Grisold / Soffietti Neuro-Oncology Part I

Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Series Editors: Aminoff, Boller and Swaab)
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-0-444-53495-8
Verlag: Elsevier Reference Monographs
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 471 Seiten

Handbook of Clinical Neurology: Neuro-Oncology, Part I summarizes the present state of scientific and clinical knowledge in the field of neuro-oncology, including information related to diagnostic techniques such as imaging, along with immunology, molecular biology, and clinical aspects of tumors. Management and new therapeutic strategies for tumors, including gene therapy and molecularly targeted treatments, are also covered.
Divided into eight sections encompassing 61 chapters, the book begins with an overview of the basic principles of tumors, including the epidemiology of primary central nervous system tumors, angiogenesis and invasion in cancer, the link between blood-brain barrier and brain edema, and the role of stem cells in gliomas. It proceeds with a discussion of diagnostic tools such as neuroimaging, the principles of tumor therapy such as radiotherapy and immunotherapy, and clinical trials in neuro-oncology. The reader is also introduced to specific tumor types such as low-grade gliomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, and medulloblastoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors, along with rare brain tumors like neurofibromatosis and other genetic syndromes. Furthermore, the book explains the neurological complications of systemic cancer and complications from treatments.
This volume will appeal to clinicians and neuroscientists as well as researchers who want to gain a better understanding of the clinical features and management of the neurological manifestations of tumors.
* An invaluable resource that includes critical, in-depth insights into recent developments in neuro-oncology
* A fresh perspective on molecular biology, immunology, and other clinical aspects of tumors of the nervous system
* Extensive coverage of tumor management and new therapeutic strategies, including gene therapy and molecularly targeted treatments
* New tactics and therapies that will aid clinicians in their quest to provide optimal care for their neuro-oncological patients

Autoren/Hrsg.

Grisold, Wolfgang

Soffietti, Riccardo

Leseproben

Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 104, No. Suppl C, 2012 ISSN: 0072-9752 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52138-5.00001-3 Chapter 1Epidemiology of primary central nervous system tumors Graziella Filippini* Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy *Correspondence to: Graziella Filippini, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico ‘C. Besta’, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy. E-mail address: [e-mail] Abstract The descriptive epidemiology of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors is based on population-based cancer registries that include tumors of the brain, cranial nerves, cerebral meninges, spinal cord, and spinal meninges. Malignant CNS tumors in adults account for 1.7% of new cancers and 2.1% of cancer deaths. In Europe, Australia/New Zealand, and North America there are 7.5–14 new cases per 100   000 population per year in males, and 4–11 new cases in females. Incidence rates of benign and borderline CNS tumors are available from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program for the time period 1975–2004: incidence was 8.1 new cases per 100   000 population per year in males, and 12.1 in females. Incidence and mortality significantly increased in white males and females from 1975–1991; subsequently, the incidence remained steady, and mortality decreased significantly from 1992–2004. In population-based studies less than 5% of glioma risk is hereditary. Well-identified genetic syndromes that include primary brain tumors (PBTs) are most often autosomal dominant, and have variable penetrance. The most common syndrome is neurofibromatosis type 1. Ionizing radiation has a proven etiological role in experimental studies in monkeys and primates and, as a late complication of therapeutic X-irradiation, in humans. Extensive epidemiological research conducted during the past 20 years on occupational electromagnetic field exposure did not indicate strong or consistent associations with adult PBTs. The WHO/IARC has classified RF electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) based on an increased risk for glioma associated with wireless phone use. Additional research needs to be conducted into the long-term use of mobile phones. Introduction
The descriptive epidemiology of the central nervous system (CNS) tumors is based on population-based cancer registries that include tumors of the brain, cranial nerves, cerebral meninges, spinal cord, and spinal meninges. The anatomical classification of tumors used in cancer registries has followed the evolution of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD), now in its 10th revision (ICD-10; WHO, 1992), and the coding scheme for oncology, the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O, 3rd edition; WHO, 2000). CNS tumors are represented by the ICD-O topographical codes: C70.0–9, meninges; C71.0–9, brain; C72.0–9, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and other parts of the CNS; C75.1–C75.3, the pituitary and pineal gland. Histological subgroups are defined by the morphological terms of the ICD-O and behavior is coded /0 for benign tumors, /1 for low or uncertain malignant potential or borderline malignancy, /2 for in situ lesions and /3 for malignant tumors (Table 1.1). In population-based cancer registries the topographical codes C70–72 are grouped together in the ‘brain, nervous system’ group, and only tumors of malignant behavior (code /3) are included and combined. Table 1.1 World Health Organization classification of primary central nervous system tumors (ICD-O, 2000) Histological type ICD-O morphology code/behavior code* Tumors of neuroepithelial tissue Astrocytic tumors      Diffuse astrocytoma 9400/3       Fibrillary astrocytoma 9420/3       Protoplasmic astrocytoma 9410/3       Gemistocytic astrocytoma 9411/3    Anaplastic astrocytoma 9401/3    Glioblastoma 9440/3       Giant cell glioblastoma 9441/3       Gliosarcoma 9442/3    Pilocytic astrocytoma 9421/1    Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 9424/3    Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma 9384/1 Oligodendroglial tumors      Oligodendroglioma 9450/3    Anaplastic oligodendroglioma 9451/3 Mixed gliomas      Oligoastrocytoma 9382/3 Ependymal tumors      Ependymoma 9391/3    Anaplastic ependymoma 9392/3    Myxopapillary ependymoma 9394/1    Subependymoma 9383/1 Choroid plexus tumors      Choroid plexus papilloma 9390/0    Choroid plexus carcinoma 9390/3 Glioma, NOS 9380 Glial tumors of uncertain origin      Astroblastoma 9430/3    Gliomatosis cerebri 9381/3 Neuronal and mixed neuronal–glial tumors      Gangliocytoma 9492/0    Ganglioglioma 9505/1 Pineal parenchymal tumors      Pineocytoma 9361/1    Pineoblastoma 9362/3 Embryonal tumors      Medulloepithelioma 9501/3    Ependymoblastoma 9392/3    Medulloblastoma 9470/3    Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) 9473/3    Neuroblastoma 9500/3 Meningioma   Meningioma, NOS 9530 Meningotheliomatous meningioma 9531 Fibrous meningioma 9532 Psammomatous meningioma 9533 Hemangioblastic meningioma 9535 Hemangiopericytic meningioma 9536 Transitional (mixed) meningioma 9537 NOS, not otherwise specified. * Morphology code of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O). Behavior is coded /0 for benign tumors, /1 for low or uncertain malignant potential or borderline malignancy, (/2 for in situ lesions), and /3 for malignant tumors. Adapted and reprinted with permission from WHO (2000). ©WHO. Since the publication of the first edition of the ICD-O (WHO, 1976), cancer registries have adapted their operative systems to the standard classification and coding rules, but the definition, classification, and grouping of cancers have varied considerably among registries. Therefore, caution is required when comparing incidence rates over time, because the observed differences may be the result of changes in the methodology used by the different registries. Descriptive epidemiology of adult malignant and nonmalignant central nervous system tumors
Incidence and mortality
Comprehensive population-based estimates of incidence and mortality from malignant CNS tumors are available from different sources. GLOBOCAN 2002 was a project of the...