Chamley Sedimentology

1990
ISBN: 978-3-642-75565-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 285 Seiten, eBook

Sedimentology is an easily readable textbook for undergraduate students, devoted to the main factors of sedimentation and to sedimentary environments. The basic vocabulary and the main processes are presented in a very attractive form. The presentation of sedimentary processes is illustrated by many examples. While most cases are related to present day sedimentation, a few applications to past sedimentary environments are also supplied for each considered topic.

Zielgruppe

Lower undergraduate

Autoren/Hrsg.

Chamley, Herve

Weitere Mitwirkende

Reimer, Thomas

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Origin of Sedimentary Components.- 1.1 Terrigenous Clastic Particles.- 1.1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.2 Physical Weathering.- 1.1.3 Chemical Weathering.- 1.1.4 General Distribution of Mineral Associations Resulting from Weathering.- 1.1.5 Paleogeographic Application.- 1.2 Formation of Sedimentary Carbonates.- 1.2.1 Introduction.- 1.2.2 Main Minerals and Conditions of Formation.- 1.2.3 Primary Chemical Precipitation of Carbonate.- 1.2.4 Organic Contribution to Carbonate Sedimentation.- 1.2.5 Other Factors Contributing to Carbonate Sedimentation.- 1.2.6 General Appearance of Marine Carbonate Sediments.- 1.3 Origin of Other Main Sedimentary Components..- 1.3.1 Silica.- 1.3.2 Phosphates.- 1.3.3 Organic Matter.- 1.3.4 Evaporites.- 2 Properties of Sedimentary Particles.- 2.1 Grain Size.- 2.1.1 Scales.- 2.1.2 Graphic Presentation of Grain Size Data.- 2.1.3 Characterization of Sedimentary Environments.- 2.1.4 Influence of Transport Processes.- 2.2 Shape, Surface, and Orientation of Grains.- 2.2.1 Shape.- 2.2.2 Surface Morphology.- 2.2.3 Spatial Arrangements.- 2.3 Classification of Sediments.- 3 Deposition of Sediments.- 3.1 Principal Transport Mechanisms.- 3.1.1 Sedimentary Particles.- 3.1.2 Flows of Sedimentary Particles.- 3.2 Formation of Basic Sedimentary Structures.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Formation of Ripples, Current Structures.- 3.3 Formation of Post-Depositional Sedimentary Structures.- 3.3.1 Erosion Structures.- 3.3.2 Surface Structures or Imprints.- 3.3.3 Synsedimentary Deformation.- 3. 4 General Mechanisms of Sedimentation and Resulting Deposits.- 3.4.1 Settling.- 3.4.2 Gravitational Sliding.- 3.4.3 Deposition by Density or Gravity Currents.- 3.4.4 Deposition by Bottom Currents.- 3.4.5 Deposition by Violent or Exceptional Currents..- 3.5 Identification of Depositional Environments of Ancient Sediments: Potential and Limitations.- 3.5.1 Introduction.- 3.5.2 Distance from Coastline.- 3.5.3 Depth of Deposition.- 3.5.4 Paleocurrents.- 3.5.5 Polarity of Beds.- 4 From Sediment to Sedimentary Rock.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Formation of Sandstones.- 4.2.1 Main Stages and Classification.- 4.2.2 Surface Phenomena.- 4.2.3 Phenomena of Deeper Levels.- 4.3 Evolution of Clays.- 4.3.1 Early Diagenesis.- 4.3.2 Late Diagenesis.- 4.4 Carbonate Diagenesis.- 4.4.1 Introduction.- 4.4.2 Calcitic Cement.- 4.4.3 Conditions for Dolomitization.- 4.5 Evolution of Siliceous Deposits.- 4.6 Formation of Fossil Fuels.- 4.6.1 Coal.- 4.6.2 Hydrocarbons.- 5 Continental Sedimentation.- 5.1 Glacial Environments.- 5.1.1 Introduction.- 5.1.2 Main Types of Glacial Deposits.- 5.1.3 Glacial Sequences and Environments of the Past.- 5.2 Deserts.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 Recent Desert Sediments.- 5.2.3 Ancient Desert Sediments.- 5.3 Lakes.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Recent Lacustrine Deposits.- 5.3.3 Ancient Lacustrine Deposits.- 5. 4 Alluvial Fans.- 5.4.1 Introduction.- 5.4.2 Alluvial Fans in Humid Regions.- 5.4.3 Alluvial Fans in Arid Regions.- 5.5 Rivers and Streams.- 5.5.1 Introduction.- 5.5.2 Sedimentary Sequences in Recent Fluvial Deposits.- 5.5.3 Ancient Fluvial Environments.- 6 Marine Coastal Environments.- 6.1 Deltas and Estuaries.- 6.1.1 Hydrodynamic and Sedimentational Mechanisms.- 6.1.2 Formation of Delta Complexes.- 6.1.3 Fossil Estuaries and Deltas.- 6.2 Littoral Environments.- 6.2.1 Hydrosedimentary Mechanisms.- 6.2.2 Detrital Environments.- 6.2.3 Carbonate and Evaporite Environments.- 6.3 Shelf Environments.- 6.3.1 General Hydrosedimentary Mechanisms.- 6.3.2 Detrital Environments.- 6.3.3 Carbonate Environments.- 7 Open-Marine Environments.- 7.1 Submarine Relief and Sedimentation.- 7.1.1 Introduction.- 7.1.2 The Continental Margins.- 7.1.3 Abyssal Plains.- 7.2 Dynamics of Deep-Water Sedimentation.- 7.2.1 Continental Margins.- 7.2.2 Open-Marine Basins.- 7.3 Main Deep-Sea Sediments.- 7.3.1 Carbonate Oozes.- 7.3.2 Siliceous Oozes.- 7.3.3 Clays and Argillaceous Oozes.- 7.3.4 Polymetallic or Manganese Nodules.- 7.3.5 Metalliferous and Hydrothermal Sediments.- 7.3.6 Other Sediments.- 7.3.7 Global Tectonics vs Deep-Sea Sedimentation.- 8 References.- 9 Subject Index.