Cibelli / Lanza / Campbell Principles of Cloning

1. Auflage 2002
ISBN: 978-0-08-049215-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 531 Seiten, Web PDF

Principles of Cloning is the first comprehensive book on animal cloning since the creation of Dolly. The contributing authors are the principal investigators on each of the animal species cloned to date, and are expertly qualified to present the state-of-the-art information in their respective areas. Editors Cibelli, Lanza and West garnered worldwide spotlight late in 2001 when their company, Advanced Cell Technology, announced the successful engineering of the world's first cloned human embryo. The trio was featured in the US News & World Report December 2001 cover story, 'The First Human Clone.' The book presents the basic biological mechanisms of how cloning works and progresses to discuss current and potential applications in basic biology, agriculture, biotechnology, and medicine.Key Features* First and most comprehensive book on animal cloning* Chapters written by the world' expert in each area * From the early experiments in amphibia to the latest one in mammals, everything is included in this book and told by the researcher that did it and how they did it* Basic biological mechanisms on how cloning works and all their current and potential applications* Cloning applications on basic biology, agriculture, biotechnology and medicine are included* Editors are the pioneers in the field

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lanza, Robert

Campbell, Keith

Cibelli, Jose

Campbell, Keith H. S.

West, Michael D.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;CONTENTS;8
3;CONTRIBUTORS ;16
4;PREFACE;20
5;FOREWORD;22
6;Introduction;24
6.1;Chapter 1. Historical Perspective;26
6.1.1;ANCIENT CLONING (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION)„IN THE BEGINNING ;26
6.1.2;SPONTANEOUS REGENERATION;27
6.1.3;TYPES OF CLONING;27
6.1.4;EXAMPLES OF NATURAL CLONING IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS;27
6.1.5;EXPERIMENTAL CLONING OF NONMAMMALS;27
6.1.6;CLONING MAMMALS;29
6.1.7;REFERENCES;37
7;Part I: Basic Biological Processes;42
7.1;Chapter 2. Activation of Mammalian Oocytes;44
7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;44
7.1.2;REQUIREMENT OF Ca2+ FOR OOCYTE ACTIVATION;45
7.1.3;HOW DOES THE SPERM TRIGGER Ca2+ RELEASE?;48
7.1.4;REGULATION OF FERTILIZATION-ASSOCIATED [Ca2+]i OSCILLATIONS ;53
7.1.5;REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSEMBLY OF COMPETENT PRONUCLEI;55
7.1.6;[Ca2+]i OSCILLATIONS AND APOPTOSIS IN MAMMALIAN OOCYTES ;60
7.1.7;REFERENCES ;62
7.2;Chapter 3. The Nucleus;70
7.2.1;DNA AND GENOME STRUCTURE ;71
7.2.2;DNA-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS IN SOMATIC AND GERM CELLS;72
7.2.3;THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, LAMINA, AND MATRIX: E PLURIBUS UNUM ;92
7.2.4;PERSPECTIVE;96
7.2.5;UPDATE ;96
7.2.6;REFERENCES;96
7.3;Chapter 4. Nuclear Reprogramming: Biological and Technological Constraints;108
7.3.1;NUCLEAR TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLONED MAMMALS ;108
7.3.2;EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AFTER NUCLEAR TRANSFER;114
7.3.3;REFERENCES;119
7.4;Chapter 5. Plasticity of Somatic Nucleus by Epigenetic Reprogramming Via Cell Hybridization;122
7.4.1;INTRODUCTION;122
7.4.2;NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING OF SOMATIC CELLS BY HYBRIDIZATION WITH EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS ;123
7.4.3;NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING OF SOMATIC CELLS BY HYBRIDIZATION WITH EMBRYONIC GERM CELLS ;127
7.4.4;CLONING BY SOMATIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION INTO OOCYTES ;129
7.4.5;CONCLUSION ;129
7.4.6;REFERENCES;129
7.5;Chapter 6. Determinants of Pluripotency in Mammals;132
7.5.1;INTRODUCTION;132
7.5.2;DEFINING PLURIPOTENCY BY MEANS OF TOTIPOTENCY;133
7.5.3;WHY PLURIPOTENCY?;135
7.5.4;THE FIELDS OF PLURIPOTENCY;136
7.5.5;LEVELS OF CELL POTENCY;139
7.5.6;THE CELLULAR BASES OF POTENCY;142
7.5.7;PLURIPOTENTIAL STEM CELLS AND CLONING;147
7.5.8;METHODS OF ADDRESSING CELL POTENCY;148
7.5.9;MARKERS OF PLURIPOTENCY;157
7.5.10;OCT4, A MODERN TOOL FOR ANALYSIS OF PLURIPOTENCY;158
7.5.11;LESSONS FROM CLONING;167
7.5.12;REFERENCES;168
8;Part II: Methods;176
8.1;Chapter 7. Micromanipulation Techniques for Cloning;178
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;178
8.1.2;MAKING MANIPULATION TOOLS;178
8.1.3;MICROSCOPY AND EQUIPMENT FOR MICROMANIPULATION;183
8.1.4;MICROMANIPULATION PROCEDURES;186
8.1.5;PIEZOELECTRIC ASSISTED NUCLEAR TRANSFER;192
8.1.6;TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS;194
8.1.7;REFERENCES;195
8.2;Chapter 8. Microinsemination and Nuclear Transfer with Male Germ Cells;198
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;198
8.2.2;MICROINSEMINATION;200
8.2.3;NUCLEAR TRANSFER WITH MALE PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS;205
8.2.4;REFERENCES ;206
8.3;Chapter 9. Development of Viable Mammalian Embryos in Vitro: Evolution of Sequential Media;210
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;210
8.3.2;DYNAMICS OF EMBRYO AND MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGY;210
8.3.3;METABOLISM OF THE EMBRYO;215
8.3.4;DECREASING INTRACELLULAR STRESS;218
8.3.5;EVOLUTION OF SEQUENTIAL EMBRYO CULTURE MEDIA;218
8.3.6;FACTORS OTHER THAN MEDIUM FORMULATION THAT IMPACT EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND VIABILITY ;222
8.3.7;INHERENT PROBLEMS OF COCULTURE;229
8.3.8;CONCLUSIONS;231
8.3.9;REFERENCES;231
8.4;Chapter 10. Genetic and Phenotypic Similarity Among Members of Mammalian Clonal Sets;238
8.4.1;DEFINITION OF CLONING;238
8.4.2;CYTOPLASMIC GENETICS;239
8.4.3;EPIGENETIC EFFECTS;239
8.4.4;UTERINE EFFECTS;241
8.4.5;NEONATAL ENVIRONMENT;242
8.4.6;LARGE-OFFSPRING SYNDROME;242
8.4.7;MUTATIONS;243
8.4.8;CULTURAL INHERITANCE;244
8.4.9;HOW SIMILAR?;244
8.4.10;SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE;246
8.4.11;REFERENCES;246
8.5;Chapter 11. Genetic Modification and Cloning in Mammals;250
8.5.1;GENERAL INTRODUCTION;250
8.5.2;HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE;250
8.5.3;CONVENTIONAL ENRICHMENT PROTOCOLS TO ENHANCE HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION ;252
8.5.4;MODULATION OF HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION AND NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING DNA REPAIR PATHWAYS ;253
8.5.5;GENE TARGETING: EXPLOITING MECHANISMS OF DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAK REPAIR IN MAMMALIAN CELLS ;254
8.5.6;MODELS OF HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION REPAIR;254
8.5.7;BIOCHEMISTRY OF HR REPAIR;255
8.5.8;OVEREXPRESSION OF NORMAL AND DOMINANT-NEGATIVE FORMS OF HR PROTEINS ENHANCE HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION ;257
8.5.9;RANDOM INSERTION OF TARGETING CONSTRUCTS MEDIATED BY NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING ;260
8.5.10;SUPPRESSING NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING PATHWAY BY INHIBITING KEY NHEJ PROTEINS ;261
8.5.11;REPLICATIVE SENESCENCE;261
8.5.12;RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENESCENCE AND DNA REPAIR;263
8.5.13;SUMMARY ;263
8.5.14;REFERENCES;264
8.6;Chapter 12. Pregnancy and Neonatal Care of Cloned Animals;270
8.6.1;OCCURRENCE OF LARGE-OFFSPRING SYNDROME;270
8.6.2;GESTATIONAL MONITORING;272
8.6.3;PERINATAL MANAGEMENT;280
8.6.4;SUMMARY ;285
8.6.5;REFERENCES;285
8.7;Chapter 13. Donor Cell Type and Cloning Efficiency in Mammals;290
8.7.1;DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL OF GERM LINE NUCLEI AT VARIOUS CELL CYCLE STAGES ;290
8.7.2;DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL OF SOMATIC CELL LINE NUCLEI FROM DIFFERENT TISSUES ;291
8.7.3;REFERENCES;298
9;Part III: Cloning by Species;302
9.1;Chapter 14. Cloning of Amphibians;304
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;304
9.1.2;EGG FORMATION AND EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT;305
9.1.3;METHODOLOGY;306
9.1.4;NUCLEAR TRANSFER SUCCESS;307
9.1.5;NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING;308
9.1.6;REFERENCES;309
9.2;Chapter 15. Cloning of Fish;310
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;310
9.2.2;DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC TECHNIQUES OF TRANSPLANTATION OF EMBRYONIC CELLS TO NONENUCLEATED EGGS ;311
9.2.3;EXPRESSION OF FOREIGN GENES IN NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTS;315
9.2.4;FERTILE AND DIPLOID NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTS;317
9.2.5;CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES;320
9.2.6;REFERENCES;320
9.3;Chapter 16. Cloning of Mice;324
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;324
9.3.2;CONTRIBUTION OF THE RECIPIENT CYTOPLASM;328
9.3.3;CONTRIBUTION OF THE NUCLEUS DONOR;331
9.3.4;TECHNICAL DETERMINANTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME IN CLONING ;341
9.3.5;CLONE DEVELOPMENT;345
9.3.6;QUESTIONS AND APPLICATIONS;353
9.3.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;355
9.3.8;REFERENCES;359
9.4;Chapter 17. Cloning of Rabbits;366
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;366
9.4.2;BACKGROUND OF RABBIT EMBRYOLOGY;367
9.4.3;STATE OF THE ART;369
9.4.4;APPLICATIONS OF SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER IN RABBITS ;379
9.4.5;APPENDIX: PROTOCOL FOR RABBIT SOMATIC-CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER ;379
9.4.6;REFERENCES;384
9.5;Chapter 18. Nuclear Transfer in Swine;390
9.5.1;INTRODUCTION;390
9.5.2;INITIAL STUDIES;390
9.5.3;MOLECULAR EVENTS OF REPROGRAMMING AS REVEALED BY STUDIES IN PIGS ;391
9.5.4;OOCYTE ACTIVATION;393
9.5.5;IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR TRANSFER EMBRYOS ;393
9.5.6;PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING RESULTING FROM NUCLEAR TRANSFER ;394
9.5.7;CONCLUSIONS;395
9.5.8;REFERENCES;395
9.6;Chapter 19. Cloning of cattle;398
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;398
9.6.2;HISTORY;398
9.6.3;CLONING FROM FETAL CELLS;400
9.6.4;CLONING FROM ADULT SOMATIC CELLS ;402
9.6.5;TELOMERES;404
9.6.6;LARGE-OFFSPRING SYNDROME;405
9.6.7;APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR TRANSFER;408
9.6.8;REFERENCES;410
9.7;Chapter 20. Cell Cycle Regulation in Cloning;414
9.7.1;INTRODUCTION;414
9.7.2;INITIAL EVENTS;414
9.7.3;OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND THE CELL CYCLE;415
9.7.4;CELL CYCLE EFFECTS OF OOCYTE-DERIVED CYTOPLAST RECIPIENTS ;416
9.7.5;OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO THE RECIPIENT CELL CYCLE PHASE ;418
9.7.6;EFFECTS OF CELL CYCLE COMBINATIONS ON DEVELOPMENT ;419
9.7.7;EFFECTS OF THE DONOR CELL CYCLE STAGE ON DEVELOPMENT ;420
9.7.8;SUMMARY;420
9.7.9;REFERENCES;420
10;Part IV: Currently Sought after Species;424
10.1;Chapter 21. Cloning of Rats;426
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;426
10.1.2;WHY CLONE THE RAT?;426
10.1.3;STEPS IN CLONING ;427
10.1.4;DONOR CELLS;431
10.1.5;ACTIVATION;432
10.1.6;OUTCOMES;433
10.1.7;TRANSFER OF RECONSTITUTED EMBRYOS TO SURROGATE MOTHERS ;433
10.1.8;LIMITATIONS;434
10.1.9;QUESTIONS OF INTEREST IN CLONING;436
10.1.10;REFERENCES;437
11;Part V: Nuclear Transfer in Primates;440
11.1;Chapter 22. Cloning in Nonhuman Primates;442
11.1.1;INTRODUCTION ;442
11.1.2;WHY GENETICALLY IDENTICAL NONHUMAN PRIMATES?;442
11.1.3;FACTORS INFLUENCING RESEARCH IN ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ;443
11.1.4;METHODS FOR PRODUCTION OF GENETICALLY IDENTICAL ANIMALS ;445
11.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;451
11.1.6;REFERENCES;452
12;Part VI: Applications;456
12.1;Chapter 23. Nuclear Transfer for Stem Cells;458
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;458
12.1.2;NUCLEAR TRANSFER USING SOMATIC CELLS TO PRODUCE ES CELLS ;458
12.1.3;STEM CELL HYBRIDIZATION;462
12.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;463
12.1.5;REFERENCES;463
12.2;Chapter 24. Current Research and Commercial Applications of Cloning Technology;466
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;466
12.2.2;CLONING RESEARCH ANIMALS;467
12.2.3;PREVIOUS AND PRESENT OBSTACLES TO COMMERCIAL CLONING IN ANIMAL AGRICULTURE ;471
12.2.4;SUMMARY;478
12.2.5;REFERENCES;478
12.3;Chapter 25. Transgenic Cloned Goats and the Production of Therapeutic Proteins;482
12.3.1;INTRODUCTION;482
12.3.2;MAMMARY GLAND-SPECIFIC TRANSGENES FOR SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER ;485
12.3.3;GENERATION OF TRANSGENIC FOUNDERS BY TRANSFECTED SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER ;486
12.3.4;PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC GOATS BY ADULT SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER ;492
12.3.5;IN VITRO-DERIVED OOCYTES VS. IN VIVO-DERIVED OOCYTES;493
12.3.6;CONCLUSION;494
12.3.7;REFERENCES;495
13;Part VII: Ethical and Legal Affairs;498
13.1;Chapter 26. Ethical Implications of Cloning;500
13.1.1;INTRODUCTION;500
13.1.2;REPRODUCTIVE CLONING;501
13.1.3;THERAPEUTIC CLONING;510
13.1.4;CONCLUSION;514
13.1.5;REFERENCES;514
14;Final Remarks;518
14.1;Chapter 27. Mammalian Cloning: Challenges for the Future;520
14.1.1;INTRODUCTION;520
14.1.2;ACTIVATION OF DEVELOPMENT;520
14.1.3;THERAPEUTIC CLONING VERSUS DIRECT REPROGRAMMING OF ADULT CELLS ;521
14.1.4;REPRODUCTIVE CLONING„QUESTIONS, MYTHS, AND CONCERNS ;522
14.1.5;REFERENCES;523
15;AUTHOR INDEX;526
16;SUBJECT INDEX;546