E-Book, Englisch, 721 Seiten, ePub
Cataltepe / Jallo Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery
2. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-1-63853-534-8
Verlag: Thieme
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Preoperative Assessment and Surgical Treatment
E-Book, Englisch, 721 Seiten, ePub
ISBN: 978-1-63853-534-8
Verlag: Thieme
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
The definitive guide to surgical management of epilepsy in pediatric patients
This fully revised and updated second edition of Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery, edited by internationally renowned pediatric neurosurgeons and epilepsy surgery experts Oğuz Çataltepe and George Jallo, fills a void in the literature, encompassing the full spectrum of topics related to the surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy and seizures in children. The prodigiously illustrated book and its accompanying videos feature contributions from distinguished specialists in several different countries across a wide range of disciplines.
From epidemiology, genetics, pathology, preoperative electrophysiological assessment and neuroimaging to state-of-the-art surgical approaches, this remarkable resource covers the full depth and breadth of surgical management of pediatric epilepsy. Topics include awake anesthesia, intracranial stimulation and mapping techniques, temporal and extratemporal epilepsy surgery techniques, insular, multilobar and hemispheric surgery approaches, and diverse disconnection, neuromodulation, and ablative procedures. Insights are provided on postoperative issues including seizure control, neuropsychological and psychosocial outcomes, surgical failure and re-operation, and much more.
Key Features
- A review of topographic anatomy of the cerebral cortex and white matter with numerous illustrations provides enhanced understanding of eloquent anatomy.
- Discussion of cutting-edge techniques such as stereo-electroencephalography, multi-modality imaging and tractography, endoscopic and laser ablation approaches in hypothalamic hamartomas, peri-insular quadrantotomy, and various hemispherotomy approaches.
- Overview of common cortical stimulation and mapping techniques including magnetic and electrical stimulation modalities, functional MRI, and the WADA test.
- 13 videos demonstrate sei
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Part I. Introduction to Epilepsy in Children
1 Basic Considerations of Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery
2 A Historical Review of Epilepsy Surgery and Its Application in Children
3 Epidemiology of Intractable Epilepsy in Children
4 Genetics in Epilepsy Surgery
5 Surgical Neuropathology of Pediatric Epilepsy
6 Epilepsy and Brain Plasticity
7 Effects of Seizures and Their Comorbidities on the Developing Brain
8 Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery
9 Infantile and Childhood-Onset Catastrophic Epilepsy Syndromes
10 Epilepsy Surgery for Congenital or Early Brain Lesions
Part II. Preoperative Assessment
11 Intractable Epilepsy in Children and Selection of Surgical Candidates
12 Clinical Semiology in Preoperative Assessment
13 Preoperative Neuropsychological and Cognitive Assessment
14 Electroencephalography and Noninvasive Electrophysiological Assessment
15 Invasive Electrophysiological Monitoring
16 Extra- and Intraoperative Electrocortical Stimulation
17 Stereoelectroencephalography
18 Magnetoencephalography
19 Structural Brain Imaging in Pediatric Epilepsy
20 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery
21 Application of Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery
22 Multimodality Imaging and Coregistration
Part III. Surgical Anatomy and Mapping Techniques
23 Cerebral Cortex: Embryological Development and Topographical Anatomy
24 Tractographic Anatomy of White Matter
25 Localization of Motor Cortex and Subcortical Pathways Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
26 The Wada Test: Lateralization of Language and Memory
27 Language Lateralization and Localization: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
28 Localization of Eloquent Cortex and White Matter Tracts Under General Anesthesia
29 Cortical Stimulation and Mapping
30 Subcortical Mapping During Intracranial Surgery in Children
Part IV. Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy
31 Anesthetic Considerations and Postoperative Intensive Care Unit Care in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery
32 Pediatric Awake Craniotomy
33 Implantation of Strip, Grid, and Depth Electrodes for Invasive Electrophysiological Monitoring
34 Stereoelectroencephalography in Children: Methodology and Surgical Technique
35 Mesial Temporal Sclerosis in Pediatric Epilepsy
36 Anteromesial Temporal Lobectomy
37 Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy
38 Surgical Management of Lesional Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
39 Surgical Management of MRI-Negative Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
40 Surgical Management of Insular–Opercular Epilepsy in Children
41 Focal Cortical Dysplasia: Histopathology, Neuroimaging, and Electroclinical Presentation
42 Surgical Approaches in Cortical Dysplasia
43 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
44 Resective Epilepsy Surgery for Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
45 Extratemporal Resection and Staged Epilepsy Surgery in Children
46 Supplementary Sensorimotor Area Surgery
47 Rolandic Cortex Surgery
48 Anterior Peri-insular Quadrantotomy
49 Posterior Peri-insular Quadrantotomy
50 Tailored Extratemporal Resection in Children with Epilepsy
51 Surgical Management of MRI-Negative Extratemporal Lobe Epilepsy
52 Surgical Management of Hypothalamic Hamartomas
53 Hemispherectomy and Hemispherotomy Techniques in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery
54 Multifocal Epilepsy and Multilobar Resections
55 Anatomical Hemispherectomy
56 Hemidecortication for Intractable Epilepsy
57 Functional Hemispherectomy at the University of California, Los Angeles
58 Transsylvian Hemispheric Deafferentation
59 Vertical Parasagittal Hemispherotomy
60 Peri-insular Hemispherotomy
61 Endoscope-Assisted Hemispherotomy
62 Corpus Callosotomy
63 Endoscope-Assisted Corpus Callosotomy with Anterior, Hippocampal, and Posterior Commissurotomy
64 Endoscopic Disconnection of Hypothalamic Hamartomas
65 Multiple Subpial Transections in Children with Refractory Epilepsy
66 Hippocampal Subpial Transection
67 Vagal Nerve Stimulation
68 Cortical and Deep Brain Stimulation
69 Radiosurgical Treatment for Epilepsy
70 Stereotactic Laser Ablation for Hypothalamic Hamartomas
71 MRI-Guided Laser Thermal Therapy in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery
Part V. Postoperative Course and Outcome
72 Surgical Failure and Reoperation
73 Postoperative Seizure Control
74 Postoperative Neuropsychological and Psychosocial Outcome
Foreword
Many diseases of the central nervous system with diverse etiology affect our patients of all ages with acute, subacute, or chronic symptoms and deficits, which are most distressing. Since ancient times up until the present day, rational, irrational, and alternative modes of treatment have been researched, analyzed, and applied. The passion to discover the cause of disease and to explore treatment possibilities and alternative methods has engaged the intellects of the medical field since ancient times, and continues today.
On 4 January 1953, at University Hospital Zürich in Switzerland, the very first day of my professional career as a neurosurgeon, Professor Hugo Krayenbühl performed surgery on a young patient with intractable temporal epilepsy. A right-sided anterior two thirds temporal lobectomy was the planned procedure. In the adjoining room with glass windows, Professor Rudolf M. Hess, a neurologist and EEG specialist, trained by Dr. W. A. Cobb in London and G. Walter in Bristol, directed and guided the intraoperative EEG recordings. Two nurses, one resident, and one technician assisted him in the coordination of EEG leads and connections. A very long overhead metal tube originating from the enormous EEG machine and a carrier for the connections curved over the window into the operating room and hung over the open wound to accept the leads from electrodes placed on the exposed surface of the brain. The surgery was time-consuming and progressed slowly. After one millimeter removal of cortex, an EEG recording checked the status of electrical activities in the temporal region. Professor Hess delivered short messages: “Still spikes around…!”, until, finally, with a sense of happy relief: “No more spikes!”
Professor Krayenbühl turned and spoke to us, his observers: “The treatment of epilepsy is an obligation for neurosurgery.” The impact of this challenging remark on my first day made a deep impression on me and I contemplated that cooperation between neurophysiology and neurosurgery could be a rational approach to pursue.
Whether a coincidence or my destiny, now sixty-five years later, I am honored to write this Foreword for the second edition of by Oguz Çataltepe and George I. Jallo. This volume of 74 chapters covering specialized aspects of epilepsy, with contributions by experts in this field, has been conducted into a captivating and thought-provoking symphony by the two editors. Advances in mathematics, basic sciences, scientific technology, and the flourishing medical industry have all contributed to developments in the past 200 years. Since the 1950s, a surge in research and the resulting accomplishments have empowered unforeseen breakthroughs in several fields of the sciences and offered the potential to progress towards a more profound research in the broadest fields of the neurosciences.
This particular volume explores the progress and achievements in all the fields of neurosciences pertaining to epilepsy, including the impact of neurosurgery, e.g., the events leading to diagnosis, diligent consideration of indications for the various neurotherapies, the concerns in pre-, intra-, and postoperative nursing, and the importance of neuropharmacology, neuropsychology, neurophysiology, speech therapy, and social care.
Wilhelm Sommer (1852-1900), in Erkrankung des Ammonshorns als aetiologisches Moment der Epilepsie, Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten (1880;10:631-675), documented changes in Ammon’s horn on the autopsy of brains of 36 epilepsy patients and deducted that this finding could explain the epileptic factor. He gave credits to the observations of G. B. Morgagni and J. E. Greding made in the eighteenth century, and also to Th. H. Meynert, who noted changes in the hippocampus of epilepsy patients in the nineteenth century. Sommer expressed his hope that the results of his study would be confirmed by others. In the year 1899, E. Bratz demonstrated a normal hippocampus on a woodcut, compared it with a hippocampus with gross atrophy and microscopic cell loss from the brain of an epilepsy patient with Ammon’s horn sclerosis (Ammonshornbefunde der Epileptischen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 1899;31:820-836). The availability of modern visualization technology and advances in histopathology are processes that confirm the diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis, cortical dysplasia, gliosis, and micro-infarctions.
The second half of the nineteenth century ushered in a period of major progress in medicine and surgery, for instance, new concepts for hospitals, appointment of licensed nurses, and especially the courageous attempts to alleviate the burden and stress of patients with intractable seizures (see the timeline discussed later).
Selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy was pioneered by Paul Niemeyer in 1954, and was developed into the pterional transsylvian approach by myself, which, in the meantime, has also been complemented by the paramedian supracerebellar transtentorial approaches by Ugur Türe. Both are effective in treating patients with medial basal temporal epilepsy. These approaches are surgical explorations in a small, compact, highly functional area of the central nervous system. Successful approach and elimination of the seizure focus is dependent on knowledge of this complex anatomy, and competence in micro-neurosurgical skills and techniques. Laboratory training offers the ideal environment for cadaver dissection to learn cisternal, vascular, and parenchymal neuroanatomy, and to perfect micro-technical skills.
Selection of treatment modalities relevant to the particular seizure problems of an individual patient is a determining factor in achieving cessation of epileptic events or at least in reducing seizure frequency and severity, and therefore improving quality of life. A center with a multidisciplinary team established within a hospital and dedicated to the treatment, study, and research of epilepsy and its medical and social repercussions has the resources to offer more qualified service to these patients.
The range of topics, information, and data in these chapters, when combined together, represent the current opportunities and indicate the future research and treatment landscape in the realm of epilepsy. The insights, judgments, and balanced assessments and conclusions have the potential to stimulate young colleagues to accept the challenge of preventing these debilitating and frightening episodes called epilepsy.
Timeline of the endeavors of neuroscientists and neurosurgeons to develop effective therapies for the various epilepsy types and the etiology of this disease:
| 1879 | W. Macewen | Cortical resection following brain trauma; a 7-year-old boy |
| 1880 | J. L. Corning | Electrostimulation of the cervical carotid artery |
| 1882 | W. Alexander | Bilateral ligation of the vertebral arteries |
| 1886 | V. Horsley | Removal of scar tissue |
| 1893–1912 | F. Krause | Faraday stimulation. First accurate image of motor strip. Removal of scar tissue |
| 1925–1935 | O. Foerster | First use of EEG for epilepsy surgery |
| 1930–1980 | W. Penfield | Partial temporal lobe resection and several other excisions |
| 1954 | P. Niemeyer | Transventricular selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy |
| 1973 | M.G. Yasargil | Pterional anterior transylvian approach for amygdalo-hippocampectomy |
| 2012 | U. Türe | Paramedian supracerebellar transtentorial approach for amygdalohippocampectomy |
| Cerebral Hemispherectomy |
| 1938 | K. G. McKenzie |
| 1950 | R. A. Krynauw |
| 1970 | T. Rasmussen |
| 1992 | J. Schramm |
| 1993 | J. G. Villemure |
| Callosotomy |
| 1940 | W. P. Van Wagenen et al. |
| 1962 | J. E. Bogen et al. |
| 1970 | A. J. Luessenhop et al. |
| 1993 | A. R. Wyler |
| Cortical Resection of Dysplasia |
| 1971 | D. C. Taylor et al. |
| 2003 | R. I. Kuzniecky |
| 2004 | W. J. Hader et... |
