englisch, 320 Seiten, Format (B × H): 165 mm x 240 mm
ISBN: 978-0-08-093160-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Technology
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Industrial Wood Coatings addresses the factors responsible for the performance of wood coatings in both domestic and industrial situations. The term 'wood coatings' cover a broad range of products including stains, varnishes, paints and supporting ancillary products that may be used indoors or outdoors.
Techniques for coating wood go back many centuries but in recent decades there has been a move towards more environmentally-friendly materials. For example, the use water-borne rather than solvent-borne chemicals.
A major objective of Industrial Wood Coatings is to explain the underlying causes that influence selection, application and general operational factors. Basic information on the chemistry and technology of coatings is included for the benefit of students and laboratory technicians. Additionally, the book includes individual chapters which may be of interest to architects, specifiers, and industrial users.
* Offers up-to-date guidance on current availability and usage of wood coatings
* Provides the reader with a basic understanding of how both coating and substrate interactions
* Covers both architectural (trade and DIY) and industrial sectors
Zielgruppe
Students & Lab Technicians to obtain a basic understanding of the chemistry behind wood coatings. Industrial professionals wishing to update their knowledge.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;Wood Coatings: Theory and Practice;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Chapter 1: Markets for Wood and Wood Coatings;16
5.1;1. Prologue;16
5.2;2. Markets for Wood and Wood Coatings;17
5.2.1;2.1. Consumption of timber;17
5.2.2;2.2. End-use sectors - Coated wood;19
5.2.3;2.3. Joinery and windows;19
5.2.4;2.4. Furniture;20
5.2.5;2.5. Industrial wood coatings;21
5.2.6;2.6. Parquet and wood flooring;22
5.2.7;2.7. Major players in industrial wood coatings;22
5.2.8;2.8. The decorative `woodcare´ market;23
5.2.8.1;2.8.1.Varnishes;23
5.2.8.2;2.8.2.Woodstains;23
5.2.9;2.9. Technology breakdown;23
5.2.10;2.10. Environmental legislation;25
5.2.10.1;2.10.1. Timetable for implementation of the solvents directive;27
5.3;References;29
6;Chapter 2: Wood and Wood-Based Substrates;30
6.1;1. Introduction;31
6.2;2. Wood and Timber;32
6.3;3. Chemical Composition;32
6.3.1;3.1. Macromolecular substances;32
6.3.1.1;3.1.1.Cellulose;32
6.3.1.2;3.1.2.Hemicellulose;34
6.3.1.3;3.1.3.Lignin;34
6.3.2;3.2. Low molecular weight substances (extractives);35
6.3.2.1;3.2.1. Aromatic phenol derivates;36
6.3.2.2;3.2.2. Aliphatic derivates (fats and waxes);36
6.3.2.3;3.2.3. Terpenes and terpenoids;36
6.3.3;3.3. Acidity in wood;37
6.3.4;3.4. Minerals in wood;37
6.4;4. Morphology;37
6.4.1;4.1. Cellular structures;39
6.4.1.1;4.1.1. Softwoods (needlewood or coniferous wood);39
6.4.1.2;4.1.2. Hardwoods (broadleaf);40
6.4.2;4.2. Heartwood and sapwood;42
6.4.3;4.3. Wood anisotropy;43
6.4.4;4.4. The cutting of wood;43
6.4.5;4.5. Wood and water (moisture content);45
6.4.6;4.6. Seasoning of wood;46
6.4.7;4.7. Dimensional movement of wood;46
6.4.8;4.8. The density of wood;48
6.5;5. Biodegradation of Wood;49
6.5.1;5.1. Wood as a nutrient;50
6.5.1.1;5.1.1. Decay and fungal attack;50
6.5.1.2;5.1.2. Insect attack;50
6.6;6. Modified Wood;50
6.6.1;6.1. Thermal treatments;51
6.6.2;6.2. Chemical treatments;52
6.6.3;6.3. Surface treatments;52
6.7;7. Wood Appearance;52
6.7.1;7.1. Colour;52
6.8;8. Utilisation of Wood (Timber) in Construction and Furniture;54
6.8.1;8.1. Solid wood;54
6.8.1.1;8.1.1. Timber grading;55
6.8.2;8.2. Wood-based panel products;55
6.8.2.1;8.2.1. Solid wood panels;55
6.8.2.2;8.2.2. Plywood;56
6.8.2.3;8.2.3. Particleboards;57
6.8.2.4;8.2.4. Fibreboards;57
6.8.2.5;8.2.5. Multi-laminar wood;59
6.9;9. Covering Materials;59
6.9.1;9.1. Decorative veneers;59
6.9.2;9.2. Impregnated papers;60
6.9.2.1;9.2.1. Melamine impregnated papers;60
6.9.2.2;9.2.2. Finish impregnated papers;60
6.9.3;9.3. Plastic sheets;61
6.9.4;9.4. Laminates;61
6.9.4.1;9.4.1. High-pressure decorative laminate (HPL);61
6.9.4.2;9.4.2. Continuously pressed laminates (CPL);61
6.10;Appendix: Some Important Wood Species (Refs 7-8);62
6.11;References;65
6.12;Bibliography;66
7;Chapter 3: Raw Materials for Wood Coatings (1) - Film Formers (Binders, Resins and Polymers);68
7.1;1. Introduction;69
7.2;2. Chemistry of Coatings;70
7.2.1;2.1. Drying oils and modified drying oils;71
7.2.1.1;2.1.1. Oil composition;71
7.2.1.2;2.1.2. Cross-linking mechanism;72
7.2.1.3;2.1.3. Modified oils;75
7.2.2;2.2. Natural resins and modified natural resins;76
7.2.2.1;2.2.1. Shellac;76
7.2.2.2;2.2.2. Colophony or rosin oil;77
7.2.2.3;2.2.3. Waxes;77
7.2.3;2.3. Cellulosic film formers;78
7.2.3.1;2.3.1. Cellulose esters: CAB and CAP;79
7.2.3.2;2.3.2. Cellulose nitrate;80
7.2.3.3;2.3.3. Cellulose ethers;81
7.2.4;2.4. Alkyds (oil-modified polyester resins);81
7.2.4.1;2.4.1. Drying alkyds;84
7.2.4.2;2.4.2. Polyamide-modified alkyds;84
7.2.4.3;2.4.3. Urethane-modified alkyds;84
7.2.4.4;2.4.4. Styrenated and vinyl alkyds;84
7.2.4.5;2.4.5. Silicone alkyds;84
7.2.4.6;2.4.6. Non-drying alkyds;85
7.2.4.7;2.4.7. High solids alkyds;85
7.2.5;2.5. Isocyanates and polyurethanes;85
7.2.5.1;2.5.1. Properties of polyurethanes;86
7.2.5.2;2.5.2. Two-component (or two-pack) polyurethanes (2K);88
7.2.6;2.6. Amino resins (urea and melamine);91
7.2.7;2.7. Polyester resins;92
7.2.7.1;2.7.1. Unsaturated polyesters;93
7.2.8;2.8. Acrylic resins;97
7.2.8.1;2.8.1. Thermoplastic acrylic resins;97
7.2.8.2;2.8.2. Thermosetting acrylic resins: Poly-condensation reaction;98
7.2.8.3;2.8.3. Thermosetting acrylic resins: Poly-addition reaction photo-chemically activated (radiation curing);98
7.2.9;2.9. Vinyl resins;100
7.2.10;2.10. Epoxy resins;100
7.2.11;2.11. Epoxy esters;102
7.3;3. Water-Borne Binders and Film Formers;102
7.3.1;3.1. Water-soluble alkyds and polyesters;103
7.3.2;3.2. Emulsified alkyds;103
7.3.3;3.3. Water-soluble acrylic resins;104
7.3.4;3.4. Water-borne epoxy resins;104
7.3.5;3.5. Water-borne two-pack isocyanate systems (urethanes);104
7.3.6;3.6. Aqueous polyurethane dispersions;105
7.3.7;3.7. Emulsion polymerisation;106
7.3.8;3.8. Composition of water-borne dispersions;107
7.3.8.1;3.8.1. Cross-linking water-borne dispersions;108
7.3.8.2;3.8.2. Morphology of polymer particles;108
7.4;References;109
7.5;Bibliography;109
8;Chapter 4: Raw Materials for Wood Coatings (2) - Solvents, Additives and Colorants;110
8.1;1. Introduction;110
8.2;2. Solvents and Diluents;111
8.2.1;2.1. Solvent properties;112
8.2.1.1;2.1.1. Solvency;112
8.2.1.2;2.1.2. Viscosity reduction;113
8.2.1.3;2.1.3. Evaporation rate;113
8.2.1.4;2.1.4. Surface tension;114
8.2.1.5;2.1.5. Flammability;115
8.2.1.6;2.1.6. Electrical conductance and resistance;116
8.2.1.7;2.1.7. Environmental impact;116
8.2.1.8;2.1.8. Odour;117
8.2.1.9;2.1.9. Water as a solvent (carrier or diluent);117
8.3;3. Additives;120
8.3.1;3.1. Additives affecting the properties of liquid coating materials;120
8.3.1.1;3.1.1. Anti-skinning agents;120
8.3.1.2;3.1.2. Surface-active agents;122
8.3.1.3;3.1.3. Pigment wetting and dispersing agents;125
8.3.1.4;3.1.4. Anti-foaming agents;125
8.3.1.5;3.1.5. Anti-settling agents;126
8.3.1.6;3.1.6. Rheological modifiers;127
8.3.1.7;3.1.7. Substrate wetting agents;128
8.3.1.8;3.1.8. Coalescening agents;128
8.3.1.9;3.1.9. Biocides;129
8.3.1.10;3.1.10. Film preservation agents;129
8.3.1.11;3.1.11. pH regulators and buffers;130
8.3.2;3.2. Additives controlling the drying (conversion) of coating materials;130
8.3.2.1;3.2.1. Driers (oxidative cross-linking);131
8.3.2.2;3.2.2. Catalysts;132
8.3.2.3;3.2.3. Photo-initiators;133
8.3.3;3.3. Additives affecting the properties of the coating film;135
8.3.3.1;3.3.1. Additives to improve or modify appearance;135
8.3.3.2;3.3.2. Sanding additives;135
8.3.3.3;3.3.3. Matting agents;135
8.3.3.4;3.3.4. Levelling agents;136
8.3.3.5;3.3.5. UV absorbers;136
8.3.3.6;3.3.6. Radical scavengers;138
8.3.3.7;3.3.7. Flame retardants;138
8.3.3.8;3.3.8. Plasticisers;139
8.4;4. Colorants (Pigments and Dyes);140
8.4.1;4.1. Origin of colorant properties;141
8.4.2;4.2. Required colorant properties;143
8.4.2.1;4.2.1. Colour;143
8.4.2.2;4.2.2. Tinctorial strength;143
8.4.2.3;4.2.3. Solubility;144
8.4.2.4;4.2.4. Physical form;144
8.4.2.5;4.2.5. Durability;145
8.4.2.6;4.2.6. Toxicology;146
8.4.3;4.3. Pigment types;146
8.4.3.1;4.3.1. Inorganic white pigments;146
8.4.3.2;4.3.2. Coloured inorganic pigments;147
8.4.3.3;4.3.3. Coloured organic pigments;148
8.4.3.4;4.3.4. Extender pigments;148
8.5;References;150
8.6;Bibliography;150
9;Chapter 5: Classification and Formulation of Wood Coatings;152
9.1;1. Introduction;152
9.2;2. Classification;154
9.2.1;2.1. Generic type;155
9.2.1.1;2.1.1. Paint;155
9.2.1.2;2.1.2. Clear and semi-transparent coatings (varnishes and lacquers);155
9.2.1.3;2.1.3. Stains and lasures;155
9.2.1.4;2.1.4. Oils, polishes and patinas;157
9.2.2;2.2. Functional classifications;157
9.3;3. Mixture Properties;158
9.3.1;3.1. Introduction;158
9.3.2;3.2. Pigment-to-binder ratios;160
9.4;P/B, P/V, PVC Calculation and Conversion;161
9.4.1;3.3. Graphical representation of a coating formulation;163
9.4.2;3.4. Formulation protocols;167
9.4.3;3.5. Relevance of formulation data to users;169
9.5;References;169
10;Chapter 6: Properties of Wood Coatings - Testing and Characterisation;170
10.1;1. Introduction;170
10.2;2. Standards;172
10.2.1;2.1. Standards organisations;173
10.3;3. Characterisation of Liquid Coatings;174
10.3.1;3.1. Compositional aspects;174
10.3.2;3.2. Solid content;175
10.3.3;3.3. Pigment content;175
10.3.4;3.4. Density;176
10.3.5;3.5. Determination of the volatile organic compounds (or content);176
10.3.5.1;3.5.1. Photo-curing coatings;178
10.3.5.2;3.5.2. Chemically curing polyesters;179
10.3.6;3.6. Other test methods;179
10.4;4. Properties Related to Application;180
10.4.1;4.1. Viscosity;180
10.4.2;4.2. Pot life;181
10.4.3;4.3. Minimum film formation temperature;182
10.4.4;4.4. Drying time;182
10.5;5. Applied Coatings (Dry Film);183
10.5.1;5.1. Properties related to appearance;183
10.5.1.1;5.1.1. Light transmission (transparency and hiding power);184
10.5.1.2;5.1.2. Light reflectance (gloss);185
10.5.1.3;5.1.3. Light absorption (colour);187
10.6;6. Coatings Performance;192
10.6.1;6.1. General properties;192
10.6.1.1;6.1.1. Film thickness;192
10.6.1.2;6.1.2. Adhesive performance;194
10.6.1.3;6.1.3. Surface hardness;194
10.6.1.4;6.1.4. Stackability (blocking);196
10.6.2;6.2. Coatings for exterior use;196
10.6.2.1;6.2.1. Weathering methods;197
10.6.2.2;6.2.2. Water permeability;200
10.6.2.3;6.2.3. Resistance against biological deterioration;200
10.6.3;6.3. Coatings for interior use;202
10.6.3.1;6.3.1. Mechanical stresses;203
10.6.3.2;6.3.2. Physical stresses;205
10.6.3.3;6.3.3. Resistance to climatic variations;205
10.6.3.4;6.3.4. Resistance to light;206
10.6.3.5;6.3.5. Chemical interactions;207
10.7;References;208
10.8;Bibliography;209
11;Chapter 7: Market Needs and End Uses (1) - Architectural (Decorative) Wood Coatings;210
11.1;1. Introduction;210
11.1.1;1.1. Summary of key differences;212
11.2;2. Decorative Coatings for Exterior Wood;213
11.2.1;2.1. Exterior wood stains (lasures);216
11.2.2;2.2. Varnishes and other clear coats;220
11.2.3;2.3. Paint and paint systems for wood;222
11.3;3. Decorative Coatings for Interior Wood;232
11.3.1;3.1. General purpose;232
11.3.2;3.2. Wood flooring;232
11.4;4. Durability of Exterior Wood Coatings;233
11.4.1;4.1. Design factors;234
11.4.1.1;4.1.1. Joinery;234
11.4.1.2;4.1.2. Cladding;235
11.4.1.3;4.1.3. Glazing;235
11.4.2;4.2. Preservation of timber;235
11.4.2.1;4.2.1. Tar oils;237
11.4.2.2;4.2.2. Organic solvent preservatives;238
11.4.2.3;4.2.3. Water-carried preservatives;238
11.4.3;4.3. Specification of exterior wood coatings;239
11.4.3.1;4.3.1. Choosing the correct types of coating system;239
11.4.3.2;4.3.2. Condition of surface;240
11.4.3.3;4.3.3. Nature of substrate;240
11.4.3.4;4.3.4. Surface preparation;240
11.4.3.5;4.3.5. End-use categories;241
11.4.3.6;4.3.6. Severity of exposure;241
11.4.3.7;4.3.7. Site and work instructions;241
11.4.3.8;4.3.8. Clauses about compatibility with other products;241
11.4.4;4.4. Maintenance of exterior wood coatings;241
11.4.4.1;4.4.1. Redecoration and maintenance;242
11.4.4.2;4.4.2. Removing coatings;242
11.4.4.3;4.4.3. Chemical treatments;243
11.4.4.4;4.4.4. Burning off;243
11.4.4.5;4.4.5. Hot-air strippers;243
11.4.4.6;4.4.6. Mechanical sanding;243
11.4.4.7;4.4.7. Sandblasting;243
11.4.4.8;4.4.8. Cleaning;244
11.4.4.9;4.4.9. Sanding and rubbing down;244
11.4.4.10;4.4.10. Knotting and tannin staining;244
11.4.4.11;4.4.11. Stopping and filling;244
11.4.4.12;4.4.12. Bringing forward;244
11.4.4.13;4.4.13. Joint repair;244
11.4.4.14;4.4.14. Operational costs of maintenance – Coating type;245
11.5;European Standards Cited;245
11.6;References;245
12;Chapter 8: Market Needs and End Uses (2) - Industrial Wood Coatings;248
12.1;1. Introduction;248
12.2;2. Industrial Finishing of Wood Joinery;250
12.2.1;2.1. Preservation;250
12.2.2;2.2. Coating systems;251
12.2.2.1;2.2.1. Typical industrial joinery finishing schedule;251
12.2.3;2.3. Environmental legislation considerations;252
12.3;3. Industrial Finishing of Furniture;253
12.3.1;3.1. Coatings for wood furniture - Some functional types;253
12.3.1.1;3.1.1. Bleaches;253
12.3.1.2;3.1.2. Sizes and washcoats;253
12.3.1.3;3.1.3. Stains;253
12.3.1.4;3.1.4. Fillers;254
12.3.1.5;3.1.5. Sealers;254
12.3.1.6;3.1.6. Topcoats;254
12.3.2;3.2. Influence of substrate on coating type;255
12.3.3;3.3. Coatings for wood furniture - Factors influencing technology choice;255
12.3.3.1;3.3.1. Economic factors and economies of scale;256
12.3.3.2;3.3.2. Operational factors – Fully assembled or knock-down?;256
12.3.3.3;3.3.3. Appearance aspects – Open or closed pore?;256
12.3.4;3.4. Functional needs;257
12.3.5;3.5. Legislation;257
12.3.6;3.6. Coatings technology for furniture;259
12.3.6.1;3.6.1. Assembled furniture;259
12.3.6.2;3.6.2. Knock-down furniture;262
12.3.7;3.7. Coating systems for some typical applications;265
12.4;4. Coatings for Wood Flooring;268
12.4.1;4.1. Formulating parquet and related coatings;270
12.4.1.1;4.1.1. Recent developments in parquet coatings;270
12.4.2;4.2. Industrial application of parquet coatings;271
12.5;References;272
12.6;Bibliography;273
13;Chapter 9: Operational Aspects of Wood Coatings: Application and Surface Preparation;274
13.1;1. Introduction;274
13.1.1;1.1. Quality;275
13.1.2;1.2. Application and spreading rates;275
13.1.3;1.3. Productivity;276
13.1.4;1.4. Cleaning/product change/maintenance;276
13.1.5;1.5. Transfer efficiency;276
13.2;2. Application Systems;277
13.2.1;2.1. Contact methods;278
13.2.1.1;2.1.1. Brushing;278
13.2.1.2;2.1.2. Padding;278
13.2.1.3;2.1.3. Dipping;278
13.2.1.4;2.1.4. Autoclave vacuum and pressure application;278
13.2.1.5;2.1.5. Roller coating;279
13.2.1.6;2.1.6. Curtain coating;285
13.2.1.7;2.1.7. Flow coating;286
13.2.1.8;2.1.8. Vacuum coaters;286
13.2.2;2.2. Atomising systems;288
13.2.2.1;2.2.1. Conventional air-atomised systems – Pneumatic atomisation;288
13.2.2.2;2.2.2. Pneumatic atomisation with high air volume and low pressure (HVLP);289
13.2.2.3;2.2.3. Hydraulic atomisation (airless);290
13.2.2.4;2.2.4. Hydraulic air-assisted atomisation;291
13.2.2.5;2.2.5. Operational aspects of spray application;292
13.2.2.6;2.2.6. Mechanical atomisation;295
13.2.2.7;2.2.7. Spray application of powder coatings;296
13.3;3. Preparation of the Substrate;298
13.3.1;3.1. Sanding of the substrate;298
13.3.2;3.2. Sanding papers;299
13.3.2.1;3.2.1. Metal wool;300
13.3.3;3.3. Brush sanding;300
13.3.4;3.4. Bleaching;302
13.4;Bibliography;303
14;Chapter 10: Film Formation: Drying and Curing;304
14.1;1. Introduction;305
14.2;2. Film Formation by Evaporation of Solvent from Solution: Physical Drying;307
14.2.1;2.1. Non-aqueous solutions;307
14.2.2;2.2. High solids solvent-borne coatings;308
14.2.3;2.3. Water-borne solutions;308
14.2.4;2.4. Water-borne emulsions;309
14.2.4.1;2.4.1. Water-borne dispersions – Latexes;309
14.3;3. Powder Coatings;312
14.4;4. Film Formation and Chemical Cross-Linking;312
14.4.1;4.1. Thermosetting resins;312
14.5;5. Representative Curing Technologies;313
14.5.1;5.1. One-component physically drying coatings - Lacquers;313
14.5.2;5.2. One-component chemically drying coatings (ambient temperatures);314
14.5.3;5.3. Multi-pack chemically drying coatings;315
14.5.4;5.4. Stoving coatings;315
14.5.5;5.5. Photo-curing coating;315
14.6;6. Industrial Drying Processes;316
14.6.1;6.1. Heating sources;316
14.6.1.1;6.1.1. Heat convection;317
14.6.1.2;6.1.2. Infrared lamps;318
14.6.1.3;6.1.3. Infrared plates;318
14.6.1.4;6.1.4. Microwave sources;319
14.6.2;6.2. Radiation-curing systems;319
14.6.3;6.3. Electron beam;323
14.7;7. Industrial Plants;324
14.7.1;7.1. Horizontal tunnels;324
14.7.2;7.2. Vertical ovens;327
14.7.3;7.3. Multi-level ovens;328
14.7.4;7.4. Tunnel ovens for multi-layer racks;328
14.7.4.1;7.5. Ovens for three-dimensional elements;329
14.7.5;7.6. Drying chambers;329
14.8;References;329
14.9;Bibliography;329
15;Index;330
