Götz Coherent Time Difference of Arrival Estimation Techniques for Frequency Hopping GSM Mobile Radio Signals

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-486-74862-8
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Deutsch, 195 Seiten, Format (B × H): 170 mm x 240 mm

In this work, coherent techniques for time difference of arrival estimation for frequency hopping GSM signals are introduced. The techniques provide significant improvements in accuracy compared to state-of-the-art techniques and are ideally suited for highly accurate localization of GSM mobile phones. The key inventive concept is based on the interpretation of a frequency hopping GSM signal as a wideband signal. Thus, the applicable bandwidth for time difference of arrival estimation can be increased from 200 kHz for the narrowband burst signal to the full uplink bandwidth of the corresponding GSM standard. For E-GSM 900 systems, up to 35 MHz of bandwidth can be employed. Consequently, a localization accuracy in the scale of 5 - 10m is achievable. The presented coherent techniques for time difference of arrival estimation permit novel applications with increased accuracy requirements such as highly accurate localization in search and rescue scenarios. Furthermore, the coherent estimation concept can also be adapted to any frequency hopping signal source such as TETRA, DECT, IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) devices.

Zielgruppe

This work is intended for students and professionals interested i

Autoren/Hrsg.

Götz, Alexander Gerald

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Elektronik | Nachrichtentechnik Nachrichten- und Kommunikationstechnik Drahtlostechnologie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;1 Introduction and Motivation;25
1.1;1.1 GSMMobile Phone Localization;25
1.2;1.2 Localization in Search and Rescue Scenarios;28
1.3;1.3 Key Inventive Concept;29
1.4;1.4 Scope of thisWork;30
2;2 Basic System Architecture and Measurement Setup;31
2.1;2.1 Time Difference of Arrival Localization Systems;31
2.1.1;2.1.1 Localization Scenario;31
2.1.2;2.1.2 Major Challenges and Requirements;33
2.1.3;2.1.3 Auxiliary System Components;34
2.2;2.2 Time Difference of Arrival Estimation Scenario;36
2.2.1;2.2.1 ElementaryMeasurement Setup;36
2.2.2;2.2.2 Generic Radio ChannelModel;38
3;3 GSM Signal Characteristics and Modeling;41
3.1;3.1 Physical Layer Structure;41
3.1.1;3.1.1 Modulation;41
3.1.2;3.1.2 Burst Types and Structures;44
3.1.3;3.1.3 Power and Spectral Characteristics;46
3.1.4;3.1.4 Multiple Access and Duplexing;48
3.2;3.2 Modeling of GSMSignals;53
3.2.1;3.2.1 Single Burst SignalModel;53
3.2.2;3.2.2 Frequency Hopping SignalModel;54
4;4 Coherent Wideband Signal Acquisition and Modeling;55
4.1;4.1 Wideband Signal Acquisition Techniques;55
4.1.1;4.1.1 Wideband Frontend Signal Acquisition;55
4.1.2;4.1.2 Narrowband Frontend Signal Acquisition;57
4.1.3;4.1.3 Mixed Acquisition Schemes;59
4.1.4;4.1.4 Coherence and Phase Relationships;60
4.2;4.2 Properties of AcquiredWideband Signals;61
4.2.1;4.2.1 Frequency Hopping Bandwidth;61
4.2.2;4.2.2 Effective Signal Bandwidth;61
4.2.3;4.2.3 Signal to Noise Ratio;62
4.3;4.3 Pre-Processing andMultiple Source Separation;64
4.3.1;4.3.1 Burst Isolation Technique;64
4.3.2;4.3.2 Wideband Signal Reconstruction Technique;67
4.3.3;4.3.3 Multiple Source Separation Technique;68
5;5 Coherent Time Difference of Arrival Estimation Techniques;69
5.1;5.1 Wideband Crosscorrelation Technique;69
5.1.1;5.1.1 Definition of the Crosscorrelation Function;69
5.1.2;5.1.2 Decomposition of the Crosscorrelation Function;70
5.1.3;5.1.3 Ambiguity Function of Frequency Hopping Signals;71
5.1.4;5.1.4 Shape of the Ambiguity Function;72
5.1.5;5.1.5 Properties of the Ambiguity Function;80
5.1.6;5.1.6 Application of Concatenated and Stacked Signals;84
5.1.7;5.1.7 Range Limitations;88
5.2;5.2 Burst Phase Analysis Technique;90
5.2.1;5.2.1 Derivation for Simple Delay Scenarios;90
5.2.2;5.2.2 Evaluation ofMultiple Burst Signals;92
5.2.3;5.2.3 Influence of Multipath Components;95
5.2.4;5.2.4 Averaging of Burst Phase Differences;101
5.2.5;5.2.5 Range Ambiguities;104
5.3;5.3 Realizable Frequency Hopping Signal Configurations;105
6;6 Numerical Performance Simulation and Evaluation;107
6.1;6.1 Simulation Environment and Parameters;107
6.2;6.2 Noise Performance inMultipath-Free Scenarios;110
6.2.1;6.2.1 AWGN ChannelModel;110
6.2.2;6.2.2 Cramér-Rao Lower Bound;110
6.2.3;6.2.3 Estimation Standard Deviation;111
6.3;6.3 Multipath Performance in Two-Paths Scenarios;116
6.3.1;6.3.1 Two-Path ChannelModel;116
6.3.2;6.3.2 Maximum Estimation Bias;116
6.4;6.4 Multipath Performance in Realistic Scenarios;120
6.4.1;6.4.1 Tapped Delay-Line ChannelModel;120
6.4.2;6.4.2 Resolvability of Propagation Paths;124
6.5;6.5 Summary of Estimation Technique Performance;128
7;7 Prototype System Structure and Measurement Results;129
7.1;7.1 Structure of the Receiving Stations;129
7.1.1;7.1.1 Main Functional Components;129
7.1.2;7.1.2 Synchronization SourceModule;130
7.1.3;7.1.3 Synchronization and TriggerModule;131
7.1.4;7.1.4 Wideband Signal AcquisitionModule;133
7.1.5;7.1.5 Data and ControlModule;135
7.1.6;7.1.6 Integration of theModules;136
7.2;7.2 Characteristics of HardwareModules;137
7.2.1;7.2.1 Phase Noise Profile of Synchronization Signals;137
7.2.2;7.2.2 Synchronicity of Synchronization Source Signals;138
7.2.3;7.2.3 Synchronicity of Synchronization and Trigger Signals;140
7.2.4;7.2.4 Frequency Response of Wideband Signal Acquisition Modules;142
7.2.5;7.2.5 Symmetry of Wideband Signal Acquisition Modules;144
7.3;7.3 Time Difference of ArrivalMeasurement Results;146
7.3.1;7.3.1 Static Offset Compensation Procedure;146
7.3.2;7.3.2 Measurement Setup and Evaluation Procedure;147
7.3.3;7.3.3 Originating GSMSignal Configuration;150
7.3.4;7.3.4 Delay-LineMeasurement Results;150
7.4;7.4 Summary of Hardware andMeasurement Results;154
8;8 Summary and Outlook;157
8.1;8.1 Major Achievements and Contributions;157
8.2;8.2 FutureWork and Development;158
8.3;8.3 Patents, Scientific Publications and Theses;161
9;Appendices;163
9.1;A Frequency Hopping Sequence Generation in GSM Systems;165
9.2;B Logical and Physical Channels in GSM Systems;167
9.2.1;B.1 Definition of Resources and Channels;167
9.2.2;B.2 Structure of the 26-Multiframe;167
9.2.3;B.3 Structure of the 51-Multiframe;168
9.3;C Frequency Hopping Signal Transmission Initiation in GSM Systems;171
9.3.1;C.1 Requirements for Signal Transmission Initiation;171
9.3.2;C.2 Voice and Data Connection;171
9.3.3;C.3 Modified Handover Procedure;174
9.4;D Time Difference of Arrival Estimation for Narrowband GSM Signals;177
9.4.1;D.1 Narrowband Crosscorrelation Technique;177
9.4.2;D.2 Model-based Estimation Techniques;179
9.4.3;D.3 Incoherent Integration withMultipath Rejection Technique;180
9.4.4;D.4 Successive Cancellation Technique;182
9.4.5;D.5 Further Applicable Techniques;183
9.4.6;D.6 Comparative Summary;186
9.5;E Localization System Architecture for Search and Rescue Scenarios;187
10;References;189