Dell / Moseley / Rand Towards Sustainable Road Transport

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-404691-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 368 Seiten

Increasing pressure on global reserves of petroleum at a time of growing demand for personal transport in developing countries, together with concerns over atmospheric pollution and carbon dioxide emissions, are leading to a requirement for more sustainable forms of road transport. Major improvements in the efficiency of all types of road vehicles are called for, along with the use of fuels derived from alternative sources, or entirely new fuels. Towards Sustainable Road Transport first describes the evolution of vehicle designs and propulsion technologies over the past two centuries, before looking forward to possible new forms of energy to substitute for petroleum. The book also discusses the political and socio-economic drivers for change, investigates barriers to their broad implementation, and outlines the state-of-the-art of candidate power sources, advanced vehicle design, and associated infrastructure. The comprehensive technical informationsupplied by an expert author team ensures that Towards Sustainable Road Transport will provide readers with a clear understanding of the ongoing progress in this field and the challenges still to be faced. - Drivers of technological change in road transport and the infrastructure requirements - Discussion of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines and fuel conversion technologies - Detailed exploration of current and emerging options for vehicle propulsion, with emphasis on hybrid/battery electric traction, hydrogen, and fuel cells - Comparative analysis of vehicle design requirements, primary power source efficiency, and energy storagesystems

Ronald Dell PhD DSc CChem. FRSC graduated from the University of Bristol. He lived for several years in the USA where he worked as a research chemist, first in academia and then in the petroleum industry. Upon returning to Britain, Ron joined the UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell in 1959. During a tenure of 35 years, he investigated the fundamental chemistry of materials used in nuclear power and managed projects in the field of applied electrochemistry, especially electrochemical power sources. Since retiring in the mid-1990s, he has interested himself in the developing world energy scene and has co-authored with David Rand several books on Batteries, on Clean Energy, and on Hydrogen Energy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dell, Ronald M.

Moseley, Patrick T.

Rand, David A. J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Towards Sustainable Road Transport;4
3;Copyright;5
4;The Open Road;6
5;Contents;8
6;Preface;14
7;Biographical Notes;18
8;Acknowledgements;20
9;Acronyms, Initialisms, Symbols and Units used in this book;22
9.1;Acronyms and Initialisms;22
9.2;Symbols and units;25
9.3;Fuel consumption;28
10;Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Unsustainable Road Transport;30
10.1;1.1 Bicycles and beyond;30
10.2;1.2 Steam takes to the road;33
10.3;1.3 The age of electricity;53
10.4;1.4 The age of the motor vehicle – from dream to necessity;66
10.5;1.5 Growth of the petroleum industry;85
10.6;1.6 Development of roads;86
10.7;1.7 Growth of the automotive sector;92
11;Chapter 2 - Drivers for Change;94
11.1;2.1 Challenges for new-generation road vehicles;94
11.2;2.2 Demographics and vehicle ownership;95
11.3;2.3 Petroleum production and consumption;100
11.4;2.4 Conventional petroleum reserves;102
11.5;2.5 Atmospheric pollution;105
11.6;2.6 Fuel and vehicle efficiencies;108
11.7;2.7 Emissions and climate change;109
11.8;2.8 Electricity and hydrogen as energy carriers;113
12;Chapter 3 - Unconventional Fuels;115
12.1;3.1 The need for ‘unconventional fuels’;115
12.2;3.2 Raw materials;115
12.3;3.3 Motor fuels;127
12.4;3.4 Summary;136
13;Chapter 4 - Development of Road Vehicles with Internal-Combustion Engines;138
13.1;4.1 Early days of the motor industry;138
13.2;4.2 Developments in vehicle body design;140
13.3;4.3 Engines and transmissions;145
13.4;4.4 Suspension, steering, brakes;167
13.5;4.5 Exhaust systems and emissions;173
13.6;4.6 Other key components;176
13.7;4.7 Safety;180
13.8;4.8 Accessories;181
13.9;4.9 The future for internal-combustion-engined vehicles;184
14;Chapter 5 - Progressive Electrification of Road Vehicles;186
14.1;5.1 Electricity to the rescue;186
14.2;5.2 Stop–start and hybrid electric vehicles;189
14.3;5.3 Electric vehicles with batteries charged from the mains;204
14.4;5.4 Solar cars;216
14.5;5.5 Benchmarks of progress towards cleaner and more efficient vehicles;218
14.6;5.6 Road transport in transition;220
15;Chapter 6 - Mains Electricity Supply for Charging Vehicle Batteries;222
15.1;6.1 Why is electricity supply relevant to road transport?;222
15.2;6.2 Electricity – a driving factor in the world economy;223
15.3;6.3 Generation and distribution of electricity;224
15.4;6.4 Electricity availability in selected countries: contemporary case studies;230
15.5;6.5 Recharging electric vehicles;240
15.6;6.6 De-regulation of electricity markets;244
16;Chapter 7 - Batteries and Supercapacitors for Use in Road Vehicles;246
16.1;7.1 Fundamentals of energy storage in batteries;246
16.2;7.2 Key criteria for candidate batteries;250
16.3;7.3 Battery duty in different road vehicles;253
16.4;7.4 Lead–acid batteries;255
16.5;7.5 Nickel–metal-hydride batteries;266
16.6;7.6 Lithium-ion batteries;269
16.7;7.7 Sodium–metal-halide batteries;275
16.8;7.8 Characteristics of batteries used in hybrid electric and battery electric vehicles;280
16.9;7.9 Supercapacitors;282
16.10;7.10 The UltraBatteryTM;284
16.11;7.11 Better batteries: future prospects;285
17;Chapter 8 - Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Fuel Cell Vehicles;289
17.1;8.1 Why use hydrogen?;289
17.2;8.2 Hydrogen as a fuel;289
17.3;8.3 Present uses for hydrogen;291
17.4;8.4 Hydrogen from fossil fuels and biomass;291
17.5;8.5 Hydrogen from water;294
17.6;8.6 Hydrogen distribution and storage;298
17.7;8.7 Hydrogen utilization: fuel cells;302
17.8;8.8 Hydrogen-fuelled road transport;311
17.9;8.9 Present status and outlook for fuel cell vehicles;323
18;Chapter 9 - The Shape of Things to Come;325
18.1;9.1 Over-arching issues;325
18.2;9.2 Global climate change: extent and consequences;328
18.3;9.3 Choice of vehicle technology;333
18.4;9.4 Roads;339
18.5;9.5 Choice of fuel: hydrocarbon, hydrogen or electricity;340
18.6;9.6 The carrot and the stick: role of governments;341
18.7;9.7 Possible futures;342
19;Glossary of Terms;346
20;Index;364

Leseproben

Acronyms, Initialisms, Symbols and Units used in this book
Acronyms and Initialisms
4WD     four-wheel drive ABS     anti-lock braking system a.c. (or AC)     alternating current AFC     alkaline fuel cell AGM     absorptive glass-mat (battery separator) ALABC     Advanced Lead–Acid Battery Consortium AMT     Automated Manual Transmission APU     auxiliary power unit AWD     all-wheel drive BEV     battery electric vehicle B-ISG     belt-driven integrated starter–generator BMS     battery-management system BRIC     Brazil, Russia, India, China (group of nations at similar stages of development) BRT     bus rapid transit CAFE     corporate average fuel economy CAN     controller area network CAPP     Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers CB     conduction band CC     climate change CCGT     combined-cycle gas turbine CCS     carbon capture and storage CHIC     Clean Hydrogen in European Cities CHP     combined heat and power CI     compression-ignition (diesel engine or vehicle) C-ISG     crankshaft-mounted integrated starter–generator CNG     compressed natural gas CR     compression ratio (of engine) CTL     coal-to-liquids CSIRO     Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) CUTE     Clean Urban Transport for Europe CV     commercial vehicle CVT     continuously variable transmission d.c. (or DC)     direct current DCA     dynamic charge-acceptance DCT     dual-clutch transmission (or double-clutch transmission) DME     dimethyl ether DMFC     direct methanol fuel cell DoD     depth-of-discharge DPF     diesel particulate filter DSSC     dye-sensitized solar cell EBD     electronic brake force distribution ECTOS     Ecological City Transport System ECU     electronic (or engine) control unit EFB     enhanced flooded battery EMS     engine-management system EPA     Environmental Protection Agency (USA) E-REV     extended-range electric vehicle ESC     electronic stability control ETP     Energy Technology Perspectives (IEA) EU     European Union EV     electric vehicle E2W     electric two-wheeled cycle FC     fuel cell FCEB     fuel cell electric bus FCHV     fuel cell hybrid vehicle FCV     fuel cell vehicle FEHRL     Forum of European Highway Research Laboratories FTA     Federal Transportation Agency (USA) GDP     gross domestic product GE     General Electric GHG     greenhouse gas GM     General Motors GNI     gross national income GPS     global positioning system GRT     group rapid transit GTL     gas-to-liquids GVW     gross vehicle weight HC     hydrocarbons HCCI     homogeneous charge compression ignition HEV     hybrid electric vehicle HF     high frequency HGV     heavy goods vehicle HHV     higher heating value HRPSoC     high-rate partial-state-of-charge ICE     internal combustion engine ICEV     internal combustion-engined vehicle IEA     International Energy Agency IGBT     insulated-gate bipolar transistors IGCC     integrated gasification combined-cycle IPCC     the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISG     integrated starter–generator LAB     lead–acid battery LDV     light-duty vehicle (cars and vans/light trucks) LED     light-emitting diode LFP     lithium iron phosphate (material for positive electrode of lithium-ion battery) LH2     liquid hydrogen LHV     lower heating value LIB     lithium-ion battery LNG     liquid natural gas LPG     liquid petroleum gas MCFC     molten carbonate fuel cell MEA     membrane electrode assembly MOSFET     metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor MPV     multi-purpose vehicle NCA     lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (material for positive electrode of lithium-ion battery) NEDC     New European Drive Cycle Ni-MH     nickel-metal-hydride(battery) NMC     lithium nickel manganese cobalt (material for positive electrode of lithium-ion battery) NOx     nitrogen oxides NREL     National Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA) NVH     noise, vibration and hardness OECD     Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OICA     Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles OPEC     Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries PAFC     phosphoric acid fuel cell PEMFC     proton exchange membrane fuel cell (or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell) PHEV     plug-in hybrid electric vehicle PM     particulate...