Findell Phonological Evidence from the Continental Runic Inscriptions

1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-11-028925-1
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 79, 557 Seiten, Format (B × H): 170 mm x 240 mm

Reihe: Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen AltertumskundeISSN

The linguistic analysis of runic inscriptions on the Continent tends to focus on individual texts or on groups of texts seen as parallel. We can advance our understanding of the state of Continental Germanic dialects in the 5th-7th centuries by examining the evidence for the major sound changes in a larger dataset.
The study begins with a brief discussion of the Proto-Germanic phonemic system and the major processes by which the systems of Old High German (OHG) and Old Saxon (OS) develop from it. The main body of the work consists of the analysis of a corpus of 90 inscriptions (including, but not confined to, those conventionally labeled "South Germanic") for evidence of these changes. Rather than making the individual inscription the focus for analysis, the investigation groups together all possible witnesses to a particular phonological process.
In many respects, the data are found to be consistent with the anticipated developments of OHG and OS; but we encounter some problems which the existing models of the sound changes cannot account for. There is also some evidence for processes at work in the dialects of the inscriptions which are not attested in OHG or OS.

Zielgruppe

Academics, Libraries, Institutes

Autoren/Hrsg.

Findell, Martin

Fachgebiete

• Geisteswissenschaften Sprachwissenschaft Historische & Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachtypologie
• Geisteswissenschaften Sprachwissenschaft Phonetik, Phonologie, Prosodie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;5
2;Prefatory note;6
3;Abbreviations;23
3.1;Abbreviations for languages and linguistic terms;23
3.2;Abbreviations for sources;24
4;Part I: Text;25
4.1;1. The Continental runic inscriptions;27
4.1.1;1.1 General introduction;27
4.1.1.1;1.1.1 The dialect(s) of the inscriptions;28
4.1.1.2;1.1.2 Chronology and dating;29
4.1.1.3;1.1.3 Reconstructing and representing PGmc;30
4.1.1.4;1.1.4 Orthography and phonology: the relationship of grapheme to phoneme;31
4.1.2;1.2 The corpus of runic inscriptions;32
4.1.2.1;1.2.1 Geographical and chronological context;32
4.1.2.2;1.2.2 Content and graphology;33
4.1.2.3;1.2.3 Authenticity;34
4.2;2. Phonology and runic orthography;35
4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;35
4.2.2;2.2 The vocalic system of lPGmc;35
4.2.2.1;2.2.1 Short vowels;35
4.2.2.2;2.2.2 Long vowels;37
4.2.2.3;2.2.3 Diphthongs;37
4.2.2.4;2.2.4 On the distinction “front” vs. “back”;38
4.2.3;2.3 The vocalic systems of OHG and OS;39
4.2.3.1;2.3.1 Diphthongs;39
4.2.3.1.1;2.3.1.1 PGmc*/eu/;39
4.2.3.1.2;2.3.1.2 The NWGmc monophthongisation of unstressed */ai/ and */au/;42
4.2.3.1.3;2.3.1.3 PGmc */ai/ in OHG and OS;43
4.2.3.1.3.1;2.3.1.3.1 Conditions for monophthongisation;43
4.2.3.1.3.2;2.3.1.3.2 Chronology;44
4.2.3.1.3.3;2.3.1.3.3 Phonetic development;45
4.2.3.1.4;2.3.1.4 PGmc */au/ in OHG and OS;46
4.2.3.1.4.1;2.3.1.4.1 Conditions for monophthongisation;46
4.2.3.1.4.2;2.3.1.4.2 Chronology;46
4.2.3.1.4.3;2.3.1.4.3 Phonetic development;47
4.2.3.2;2.3.2 Back vocalics;47
4.2.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 PGmc */u/;47
4.2.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 PGmc */u¯/;48
4.2.3.2.3;2.3.2.3 PGmc */o¯/;49
4.2.3.2.4;2.3.2.4 PGmc */w/;50
4.2.3.3;2.3.3 Front vocalics;51
4.2.3.3.1;2.3.3.1 PGmc */i/;51
4.2.3.3.2;2.3.3.2 PGmc */e/;52
4.2.3.3.3;2.3.3.3 PGmc */i¯/;53
4.2.3.3.4;2.3.3.4 PGmc */e¯1/;53
4.2.3.3.5;2.3.3.5 PGmc */e¯2/;53
4.2.3.3.6;2.3.3.6 PGmc */j/;54
4.2.3.4;2.3.4 Low vowels;55
4.2.3.4.1;2.3.4.1 PGmc */a/;55
4.2.3.4.2;2.3.4.2 “Primary” i-umlaut;56
4.2.3.4.3;2.3.4.3 lPGmc */a¯x/ < PGmc */anx/;57
4.2.3.5;2.3.5 Anaptyxis;57
4.2.3.6;2.3.6 Summary;58
4.2.4;2.4 The consonantal system of lPGmc;59
4.2.4.1;2.4.1 Subcategorising the obstruents;61
4.2.5;2.5 The consonantal systems of OHG and OS;62
4.2.5.1;2.5.1 The obstruents;62
4.2.5.1.1;2.5.1.1 Early development of the PGmc obstruents;62
4.2.5.1.1.1;2.5.1.1.1 Reflexes of PGmc */b/;62
4.2.5.1.1.2;2.5.1.1.2 Reflexes of PGmc */g/;63
4.2.5.1.1.3;2.5.1.1.3 Loss of PGmc */z/;63
4.2.5.1.2;2.5.1.2 The Second Consonant Shift;64
4.2.5.1.2.1;2.5.1.2.1 Phonetic development: Tenuisverschiebung;64
4.2.5.1.2.2;2.5.1.2.2 Phonetic development: Medienverschiebung;66
4.2.5.1.2.3;2.5.1.2.3 Geographical distribution;67
4.2.5.1.2.4;2.5.1.2.4 Chronology;67
4.2.5.1.3;2.5.1.3 Spirantenschwachung and the despirantisation of /./;69
4.2.5.1.4;2.5.1.4 Other processes affecting the obstruents;70
4.2.5.1.4.1;2.5.1.4.1 Notkers Anlautgesetz and final devoicing;70
4.2.5.1.4.2;2.5.1.4.2 Deletion of /h/;71
4.2.5.1.4.3;2.5.1.4.3 Irregular(?) changes in consonant clusters;72
4.2.5.2;2.5.2 The sonorants;73
4.2.5.2.1;2.5.2.1 The “liquids” (PGmc */l r/);73
4.2.5.2.1.1;2.5.2.1.1 The phonetic quality of OHG OS /r/;74
4.2.5.2.2;2.5.2.2 The nasals (PGmc */m n/);75
4.2.5.3;2.5.3 Epenthetic (and prothetic) consonants;76
4.2.5.4;2.5.4 Summary;77
4.2.6;2.6 Runic orthography;78
4.2.6.1;2.6.1 Graphemic representation of the high vowels and the corresponding semivowels;78
4.2.6.2;2.6.2 Orthographic rules proposed in the runological literature;78
4.3;3. The diphthongs;81
4.3.1;3.1 PGmc */eu/;81
4.3.1.1;3.1.1 Data;82
4.3.1.2;3.1.2 Summary and discussion;91
4.3.1.2.1;3.1.2.1 Umlaut;92
4.3.1.2.2;3.1.2.2 UG consonant-conditioned variation;94
4.3.1.3;3.1.3 Conclusion: reflexes of */eu/ in the corpus;97
4.3.2;3.2 PGmc */ai/;98
4.3.2.1;3.2.1 Data: digraphs;98
4.3.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Summary: digraphs representing PGmc */ai/;104
4.3.2.2;3.2.2 Data: monographs;105
4.3.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Summary: monographs representing PGmc */ai/;113
4.3.2.2.1.1;3.2.2.1.1 Unstressed syllables: the NWGmc monophthongisation;113
4.3.2.2.1.2;3.2.2.1.2 Stressed syllables: the OHG/OS monophthongisation;115
4.3.2.3;3.2.3 Conclusion: reflexes of */ai/ in the corpus;116
4.3.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Unstressed syllables: the NWGmc monophthongisation;116
4.3.2.3.2;3.2.3.2 Stressed syllables: the OHG and OS monophthongisations;117
4.3.3;3.3 PGmc */au/;119
4.3.3.1;3.3.1 Data: digraphs;119
4.3.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Summary: digraphs representing PGmc */au/;123
4.3.3.2;3.3.2 Data: monographs;125
4.3.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 Summary: monographs representing PGmc */au/;127
4.3.3.3;3.3.3 Conclusion: reflexes of */au/ in the corpus;127
4.4;4. The back vocalics;129
4.4.1;4.1 Data;130
4.4.2;4.2 Summary;172
4.4.2.1;4.2.1 Reflexes of */u/;172
4.4.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Stressed/stem syllables;172
4.4.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Unstressed syllables;173
4.4.2.2;4.2.2 Anaptyctic vowels;174
4.4.2.3;4.2.3 Reflexes of */o¯/;175
4.4.2.3.1;4.2.3.1 Stressed syllables;175
4.4.2.3.2;4.2.3.2 Unstressed syllables;176
4.4.2.4;4.2.4 Reflexes of */u¯/;177
4.4.2.4.1;4.2.4.1 Stressed syllables;177
4.4.2.4.2;4.2.4.2 Unstressed syllables;177
4.4.2.5;4.2.5 Reflexes of */w/;177
4.4.3;4.3 Conclusions;180
4.4.4;4.4 The nom. o¯-stems: a problem in morphophonology;181
4.4.4.1;4.4.1 Sequences in -u;182
4.4.4.2;4.4.2 Sequences in -Ø;183
4.4.4.3;4.4.3 Sequences in -a;184
4.4.4.3.1;4.4.3.1 Co-textual evidence for the assignment of oblique case;184
4.4.4.3.2;4.4.3.2 Summary of co-textual evidence;186
4.4.4.3.3;4.4.3.3 Putative nom.sg. o¯-stems in -a;186
4.4.4.4;4.4.4 Sequences in -o;187
4.4.4.5;4.4.5 Conclusions on the nom.sg. o¯-stem suffix(es);188
4.5;5. The front vocalics;191
4.5.1;5.1 Data;191
4.5.2;5.2 Summary;234
4.5.2.1;5.2.1 Reflexes of the short front vowels;234
4.5.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Stressed syllables;234
4.5.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 Unstressed syllables;236
4.5.2.2;5.2.2 Reflexes of the long front vowels;238
4.5.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 */i¯/ in stressed syllables;238
4.5.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 */e¯1/ in stressed syllables;238
4.5.2.2.3;5.2.2.3 */e¯2/ in stressed syllables;239
4.5.2.2.4;5.2.2.4 Long front vowels in unstressed syllables;239
4.5.2.3;5.2.3 Reflexes of */j/;240
4.5.2.4;5.2.4 The “yew-rune” N;241
4.5.3;5.3 Conclusions;243
4.6;6. The low vowels;245
4.6.1;6.1 Data;245
4.6.2;6.2 Summary;264
4.6.3;6.3 Conclusions;266
4.7;7. The consonants;267
4.7.1;7.1 The obstruents;267
4.7.1.1;7.1.1 The “labials” (PGmc */p b f/);268
4.7.1.1.1;7.1.1.1 Data;268
4.7.1.1.2;7.1.1.2 Summary;280
4.7.1.1.2.1;7.1.1.2.1 PGmc */p/;280
4.7.1.1.2.2;7.1.1.2.2 PGmc */b/;280
4.7.1.1.2.3;7.1.1.2.3 PGmc */f/;281
4.7.1.2;7.1.2 The “dentals” (PGmc */t d ? s z/);282
4.7.1.2.1;7.1.2.1 Data;282
4.7.1.2.2;7.1.2.2 Summary;305
4.7.1.2.2.1;7.1.2.2.1 PGmc */t/;305
4.7.1.2.2.2;7.1.2.2.2 PGmc */d/;306
4.7.1.2.2.3;7.1.2.2.3 PGmc */./;307
4.7.1.2.2.4;7.1.2.2.4 PGmc */s/;311
4.7.1.2.2.5;7.1.2.2.5 PGmc */z/;312
4.7.1.3;7.1.3 The “gutturals” (PGmc */k g x/);313
4.7.1.3.1;7.1.3.1 Data;313
4.7.1.3.2;7.1.3.2 Summary;331
4.7.1.3.2.1;7.1.3.2.1 PGmc */k/;331
4.7.1.3.2.2;7.1.3.2.2 PGmc */g/;332
4.7.1.3.2.3;7.1.3.2.3 PGmc */x/;333
4.7.1.4;7.1.4 Conclusions on the obstruents;334
4.7.1.4.1;7.1.4.1 The Second Consonant Shift;334
4.7.1.4.2;7.1.4.2 Spirantenschwächung;336
4.7.1.4.3;7.1.4.3 Initial and final devoicing;337
4.7.2;7.2 The sonorants;337
4.7.2.1;7.2.1 The “liquids” (PGmc */l r/);337
4.7.2.1.1;7.2.1.1 Data;337
4.7.2.1.2;7.2.1.2 Summary and conclusions;354
4.7.2.2;7.2.2 The nasals (PGmc */m n/);355
4.7.2.2.1;7.2.2.1 Data;355
4.7.2.2.2;7.2.2.2 Summary and conclusions;368
4.8;8. The phonological system(s) of “Continental Runic”;371
4.8.1;8.1 Vocalics;371
4.8.1.1;8.1.1 Short vowels;371
4.8.1.1.1;8.1.1.1 Stressed syllables;371
4.8.1.1.2;8.1.1.2 Unstressed syllables;372
4.8.1.1.3;8.1.1.3 Anaptyxis;372
4.8.1.2;8.1.2 Long vowels;373
4.8.1.2.1;8.1.2.1 Stressed syllables;373
4.8.1.2.2;8.1.2.2 Unstressed syllables;373
4.8.1.3;8.1.3 Diphthongs;374
4.8.1.3.1;8.1.3.1 Stressed syllables;374
4.8.1.3.2;8.1.3.2 Unstressed syllables;375
4.8.1.4;8.1.4 Semivowels;376
4.8.2;8.2 Consonants;376
4.8.2.1;8.2.1 Obstruents;376
4.8.2.2;8.2.2 Sonorants;378
4.8.3;8.3 Theoretical and methodological considerations;378
4.8.3.1;8.3.1 Grapheme and phoneme;378
4.8.3.2;8.3.2 Phonological theory;381
5;Part II: Catalogue;383
5.1;Notes on catalogue entries;385
5.1.1;Designation of items;385
5.1.2;Concordance;385
5.1.3;Find-site;385
5.1.4;Context;385
5.1.5;Provenance;386
5.1.6;Datings;386
5.1.7;Readings;386
5.1.8;Images;387
5.2;1. Aalen;389
5.3;2. Aquincum;390
5.4;3. Arlon;391
5.5;4. Aschheim II;393
5.6;5. Aschheim III;394
5.7;6. Bad Ems;395
5.8;7. Bad Krozingen A;396
5.9;8. Balingen;398
5.10;9. Beuchte;399
5.11;10. Bezenye I;401
5.12;11. Bezenye II;402
5.13;12. Bopfingen;403
5.14;13. Borgharen;404
5.15;14. Bülach;405
5.16;15. Charnay;407
5.17;16. Chéhéry;409
5.18;17. Dischingen I;411
5.19;18. Donzdorf;412
5.20;19. Eichstetten;414
5.21;20. Engers;416
5.22;21. Erpfting;417
5.23;22. Ferwerd;418
5.24;23. Freilaubersheim;419
5.25;24. Fréthun I;420
5.26;25. Friedberg;421
5.27;26. Gammertingen;423
5.28;27. Geltorf II;424
5.29;28. Gomadingen;425
5.30;29. Griesheim;426
5.31;30. Hailfingen I;428
5.32;31. Hailfingen II;429
5.33;32. †Hainspach;431
5.34;33. Heide;432
5.35;34. Heilbronn-Böckingen I;433
5.36;35. Hitsum;434
5.37;36. Hohenstadt;436
5.38;37. Hoogebeintum;437
5.39;38. Hüfingen I;438
5.40;39. Hüfingen II;440
5.41;40. Hüfingen III;441
5.42;41. Igling-Unterigling;442
5.43;42. †Kärlich;443
5.44;43. “Kent”;444
5.45;44. Kirchheim/Teck I;446
5.46;45. Kirchheim/Teck II;448
5.47;46. †Kleines Schulerloch;449
5.48;47. Lauchheim I;450
5.49;48. Lauchheim II;451
5.50;49. Liebenau;452
5.51;50. Mertingen;453
5.52;51. München-Aubing I;455
5.53;52. München-Aubing II;456
5.54;53. Neudingen-Baar I;457
5.55;54. Neudingen-Baar II;458
5.56;55. Niederstotzingen;460
5.57;56. Nordendorf I;461
5.58;57. Nordendorf II;464
5.59;58. Oberflacht;465
5.60;59. Oettingen;467
5.61;60. Osthofen;468
5.62;61. Pforzen I;469
5.63;62. Pforzen II;472
5.64;63. Pleidelsheim;474
5.65;64. †Rubring;475
5.66;65. †Rügen;476
5.67;66. Saint-Dizier;478
5.68;67. Schretzheim I;479
5.69;68. Schretzheim II;481
5.70;69. Schretzheim III;482
5.71;70. Schwangau;484
5.72;71. Sievern;485
5.73;72. Skodborg;486
5.74;73. Skonager III;487
5.75;74. Soest;489
5.76;75. Steindorf;490
5.77;76. Stetten;492
5.78;77. Szabadbattyán;494
5.79;78. †Trier;496
5.80;79. Weimar I;497
5.81;80. Weimar II;498
5.82;81. Weimar III;499
5.83;82. Weimar IV;501
5.84;83. Weingarten I;502
5.85;84. Weingarten II;504
5.86;85. †Weser I;505
5.87;86. †Weser II;507
5.88;87. †Weser III;508
5.89;88. †Wijnaldum B;509
5.90;89. Wremen;510
5.91;90. Wurmlingen;511
6;Appendix 1: Handlist of Continental runic inscriptions excluded from the corpus;514
6.1;Inscriptions with find-sites in the study area, but dated before c.400 AD;514
6.2;Inscriptions with find-sites in the study area, but positively identifiable as non-WGmc;514
6.3;Inscriptions outside the study area, possibly classified as WGmc, but excluded due to early date;514
6.4;Frisian inscriptions excluded due to use of additional runes;514
6.5;Inscriptions (or rune-like carvings) with find-sites in the study area, but of doubtful runic character;514
6.6;Inscriptions with find-sites in the area which are positively identified as runic, but have no linguistic interpretation;515
6.7;Inscriptions found in the area but consisting only of (partial) fuþarks;516
6.8;Items known to be modern forgeries;516
6.9;Additional exclusion (see § 1.2.2);516
7;Appendix 2: Suspect inscriptions. Possible forgeries and the assessment of authenticity;517
8;Appendix 3: The “Berlin” scabbard mouthpiece;522
9;Maps;527
10;Bibliography;533
10.1;Abbreviations for journals and corporate authors;533
10.2;References;533
10.3;Fonts;554
11;Index of inscriptions;555

Über Autor(innen)

Findell, Martin
Martin Findell, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.

Martin Findell, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.