Carr / Loebenstein Natural and Engineered Resistance to Plant Viruses

Part II
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-08-092308-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 282 Seiten

Viruses are a huge threat to agriculture. In the past, viruses used to be controlled using conventional methods, such as crop rotation and destruction of the infected plants, but now there are more novel ways to control them. This volume focuses on topics that must be better understood in order to foster future developments in basic and applied plant virology. These range from virus epidemiology and virus/host co-evolution and the control of vector-mediated transmission through to systems biology investigations of virus-cell interactions. Other chapters cover the current status of signalling in natural resistance and the potential for a revival in the use of cross-protection, as well as future opportunities for the deployment of the under-utilized but highly effective crop protection strategy of pathogen-derived resistance.
Contributions from leading authoritiesInforms and updates on all the latest developments in the field

Autoren/Hrsg.

Carr, John

Loebenstein, Gad

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Advances in Virus Research;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;8
6;Chapter 1: The Coevolution of Plants and Viruses: Resistance and Pathogenicity;10
6.1;I. Introduction;12
6.2;II. Virus Infection and Host Defenses Reciprocally Affect the Fitness of Host and Virus;13
6.3;III. The Outcome of Plant-Virus Interactions Depends on the Plant and Virus Genotypes Involved;15
6.4;IV. Genetic Variation of Resistance and Pathogenicity;22
6.4.1;A. Variability of resistance and pathogenicity under the gene-for-gene model;23
6.4.2;B. Variability of resistance and pathogenicity under the matching-allele model;27
6.5;V. Costs of Pathogenicity and Resistance Durability;29
6.6;VI. Concluding Remarks;32
6.7;Acknowledgments;33
6.8;References;33
7;Chapter 2: Assessment of the Benefits and Risks for Engineered Virus Resistance;42
7.1;I. Introduction;43
7.2;II. The Cost of Plant-Virus Infection;44
7.3;III. Antiviral Strategies Not Based on Genetic Engineering;45
7.3.1;A. Naturally occurring virus-resistance genes;45
7.3.2;B. Agricultural practices;45
7.3.3;C. Cross-protection;46
7.4;IV. Transgene-Mediated Resistance;47
7.5;V. Refinements to Engineering Resistance;48
7.5.1;A. Further developments of pathogen-derived resistance;48
7.5.2;B. Virus-resistance transgenes without viral sequences;50
7.6;VI. Concepts of Risk Assessment;51
7.7;VII. Potential Risks Associated with Virus-Resistant Transgenic Plants;52
7.7.1;A. Potential food safety issues;52
7.7.2;B. Potential impact on the environment;53
7.8;VIII. Weighing the Benefits and Risks. Taking into Account Efficacy, Durability, and Safety;55
7.8.1;A. Time required;56
7.8.2;B. Cost;56
7.8.3;C. Breadth and efficacy of resistance;56
7.8.4;D. Durability;57
7.9;IX. Conclusions;57
7.10;References;58
8;Chapter 3: Signaling in Induced Resistance;66
8.1;I. What is Induced Resistance?;68
8.2;II. Signaling in Genetically Determined Resistance;69
8.2.1;A. Resistance conditioned by recessive, semidominant, and multiple genes;69
8.2.2;B. Resistance conditioned by dominant resistance (R) genes;70
8.3;III. Low Molecular Weight Chemical Signals in Induced Resistance;73
8.3.1;A. The biosynthesis and occurrence of salicylic acid and its derivatives, during incompatible and compatible interactions with viruses;73
8.3.2;B. Signaling mediated by ethylene and jasmonates;75
8.3.3;C. Long-distance signaling in SAR induction: A perennial conundrum;76
8.3.4;D. Signaling by reactive oxygen, calcium, and nitric oxide;78
8.3.5;E. Novel signals in defense against viruses and other pathogens;79
8.4;IV. RNA Silencing and Induced Resistance;81
8.4.1;A. RNA silencing;81
8.4.2;B. Connections between RNA silencing and induced resistance;89
8.4.3;C. Jasmonic acid and RNA silencing: Implications for virus transmission;92
8.5;V. Protein Factors in Signaling or Resistance Responses;93
8.5.1;A. Resistance gene products;95
8.5.2;B. Early signaling factors;99
8.5.3;C. Transcription factors;103
8.5.4;D. Host effector proteins;107
8.6;VI. Concluding Thoughts;111
8.7;Acknowledgments;112
8.8;References;112
9;Chapter 4: Global Genomics and Proteomics Approaches to Identify Host Factors as Targets to Induce Resistance Against Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus;132
9.1;I. Introduction;134
9.1.1;A. (+)RNA virus replication is a multistep process in the infected cells;135
9.1.2;B. Selection of the viral RNA template for replication and the recruitment of the replication proteins to the subcellular sites of replication;135
9.1.3;C. The assembly of the replicase complexes of (+)RNA viruses is a complex process;137
9.1.4;D. RNA synthesis by the viral replicase is a two-step process;137
9.1.5;E. Tombusviruses are simple model (+)RNA viruses of plants;138
9.2;II. Genome-Wide Screens for Systematic Identification of Host Factors Affecting TBSV Replication;139
9.2.1;A. Single-gene-knockout YKO library;140
9.2.2;B. yTHC library/essential genes;141
9.3;III. Proteomics-Based Screens for Systematic Identification of Host Factors Affecting TBSV Replication;142
9.3.1;A. Replicase purification/mass spectrometry;143
9.3.2;B. A yeast protein microarray approach to identify host proteins interacting with the viral replication proteins;143
9.3.3;C. A yeast protein microarray approach to identify host proteins binding to the viral RNA;145
9.4;IV. Grouping of Host Factors and Identification of Networks Involved in TBSV Replication;146
9.4.1;A. Translation factors and cellular proteins involved in protein biosynthesis;147
9.4.2;B. Protein modification enzymes;149
9.4.3;C. RNA-binding proteins, RNA modification enzymes, and proteins involved in RNA metabolism;164
9.4.4;D. Proteins involved in lipid/membrane biosynthesis and metabolism;167
9.4.5;E. Cellular proteins involved in vesicle-mediated transport/intracellular protein targeting;168
9.4.6;F. Membrane-associated cellular proteins;170
9.4.7;G. Proteins with stress-related functions;171
9.4.8;H. Proteins involved in general metabolism of the cell;172
9.4.9;I. Cellular transcription factors;174
9.4.10;J. Cellular proteins involved in DNA remodeling/metabolism;174
9.4.11;K. Cellular and hypothetical proteins with unknown functions;174
9.4.12;L. Host factors missed during the global genomics and proteomics screens;175
9.5;V. Validation of Host Factors in a Plant Host and Induction of Resistance Against TBSV;176
9.6;VI. Summary and Outlook;177
9.7;Acknowledgments;178
9.8;References;178
10;Chapter 5: Resistance to Aphid Vectors of Virus Disease;188
10.1;I. Resistance to Aphids;189
10.2;II. Natural Resistance;190
10.2.1;A. Basal resistance;190
10.2.2;B. R gene-mediated aphid resistance;197
10.2.3;C. Indirect resistance and extrinsic factors;201
10.3;III. Engineered Resistance;204
10.3.1;A. Breeding for resistance;204
10.3.2;B. Transgenic resistance;206
10.4;IV. Concluding Remarks;207
10.5;Acknowledgments;210
10.6;References;210
11;Chapter 6: Cross-Protection: A Centuryof Mystery;220
11.1;I. Introduction;221
11.2;II. General Remarks;222
11.2.1;A. Definition of cross-protection;222
11.2.2;B. Properties of mild strains;223
11.2.3;C. Disadvantages of cross-protection;223
11.3;III. History of Cross-Protection;224
11.4;IV. Applications;227
11.4.1;A. ZYMV;227
11.4.2;B. PRSV;229
11.4.3;C. CTV;232
11.5;V. Mechanism(s) of Cross-Protection;236
11.5.1;A. Early explanations;236
11.5.2;B. Lessons from pathogen-derived resistance;238
11.5.3;C. RNA silencing and cross-protection;240
11.5.4;D. Exclusion/spatial separation;245
11.6;VI. Protection Phenomena Involving Subviral Agents;247
11.6.1;A. Satellite viruses;248
11.6.2;B. Satellite RNAs;248
11.7;VII. Concluding Thoughts;251
11.8;Acknowledgments;253
11.9;References;253
12;Index;274
13;Color Plates;279