Gorak / Schoenmakers Distillation

Operation and Applications
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-386877-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 450 Seiten

Reihe: Handbooks in Separation Science

Distillation: Operation and Applications-winner of the 2015 PROSE Award in Chemistry & Physics from the Association of American Publishers-is a single source of authoritative information on all aspects of the theory and practice of modern distillation, suitable for advanced students and professionals working in a laboratory, industrial plants, or a managerial capacity. It addresses the most important and current research on industrial distillation, including all steps in process design (feasibility study, modeling, and experimental validation), together with operation and control aspects. This volume features an extra focus on distillation applications. - Winner of the 2015 PROSE Award in Chemistry & Physics from the Association of American Publishers - Practical information on the newest development written by recognized experts - Coverage of a huge range of laboratory and industrial distillation approaches - Extensive references for each chapter facilitates further study

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gorak, Andrzej

Schoenmakers, Hartmut

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Distillation: Operation and Applications;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface to the Distillation Collection;8
6;Preface to Distillation: Operation and Applications;10
7;List of Contributors;12
8;List of Symbols and Abbreviations;14
8.1;Latin Symbols;14
8.2;Greek Symbols;16
8.3;Subscripts;17
8.4;Abbreviations;17
8.5;Abbreviations of Chemical Compounds;20
9;Chapter 1 - Distillation Control;22
9.1;1.1 Introduction;23
9.2;1.2 Basic control issues;23
9.3;1.3 Choosing a control structure;25
9.4;1.4 Feed composition sensitivity analysis;28
9.5;1.5 High RR columns;30
9.6;1.6 Control tray selection;32
9.7;1.7 Controller tuning;33
9.8;1.8 Use of ratios and cascade control;34
9.9;1.9 More complex columns;36
9.10;1.10 Columns in a plant-wide environment;53
9.11;1.11 Conclusion;55
9.12;References;56
10;Chapter 2 - Common Techniques for Distillation Troubleshooting;58
10.1;2.1 Causes of column malfunctions;59
10.2;PART A: COLUMN TROUBLESHOOTING: HOW TO INVESTIGATE;61
10.3;2.2 Column troubleshooting—a case history;61
10.4;2.3 Strategy for troubleshooting distillation problems;64
10.5;2.4 Dos and don'ts for formulating and testing theories;68
10.6;2.5 Learning to troubleshoot;72
10.7;PART B: COLUMN TROUBLESHOOTING—THE TOOLS;72
10.8;2.6 Classification of column problems;72
10.9;2.7 Flood point determination in the field: the symptoms;73
10.10;2.8 Flood point determination in the field: testing;81
10.11;2.9 Flood mechanism determination: vapor and liquid sensitivity tests;83
10.12;2.10 Flood and flood mechanism determination: hydraulic analysis;86
10.13;2.11 Efficiency testing;88
10.14;2.12 Gamma-ray absorption and other radioactive techniques;92
10.15;2.13 Wall temperature surveys;107
10.16;2.14 Energy balance troubleshooting;112
10.17;2.15 Drawing to-scale sketches at points of transition;114
10.18;2.16 Event timing analysis and reviewing operating charts;115
10.19;2.17 Inspection: you get what you inspect;117
10.20;References;120
11;Chapter 3 - Column Performance Testing Procedures;124
11.1;3.1 Introduction;126
11.2;3.2 Existing test facilities;128
11.3;3.3 Definition and terminology;128
11.4;3.4 Test design and planning;131
11.5;3.5 Mode of operations;132
11.6;3.6 Test column and auxiliary equipment;136
11.7;3.7 Reflux heating;137
11.8;3.8 Test systems and physical properties;137
11.9;3.9 Preparing for installation;140
11.10;3.10 Packed column installation;142
11.11;3.11 Trayed column installation;144
11.12;3.12 Operation and measurements;144
11.13;3.13 Measurements;146
11.14;3.14 Test procedure;163
11.15;3.15 Data reduction;164
11.16;3.16 Experimental errors and test troubleshooting;169
11.17;3.17 Documentation and reporting;170
11.18;References;172
12;Chapter 4 - Distillation in Refining;176
12.1;4.1 Scale of the operation;176
12.2;4.2 Refinery flow schemes;179
12.3;4.3 Crude oil characterization;180
12.4;4.4 Refinery crude and vacuum units;186
12.5;4.5 Basic principles of crude units;191
12.6;4.6 Crude vacuum units;195
12.7;4.7 Key factors affecting the fractionation quality;199
12.8;4.8 Column internals for refining applications;203
12.9;4.9 Hazards of pyrophoric scale;203
12.10;4.10 Other distillation units in refining;204
12.11;Acknowledgment;211
12.12;References;211
13;Chapter 5 - Distillation of Bulk Chemicals;212
13.1;5.1 General industrial separations;213
13.2;5.2 Industrial distillation examples;240
13.3;5.3 Conclusion;270
13.4;References;270
14;Chapter 6 - Air Distillation;276
14.1;6.1 Introduction;277
14.2;6.2 Process;278
14.3;6.3 Column internals;288
14.4;6.4 Conclusion;315
14.5;References;315
15;Chapter 7 - Distillation of Specialty Chemicals;318
15.1;7.1 Introduction;318
15.2;7.2 Distillation at low liquid load;319
15.3;7.3 Reactive distillation;330
15.4;7.4 Fouling;336
15.5;7.5 Aqueous systems;342
15.6;7.6 Modeling, simulation, and scale-up: a conclusion;349
15.7;References;351
16;Chapter 8 - Distillation in Bioprocessing;358
16.1;8.1 Introduction;359
16.2;8.2 White biotechnology and biobased processes;361
16.3;8.3 Red biotechnology;366
16.4;8.4 Conventional, hybrid and advanced nonreactive distillation processes;368
16.5;8.5 Conventional, hybrid and advanced reactive distillation processes;374
16.6;8.6 Discussion and outlook;383
16.7;Acknowledgments;384
16.8;References;384
17;Chapter 9 - Special Distillation Applications;388
17.1;9.1 Short path distillation;389
17.2;9.2 HiGee distillation;397
17.3;9.3 Microdistillation;402
17.4;9.4 Membrane distillation;412
17.5;9.5 Microwave-assisted distillation;417
17.6;9.6 Conclusions;417
17.7;References;418
18;Chapter 10 - New Separating Agents for Distillation;424
18.1;10.1 Introduction;424
18.2;10.2 Fundamentals;425
18.3;10.3 Solvent families;432
18.4;10.4 Separation examples;433
18.5;10.5 Conclusions;446
18.6;Acknowledgment;447
18.7;References;447
19;Index;450

Leseproben

List of Symbols and Abbreviations
Latin Symbols
A Cross-sectional area m2 2, 6 Ab Bubbling area m2 3 Ac Column cross-sectional area m2 3 a Specific surface area m2/m3 6 aDC Relative downcomer area m2/m2 5 ae Effective special interfacial area for mass transfer m2/m3 7 aP Specific packing area m2/m3 7 Molar bottoms flow-rate kmol/s 1 B11 Second virial coefficient m3/mol 10 Ca Capillary number – 7 CBA Ward tray capacity factor m/s 5 CD Discharge coefficient – 5 i,IL? Capacity of solvent i in IL – 10 CO Orifice coefficient – 7 CL Liquid capacity factor m/s 3, 5 CV Vapor capacity factor m/s 3, 5 CV Coefficient of variation – 3 cp Specific heat capacity HJ/Kg °C 2 D Overhead mass flow rate Kg/H 2 D Diameter m 2 Molar distillate flow-rate kmol/s 1 DC Column diameter m 6 DO Orifice diameter m 7 d Diameter m 6 dh Hole diameter m 6, 7 dP Packing diameter m 5 dS Sauter diameter m 6 E Energy kJ 6 EO Overall tray efficiency % 3 EOC Overall column efficiency % 3, 5 F F-factor Pa0.5 3, 7 Molar feed flow-rate kmol/s 1 FP Packing factor 1/m 2, 5 fi Fugacity of component i Pa 10 E Free excess energy J 10 Table Continued G Gravitational acceleration m/s2 6, 7 H Enthalpy MJ/kg 2 E Excess enthalpie J 10 Hi Henry constant Pa 10 h Height/depth m 2, 3, 7 hcl Clear liquid height on a tray m 6, 7 hDC Downcomer backup m 2, 3 hf Froth height m 3 hi Specific enthalpy of stream/phase i kJ/kg 2, 3 hLTU Height of liquid-side transfer unit m 7 hV,ref Vapor enthalpy at the reference point kJ/kg 3 hVTU Height of vapor-side transfer unit m 7 hW Enthalpy of cooling water kJ/kg 3 I Radiation intensity of the detector eV 2, 3 I0 Radiation intensity of the source eV 2, 3 KC Proportional gain, tuning parameter of a controller – 1 Ki Phase ratio – 10 KU Ultimate gain, tuning parameter of a controller – 1 k Equilibrium factor – 6 kL Liquid mass transfer coefficient m/s 7 kV Vapor mass transfer coefficient m/s 7 L Liquid flow rate kg/s, kmol/s 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 M Mass flow rate kg/h 2 ?i Mass flow rate of component or stream i kg/s 2, 3 Na Number of actual stages/trays – 3 Ndrip Number of drip points 1/m2 7 Nt Number of theoretical stages/trays – 3, 6 ?i Mole flow rate of component or stream i kmol/s 3 ni Number of moles mol 10 PU Ultimate period s 1 p Pressure Pa (bar) 1, 6, 7, 10 0,iLV Vapor pressure of component i Pa 10 ?p Pressure drop Pa 2, 3, 6, 7 ?pflood Flood pressure drop, mm water per m of packing height – 2 ?pdt Dry tray pressure drop Pa 6 ? Duty W or HW 1, 2, 3 R Reflux mass flow rate kg/h 2 R Gas constant J/mol k 10 Molar reflux flow-rate kmol/s 1 Table Continued RR Reflux ratio (ratio of reflux to distillate) – 1, 4 S Stripping factor – 3, 5, 6 Stream flow-rate kmol/s 1 E Excess entropy J/K 10 SF System Factor – 5 T Absolute temperature K, (°C) 1, 7, 10 T Temperature °C 2 ?T Temperature difference K 6 Tb Boiling temperature, boiling...