Gorak / Sorensen Full of Chemical Engineering / Sorensen Distillation

Fundamentals and Principles
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-386548-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 450 Seiten

Reihe: Handbooks in Separation Science

Distillation: Fundamentals and Principles - winner of the 2015 PROSE Award in Chemistry & Physics - is a single source of authoritative information on all aspects of the theory and practice of modern distillation, suitable for advanced students and professionals working in a laboratory, industrial plants, or a managerial capacity. It addresses the most important and current research on industrial distillation, including all steps in process design (feasibility study, modeling, and experimental validation), together with operation and control aspects. This volume features an extra focus on the conceptual design of distillation. - Winner of the 2015 PROSE Award in Chemistry & Physics from the Association of American Publishers - Practical information on the newest development written by recognized experts - Coverage of a huge range of laboratory and industrial distillation approaches - Extensive references for each chapter facilitates further study

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gorak, Andrzej

Sorensen Full of Chemical Engineering, Eva

Sorensen, Eva

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Distillation: Fundamentals
and Principles;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface to the Distillation Collection;8
6;Preface to Distillation: Fundamentals
and Principles;10
7;List of Contributors;12
8;List of Symbols and Abbreviations;14
8.1;Latin symbols;14
8.2;Greek Symbols;20
8.3;Subscripts;21
8.4;Superscripts;22
8.5;Abbreviations;23
8.6;Abbreviations of chemical compounds;25
9;Chapter 1 - History of Distillation;26
9.1;1.1 Introduction;26
9.2;1.2 From neolithic times to alexandria (3500 BC–AD 700);27
9.3;1.3 The alembic, the arabs, and albertus magnus (AD 700–1450);31
9.4;1.4 Printed books and the rise of science (1450–1650);33
9.5;1.5 From laboratory to industry (1650–1800);39
9.6;1.6 Scientific impact and industrialization (1800–1900);42
9.7;1.7 Engineering science (1900–1950);47
9.8;1.8 Improvements and integration (1950–1990);55
9.9;1.9 What will be the next innovation cycle (1990–2020 and beyond)?;59
9.10;1.10 Summary;61
9.11;References;62
10;Chapter 2 - Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and Physical Properties for Distillation;70
10.1;2.1 Introduction;71
10.2;2.2 Thermodynamic fundamentals;72
10.3;2.3 Calculation of VLE using gE models;76
10.4;2.4 Calculation of VLE using equations of state;85
10.5;2.5 Liquid–liquid equilibria;92
10.6;2.6 Electrolyte systems;93
10.7;2.7 Conditions for the occurrence of azeotropic behavior;95
10.8;2.8 Predictive models;99
10.9;2.9 Calculation of other important thermophysical properties;108
10.10;2.10 Application of thermodynamic models and factual databanks for the development and simulation of separation processes;114
10.11;2.11 Summary;118
10.12;Acknowledgment;119
10.13;References;119
11;Chapter 3 - Mass Transfer in Distillation;122
11.1;3.1 Introduction;123
11.2;3.2 Fluxes and conservation equations;124
11.3;3.3 Constitutive relations;125
11.4;3.4 Diffusion coefficients;129
11.5;3.5 Mass transfer coefficients;135
11.6;3.6 Estimation of mass transfer coefficients in binary systems;140
11.7;3.7 Models for mass transfer in multicomponent mixtures;148
11.8;3.8 Mass transfer in tray columns;151
11.9;3.9 Mass transfer in packed columns;160
11.10;3.10 Further reading;164
11.11;References;164
12;Chapter 4 - Principles of Binary Distillation;170
12.1;4.1 Introduction;171
12.2;4.2 Vapor–liquid equilibrium;171
12.3;4.3 Differential distillation;178
12.4;4.4 Flash distillation;180
12.5;4.5 Continuous distillation with rectification;183
12.6;4.6 Concluding remarks;208
12.7;References;210
13;Chapter 5 - Design and Operation of Batch Distillation;212
13.1;5.1 Introduction;213
13.2;5.2 Batch column operation;217
13.3;5.3 Design of batch distillation;222
13.4;5.4 Batch distillation configurations;223
13.5;5.5 Control of batch distillation;227
13.6;5.6 Complex batch distillation;230
13.7;5.7 Modeling of batch distillation;238
13.8;5.8 Optimization of batch distillation;240
13.9;5.9 The future of batch distillation;245
13.10;References;246
14;Chapter 6 - Energy Considerations in Distillation;250
14.1;6.1 Introduction to energy efficiency;251
14.2;6.2 Energy-efficient distillation;262
14.3;6.3 Energy-efficient distillation: operation and control;271
14.4;6.4 Heat integration of distillation;272
14.5;6.5 Energy-efficient distillation: advanced and complex column configurations;277
14.6;6.6 Energy-efficient distillation: evaluation of energy requirements;287
14.7;6.7 Conclusions;292
14.8;References;292
15;Chapter 7 - Conceptual Design of Zeotropic Distillation Processes;296
15.1;7.1 Introduction;296
15.2;7.2 Synthesizing all possible distillation configurations;299
15.3;7.3 Thermal coupling;309
15.4;7.4 Identifying optimal configurations;314
15.5;7.5 An example: petroleum crude distillation;318
15.6;7.6 Additional multicolumn configurations;320
15.7;7.7 Summary and thoughts toward the future;325
15.8;References;325
16;Chapter 8 - Conceptual Design of Azeotropic Distillation Processes;330
16.1;8.1 Introduction;331
16.2;8.2 Generation of distillation process variants;335
16.3;8.3 Shortcut evaluation of distillation processes;349
16.4;8.4 Optimization-based conceptual design of distillation processes;360
16.5;8.5 Design studies for different types of azeotropic distillation processes;362
16.6;8.6 Summary and conclusions;373
16.7;References;374
17;Chapter 9 - Hybrid Distillation Schemes: Design, Analysis, and Application;382
17.1;9.1 Introduction;382
17.2;9.2 Selection of HDS: rule-based procedure;383
17.3;9.3 Model-based computer-aided methods and tools;388
17.4;9.4 Application of HDS;400
17.5;9.5 Conclusions and future perspectives;405
17.6;References;405
18;Chapter 10 - Modeling of Distillation Processes;408
19;Chapter 11 - Optimization of Distillation Processes;462
19.1;11.1 Introduction;463
19.2;11.2 Optimization of a single distillation column;463
19.3;11.3 Synthesis of distillation sequences;483
19.4;References;509
19.5;Appendix;514
19.6;Optimization background;514
19.7;MINLP methods;515
19.8;Generalized disjunctive programming;516
19.9;References;520
20;Index;522

Leseproben

Chapter 1

History of Distillation

Norbert Kockmann     Laboratory of Equipment Design, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany

Abstract

Distillation is one of the oldest and most commonly used separation and purification methods (besides crystallization) and probably one of the most thoroughly investigated and understood. This chapter traces its historical development from the first applications more than 5000years ago in Mesopotamia to the medieval period, the nineteenth-century industrial developments, and contemporary applications. In view of the multitude of information on distillation in the literature, the emphasis here is on the major applications and equipment leading to the current mature technology. Processes and materials together with scientific knowledge are mirrored in the development of distillation. Current developments encompass deeper knowledge of heat and mass transfer as well as the integration of various process functions.

Keywords

Alcohol distillation; Coal tar refining; Cryogenic air separation; Innovation; Innovation cycle; Integrated process steps; Mass production; Petroleum distillation; Process intensification; Structured packing; Tray development

Chapter Outline

1.1 Introduction?1

1.2 From neolithic times to alexandria (3500 BC–AD 700)?2

1.3 The alembic, the arabs, and albertus magnus (AD 700–1450)?6

1.4 Printed books and the rise of science (1450–1650)?8

1.5 From laboratory to industry (1650–1800)?14

1.6 Scientific impact and industrialization (1800–1900)?17

1.7 Engineering science (1900–1950)?22

1.8 Improvements and integration (1950–1990)?30

1.9 What will be the next innovation cycle (1990–2020 and beyond)??34

1.10 Summary?36

References?37

1.1. Introduction

The history of technical developments must also include social, cultural, and political perspectives. To reconstruct history from the current point of view means that we have to rely on arguable data and information. Findings on which we want to build a certain argumentation need an imaginative interpretation. The result is often not a factual, engineering-like argument presented with precision and reliability.

Distillation is a well-defined separation unit consisting of the partial evaporation of a liquid mixture and successive condensation, with a composition that differs from that of evaporation. The word distillation derives from the Latin verb destillare, meaning to drop down or to trickle down. Distillation had a broader meaning in ancient and medieval times because nearly all purification and separation operations were subsumed under the term distillation, such as filtration, crystallization, extraction, sublimation, or mechanical pressing of oil. This becomes evident because in earlier times there was no clear understanding of heat or the consistency of materials. Here, no further treatment will be presented on the history of alchemy, since chemistry and alchemy were not fully distinguishable until the modern age.

The equipment used for distillation flourished in Alexandria during the Roman Empire, and the apparatus did not change much until the sixteenth century. With the increased knowledge made possible by the invention of printing and with the larger demand for distilled products such as concentrated alcoholic or mineral acids, various stills thrived and were placed partly into industrial production. French scientists, English industrialists, and German craftsmen brought the equipment to the lab and fostered its industrial application. The modern era with its development of high-tech information has made possible a much wider picture and large-scale global development.

Wherever possible, we rely on the primary literature. To get a wider picture, however, it is also necessary to consult the secondary literature. Robert Forbes (1943) [1] gives an extensive illustration of the history of the art of distillation until 1840 and the death of Cellier-Blumenthal, one of the most gifted designers of distillation columns. Ludwig Deibele [2] presents an intensive treatment of the development of distillation until the end of the nineteenth century, with only a short look into the twentieth century. In 1935, A.J.V. Underwood wrote a little book on the historical development of distillation plants [3]. However, developments over the last 100years are nearly completely missing and will be described in this contribution. In earlier times, developments have been presented in journal review articles and conference contributions. Hence, we have found descriptions in encyclopedias quite helpful (Ullmann's [4]) or handbooks (Perry's [5]).

The text follows the historical timeline, though not always rigidly so. Often product or equipment lines give a better understanding of innovative developments. Special emphasis is placed on the innovation process and its main drivers and motivations.

Two hundred years ago, Jean-Baptiste Cellier-Blumenthal invented the first continuously working distillation column in France and patented it in 1813. With this hallmark of distillation, we will celebrate this new chapter in the historical development of distillation.

1.2. From neolithic times to alexandria (3500 BC–AD 700)

The first civilizations started in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Syria, and China and spread from there. We cannot directly conclude from ancient texts what the ancient civilizations knew about the processing of foods or pharmaceutical products such as ointments, balsam, tinctures, or creams. Often priests and temple servants used distillation devices and kept their recipes secret. Hermann Schelenz [6] maintained that distillation was invented by the Persians, who used this process to produce rose water, rose oil, and other perfumes. He further stated that distillation was derived from dry distillation of wood for turpentine and wood tar. Together with Edmund von Lippmann [7], Schelenz found that the Egyptian Ebers papyrus (1550 BC) on medical issues already described the distillation of essential oils from herbs.

FIGURE 1.1 Extraction pot with evaporating liquid, condensing vapor, and extraction material in the chamfer of the pot [8]. The lid is sealed against the pot to avoid vapor and condensate losses.

Around 3500 BC the Sumerians were the first to apply evaporation and condensation of a liquid to refine a substance for extracting essential oils from herbs [8]; see Figure 1.1. Many of the pots and stills shown on the right side of the figure were found in excavations undertaken 250km north of Baghdad in Iraq [9]. The liquid in the still evaporates by gentle heating from below and condenses at the colder cap. Droplets run down to be collected in the ring, where organic material such as leaves and herbs are extracted by the liquid. The typical dimensions of the earthenware pot are approximately 50cm in diameter and 25–50cm in height [9]. From fermented substances, alcohol may also rise and condense to help extract the ingredients, which were often essential oils or fragrances. This distillation under reflux and extraction is still employed today with the lab apparatus called the Soxhlet extractor.

Forbes discusses the early appearance of distillation. Because of his narrow definition of distillation, he concludes that the Alexandrian chemists were the first to develop and apply distillation to refine essential oils, rose water, wood turpentine, and other substances. Asphalt was found naturally and distilled to more viscous tar for ship- or house-building. Hence, both light and heavier fractions were the first products of ancient distillation processes.

Chinese distillation activities from ancient times have also been reported [10]. Early types of pots similar to those seen in Figure 1.1 were also found in China around 2000 BC. Kettles were found dating from 1000 BC, which indicate distillation operations. Joseph Needham [10] illustrates the development of the distillation apparatus in a genealogical tree (see Figure 1.2). The first primitive stills were earthenware pots heated from below with a lid (1), through which the vapor could condense. Further developments led to the device shown in Figure 1.1 with the internal collection of the lighter fraction (Figure 1.2a,b). Besides distillation, these rims could also serve as water sealants for anaerobic fermentation of foodstuffs, such as cabbage to produce sauerkraut.

Two mayor drawbacks of the early stills can be observed with this design: The condensate is collected in the warm part of the still and the internal volume is limited, which may lead to unwanted reflux of the condensate back to the still. This is now the view of the modern engineer, who has a trained view of technical drawbacks. We should not forget the limits of knowledge at that time and must not judge based on our current views. It was quite difficult to remove the entire product from the gutter. An outlet tube was added (2b) to increase the capacity and performance, probably during the Hellenic era. Similar devices have been found in excavations of medieval apothecaries in...