Cremers / Radziemski Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

2. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-118-56734-0
Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 432 Seiten, E-Book

Starting from fundamentals and moving through a thoroughdiscussion of equipment, methods, and techniques, the Handbookof Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy provides a uniquereference source that will be of value for many years to come forthis important new analysis method. The authors, with a totalof over 60 years of experience in the LIBS method, use acombination of tutorial discussions ranging from basic principlesup to more advanced descriptions along with extensive figures andphotographs to clearly explain topics addressed in the text. Inthis second edition, chapters on the use of statistical analysisand advances in detection of weapons of mass destruction have beenadded. Tables of data related to analysis with LIBS have beenupdated.
The Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, SecondEdition:
* provides a thorough but understandable discussion of the basicprinciples of the method based on atomic emission spectroscopy,including recently available data leading to bettercharacterization of the LIBS plasma;
* presents a discussion of the many advantages of the methodalong with limitations, to provide the reader a balanced overviewof capabilities of the method;
* describes LIBS instrumentation ranging from basic set-ups tomore advanced configurations;
* presents a comprehensive discussion of the different types ofcomponents (laser, spectrometers, detectors) that can be used forLIBS apparatuses along with suggestions for their use, as well asan up-to-date treatment of the newest advances and capabilities ofLIBS instruments;
* presents the analytical capabilities of the method in terms ofdetection limits, accuracy, and precision of measurements for avariety of different sample types;
* discusses methods of sampling different media such as gases,liquids, and solids;
* presents an overview of some real-world applications of themethod, with new emphasis on sampling of biologically andphysically dangerous materials;
* provides an up-to-date list of references to LIBS literaturealong with the latest detection limits and a unique list of elementdetection limits using a uniform analysis method;
* provides annotated examples of LIBS spectra which can serve asreferences for the general reader and will be especially useful forthose starting out in the field.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cremers, David A.

Radziemski, Leon J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xi
Acronyms, Constants, and Symbols xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Atomic Optical Emission Spectrochemistry (OES) 1
1.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 2
1.3 LIBS History 1960-1980 7
1.4 LIBS History 1981-1990 9
1.5 LIBS History 1991-2000 11
1.6 LIBS History 2001-2012 14
References 18
2 Basics of the LIBS Plasma 29
2.1 LIBS Plasma Fundamentals 29
2.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown 46
2.3 Laser Ablation from Surfaces and Aerosols 53
2.4 Nanosecond and Femtosecond Double- or Multiple-Pulse LIBS58
2.5 Summary 63
2.6 Problems 63
References 64
3 LIBS Apparatus Fundamentals 69
3.1 Basic LIBS Apparatus 69
3.2 Lasers 70
3.3 Optical Systems 80
3.4 Methods of Spectral Resolution 86
3.5 Detectors 102
3.6 Detection System Calibrations 109
3.7 Timing Considerations 114
3.8 Methods of LIBS Deployment 115
3.9 Problems 117
References 118
4 LIBS Analytical Figures of Merit and Calibration123
4.1 Introduction 123
4.2 Basics of a LIBS Measurement 123
4.3 Precision 129
4.4 Calibration 131
4.5 Detection Limit 144
4.6 Accuracy 144
4.7 Problems 146
References 148
References for Detection Limits 150
5 Qualitative LIBS Analysis 151
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 Identifying Elements 151
5.3 Material Identification 156
5.4 Process Monitoring 159
5.5 Material Sorting/Distinguishing 169
5.6 Site Screening Using LIBS 177
5.7 Semiquantitative Analysis 178
5.8 Problems 180
References 182
6 Quantitative LIBS Analysis 185
6.1 Introduction 185
6.2 Effects of Sampling Geometry 185
6.3 Other Sampling Considerations 189
6.4 Incomplete Vaporization and Ablation Stoichiometry 193
6.5 Use of Internal Standardization 194
6.6 Chemical Matrix Effects 196
6.7 Example of LIBS Measurement: Impurities inLithium-Containing Solutions 198
6.8 Example of LIBS Measurement: Detection of Materials onSwipes 206
6.9 Reported Figures of Merit for LIBS Measurements andComparison with Standard Methods 211
6.10 Enhancing Quantitative Analysis via Sophisticated SignalProcessing 219
6.11 Conclusions 220
References 221
7 Chemometric Analysis in LIBS 223
7.1 Introduction 223
7.2 Chemometric Terms 227
7.3 Chemometric Analysis/Model Development 232
7.4 Summary 241
References 241
8 Remote LIBS Measurements 257
8.1 Introduction 257
8.2 Conventional Open-Path LIBS 259
8.3 Standoff LIBS Using Femtosecond Pulses 270
8.4 Fiber Optic LIBS 276
References 284
9 Selected LIBS Applications 289
9.1 Introduction 289
9.2 LIBS and the CBRNE Threats 289
9.3 LIBS Analysis of Liquids and Solids in Liquids 297
9.4 Transportable LIBS Instrument for Stand-off Analysis 303
9.5 LIBS for Space Applications 313
References 325
A Safety Considerations in LIBS 333
B Major LIBS References 337
C Detection Limits from the Literature 341
D Examples of LIBS Spectra 377
E Solutions to Problems 387
Index 397