Dell / Moseley / Rand Towards Sustainable Road Transport

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-404691-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 368 Seiten

Increasing pressure on global reserves of petroleum at a time of growing demand for personal transport in developing countries, together with concerns over atmospheric pollution and carbon dioxide emissions, are leading to a requirement for more sustainable forms of road transport. Major improvements in the efficiency of all types of road vehicles are called for, along with the use of fuels derived from alternative sources, or entirely new fuels. Towards Sustainable Road Transport first describes the evolution of vehicle designs and propulsion technologies over the past two centuries, before looking forward to possible new forms of energy to substitute for petroleum. The book also discusses the political and socio-economic drivers for change, investigates barriers to their broad implementation, and outlines the state-of-the-art of candidate power sources, advanced vehicle design, and associated infrastructure. The comprehensive technical informationsupplied by an expert author team ensures that Towards Sustainable Road Transport will provide readers with a clear understanding of the ongoing progress in this field and the challenges still to be faced. - Drivers of technological change in road transport and the infrastructure requirements - Discussion of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines and fuel conversion technologies - Detailed exploration of current and emerging options for vehicle propulsion, with emphasis on hybrid/battery electric traction, hydrogen, and fuel cells - Comparative analysis of vehicle design requirements, primary power source efficiency, and energy storagesystems

Ronald Dell PhD DSc CChem. FRSC graduated from the University of Bristol. He lived for several years in the USA where he worked as a research chemist, first in academia and then in the petroleum industry. Upon returning to Britain, Ron joined the UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell in 1959. During a tenure of 35 years, he investigated the fundamental chemistry of materials used in nuclear power and managed projects in the field of applied electrochemistry, especially electrochemical power sources. Since retiring in the mid-1990s, he has interested himself in the developing world energy scene and has co-authored with David Rand several books on Batteries, on Clean Energy, and on Hydrogen Energy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dell, Ronald M.

Moseley, Patrick T.

Rand, David A. J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Towards Sustainable Road Transport;4
3;Copyright;5
4;The Open Road;6
5;Contents;8
6;Preface;14
7;Biographical Notes;18
8;Acknowledgements;20
9;Acronyms, Initialisms, Symbols and Units used in this book;22
9.1;Acronyms and Initialisms;22
9.2;Symbols and units;25
9.3;Fuel consumption;28
10;Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Unsustainable Road Transport;30
10.1;1.1 Bicycles and beyond;30
10.2;1.2 Steam takes to the road;33
10.3;1.3 The age of electricity;53
10.4;1.4 The age of the motor vehicle – from dream to necessity;66
10.5;1.5 Growth of the petroleum industry;85
10.6;1.6 Development of roads;86
10.7;1.7 Growth of the automotive sector;92
11;Chapter 2 - Drivers for Change;94
11.1;2.1 Challenges for new-generation road vehicles;94
11.2;2.2 Demographics and vehicle ownership;95
11.3;2.3 Petroleum production and consumption;100
11.4;2.4 Conventional petroleum reserves;102
11.5;2.5 Atmospheric pollution;105
11.6;2.6 Fuel and vehicle efficiencies;108
11.7;2.7 Emissions and climate change;109
11.8;2.8 Electricity and hydrogen as energy carriers;113
12;Chapter 3 - Unconventional Fuels;115
12.1;3.1 The need for ‘unconventional fuels’;115
12.2;3.2 Raw materials;115
12.3;3.3 Motor fuels;127
12.4;3.4 Summary;136
13;Chapter 4 - Development of Road Vehicles with Internal-Combustion Engines;138
13.1;4.1 Early days of the motor industry;138
13.2;4.2 Developments in vehicle body design;140
13.3;4.3 Engines and transmissions;145
13.4;4.4 Suspension, steering, brakes;167
13.5;4.5 Exhaust systems and emissions;173
13.6;4.6 Other key components;176
13.7;4.7 Safety;180
13.8;4.8 Accessories;181
13.9;4.9 The future for internal-combustion-engined vehicles;184
14;Chapter 5 - Progressive Electrification of Road Vehicles;186
14.1;5.1 Electricity to the rescue;186
14.2;5.2 Stop–start and hybrid electric vehicles;189
14.3;5.3 Electric vehicles with batteries charged from the mains;204
14.4;5.4 Solar cars;216
14.5;5.5 Benchmarks of progress towards cleaner and more efficient vehicles;218
14.6;5.6 Road transport in transition;220
15;Chapter 6 - Mains Electricity Supply for Charging Vehicle Batteries;222
15.1;6.1 Why is electricity supply relevant to road transport?;222
15.2;6.2 Electricity – a driving factor in the world economy;223
15.3;6.3 Generation and distribution of electricity;224
15.4;6.4 Electricity availability in selected countries: contemporary case studies;230
15.5;6.5 Recharging electric vehicles;240
15.6;6.6 De-regulation of electricity markets;244
16;Chapter 7 - Batteries and Supercapacitors for Use in Road Vehicles;246
16.1;7.1 Fundamentals of energy storage in batteries;246
16.2;7.2 Key criteria for candidate batteries;250
16.3;7.3 Battery duty in different road vehicles;253
16.4;7.4 Lead–acid batteries;255
16.5;7.5 Nickel–metal-hydride batteries;266
16.6;7.6 Lithium-ion batteries;269
16.7;7.7 Sodium–metal-halide batteries;275
16.8;7.8 Characteristics of batteries used in hybrid electric and battery electric vehicles;280
16.9;7.9 Supercapacitors;282
16.10;7.10 The UltraBatteryTM;284
16.11;7.11 Better batteries: future prospects;285
17;Chapter 8 - Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Fuel Cell Vehicles;289
17.1;8.1 Why use hydrogen?;289
17.2;8.2 Hydrogen as a fuel;289
17.3;8.3 Present uses for hydrogen;291
17.4;8.4 Hydrogen from fossil fuels and biomass;291
17.5;8.5 Hydrogen from water;294
17.6;8.6 Hydrogen distribution and storage;298
17.7;8.7 Hydrogen utilization: fuel cells;302
17.8;8.8 Hydrogen-fuelled road transport;311
17.9;8.9 Present status and outlook for fuel cell vehicles;323
18;Chapter 9 - The Shape of Things to Come;325
18.1;9.1 Over-arching issues;325
18.2;9.2 Global climate change: extent and consequences;328
18.3;9.3 Choice of vehicle technology;333
18.4;9.4 Roads;339
18.5;9.5 Choice of fuel: hydrocarbon, hydrogen or electricity;340
18.6;9.6 The carrot and the stick: role of governments;341
18.7;9.7 Possible futures;342
19;Glossary of Terms;346
20;Index;364

Leseproben

Acronyms, Initialisms, Symbols and Units used in this book

Acronyms and Initialisms

4WD

    four-wheel drive

ABS

    anti-lock braking system

a.c. (or AC)

    alternating current

AFC

    alkaline fuel cell

AGM

    absorptive glass-mat (battery separator)

ALABC

    Advanced Lead–Acid Battery Consortium

AMT

    Automated Manual Transmission

APU

    auxiliary power unit

AWD

    all-wheel drive

BEV

    battery electric vehicle

B-ISG

    belt-driven integrated starter–generator

BMS

    battery-management system

BRIC

    Brazil, Russia, India, China (group of nations at similar stages of development)

BRT

    bus rapid transit

CAFE

    corporate average fuel economy

CAN

    controller area network

CAPP

    Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers

CB

    conduction band

CC

    climate change

CCGT

    combined-cycle gas turbine

CCS

    carbon capture and storage

CHIC

    Clean Hydrogen in European Cities

CHP

    combined heat and power

CI

    compression-ignition (diesel engine or vehicle)

C-ISG

    crankshaft-mounted integrated starter–generator

CNG

    compressed natural gas

CR

    compression ratio (of engine)

CTL

    coal-to-liquids

CSIRO

    Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia)

CUTE

    Clean Urban Transport for Europe

CV

    commercial vehicle

CVT

    continuously variable transmission

d.c. (or DC)

    direct current

DCA

    dynamic charge-acceptance

DCT

    dual-clutch transmission (or double-clutch transmission)

DME

    dimethyl ether

DMFC

    direct methanol fuel cell

DoD

    depth-of-discharge

DPF

    diesel particulate filter

DSSC

    dye-sensitized solar cell

EBD

    electronic brake force distribution

ECTOS

    Ecological City Transport System

ECU

    electronic (or engine) control unit

EFB

    enhanced flooded battery

EMS

    engine-management system

EPA

    Environmental Protection Agency (USA)

E-REV

    extended-range electric vehicle

ESC

    electronic stability control

ETP

    Energy Technology Perspectives (IEA)

EU

    European Union

EV

    electric vehicle

E2W

    electric two-wheeled cycle

FC

    fuel cell

FCEB

    fuel cell electric bus

FCHV

    fuel cell hybrid vehicle

FCV

    fuel cell vehicle

FEHRL

    Forum of European Highway Research Laboratories

FTA

    Federal Transportation Agency (USA)

GDP

    gross domestic product

GE

    General Electric

GHG

    greenhouse gas

GM

    General Motors

GNI

    gross national income

GPS

    global positioning system

GRT

    group rapid transit

GTL

    gas-to-liquids

GVW

    gross vehicle weight

HC

    hydrocarbons

HCCI

    homogeneous charge compression ignition

HEV

    hybrid electric vehicle

HF

    high frequency

HGV

    heavy goods vehicle

HHV

    higher heating value

HRPSoC

    high-rate partial-state-of-charge

ICE

    internal combustion engine

ICEV

    internal combustion-engined vehicle

IEA

    International Energy Agency

IGBT

    insulated-gate bipolar transistors

IGCC

    integrated gasification combined-cycle

IPCC

    the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ISG

    integrated starter–generator

LAB

    lead–acid battery

LDV

    light-duty vehicle (cars and vans/light trucks)

LED

    light-emitting diode

LFP

    lithium iron phosphate (material for positive electrode of lithium-ion battery)

LH2

    liquid hydrogen

LHV

    lower heating value

LIB

    lithium-ion battery

LNG

    liquid natural gas

LPG

    liquid petroleum gas

MCFC

    molten carbonate fuel cell

MEA

    membrane electrode assembly

MOSFET

    metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor

MPV

    multi-purpose vehicle

NCA

    lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (material for positive electrode of lithium-ion battery)

NEDC

    New European Drive Cycle

Ni-MH

    nickel-metal-hydride(battery)

NMC

    lithium nickel manganese cobalt (material for positive electrode of lithium-ion battery)

NOx

    nitrogen oxides

NREL

    National Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA)

NVH

    noise, vibration and hardness

OECD

    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OICA

    Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles

OPEC

    Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

PAFC

    phosphoric acid fuel cell

PEMFC

    proton exchange membrane fuel cell (or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell)

PHEV

    plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

PM

    particulate...