Handbook of the Psychology of Aging

8. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-12-411523-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 550 Seiten

Reihe: Handbooks of Aging

Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, Eighth Edition, tackles the biological and environmental influences on behavior as well as the reciprocal interface between changes in the brain and behavior during the course of the adult life span. The psychology of aging is important to many features of daily life, from workplace and the family, to public policy matters. It is complex, and new questions are continually raised about how behavior changes with age. Providing perspectives on the behavioral science of aging for diverse disciplines, the handbook explains how the role of behavior is organized and how it changes over time. Along with parallel advances in research methodology, it explicates in great detail patterns and sub-patterns of behavior over the lifespan, and how they are affected by biological, health, and social interactions. New topics to the eighth edition include preclinical neuropathology, audition and language comprehension in adult aging, cognitive interventions and neural processes, social interrelations, age differences in the connection of mood and cognition, cross-cultural issues, financial decision-making and capacity, technology, gaming, social networking, and more. - Tackles the biological and environmental influences on behavior as well as the reciprocal interface between changes in the brain and behavior during the course of the adult life span - Covers the key areas in psychological gerontology research in one volume - Explains how the role of behavior is organized and how it changes over time - Completely revised from the previous edition - New chapter on gender and aging process

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Handbook of the Psychology of Aging;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Foreword;12
6;Preface;14
7;About the Editors;20
8;List of Contributors;22
9;I. Concepts, Theory, Methods;26
9.1;1 Theoretical Perspectives for the Psychology of Aging in a Lifespan Context;28
9.1.1;Introduction;28
9.1.2;The Role of Pathology in Normal Aging;29
9.1.3;Assumption of Universal Decline;29
9.1.4;Successful, Normal and Pathological Aging;30
9.1.5;Lifespan Theories of Psychological Aging;31
9.1.5.1;Erikson’s Stage Model;31
9.1.5.2;Schaie and Willis’ Stage Theory of Cognition;32
9.1.5.3;The Co-Constructive Perspective;34
9.1.6;Summary and Outlook;35
9.1.7;References;35
9.2;2 Methodological Considerations for the Study of Adult Development and Aging;40
9.2.1;Introduction;41
9.2.2;Research Designs and Sampling Considerations for the Study of Adult Development and Aging;41
9.2.2.1;Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Designs;41
9.2.2.1.1;Age Differences Versus Change;42
9.2.2.1.2;Relative Advantages Versus Disadvantages;42
9.2.2.1.3;Which Design Is Best Suited for the Study of Aging?;42
9.2.2.1.4;Summary;44
9.2.2.2;Longitudinal Designs: Select Subtypes;44
9.2.2.2.1;Intensive Measurement Burst Design;45
9.2.3;Key Threats to the Validity of Longitudinal Designs;46
9.2.3.1;Attrition;46
9.2.3.2;Retest Effects;46
9.2.3.2.1;Assessing the Impact of Repeated Practice on Trajectories of Age-Related Change;47
9.2.3.3;Missingness: Causes, Consequences, and Potential Solutions;48
9.2.3.3.1;Classifications of Missingness;48
9.2.3.3.2;Approaches for Dealing with Missing Data: A Brief Overview;49
9.2.3.4;Planned Missingness;51
9.2.3.5;Section Summary: Key Methodological Considerations for Incomplete Data;51
9.2.4;Modeling Change in Studies of Aging;52
9.2.4.1;Select Statistical Models for Change;52
9.2.4.1.1;Multilevel and Latent Growth Curve Approaches for Continuous Outcomes;52
9.2.4.1.2;Generalized Linear Mixed and Survival Models for Categorical Outcomes;53
9.2.4.1.3;Correlated and Coupled Change;54
9.2.4.2;Developmental Parameterizations of Time;54
9.2.4.2.1;Is Chronological Age the Only Metric?;55
9.2.4.2.2;Alternative Parameterizations of Time;55
9.2.5;Emerging Methodological Trends for the Study of Aging;57
9.2.5.1;Select Approaches to Integrated Data Analysis;57
9.2.5.1.1;Meta-Analysis;57
9.2.5.1.2;Mega-Analysis;57
9.2.5.1.3;Data Harmonization;58
9.2.5.1.4;Coordinated Analysis with Replication;58
9.2.5.2;An Intraindividual Variability Approach;59
9.2.5.2.1;Beyond the First Order Moment;59
9.2.5.2.2;RT Inconsistency Across Response Latency Trials;59
9.2.6;Conclusions;61
9.2.7;Acknowledgments;61
9.2.8;References;61
9.3;3 Society and the Individual at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century;66
9.3.1;Introduction;67
9.3.2;A Comment on Lifespan Psychology;68
9.3.3;Health and Health Care;69
9.3.3.1;Policies and Practices;71
9.3.4;Education;73
9.3.4.1;Policies and Practices;74
9.3.5;Work and Retirement;75
9.3.5.1;Policies and Practices;77
9.3.6;Family Life;78
9.3.6.1;Policies and Practices;81
9.3.7;Summary and Conclusions;83
9.3.8;References;83
10;II. Bio-psychosocial Factors in Aging;88
10.1;4 Sex Hormones and Cognitive Aging;90
10.1.1;Introduction;91
10.1.2;Effects of Estrogen and Testosterone in Young Adults;91
10.1.2.1;Variation in Cognition across the Menstrual Cycle;91
10.1.2.2;Menstrual Cycle Fluctuations in Neural Activity;92
10.1.2.3;Variation in Affect across the Menstrual Cycle;93
10.1.3;Effects of Menopause and Hormone Levels on Cognition in Older Women;93
10.1.3.1;Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Women—Observational Studies;94
10.1.3.2;Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Women—Effects of Surgical Menopause and Intervention in Younger and Older Women;95
10.1.3.3;Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Women—Intervention Studies in Older Postmenopausal Women;96
10.1.3.4;Results from the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) and the Women’s Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging ...;97
10.1.3.5;Testosterone and Progesterone;99
10.1.3.6;Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Older Women—Associations with Brain Structure and Function;100
10.1.4;Testosterone and Cognitive Aging in Men;102
10.1.4.1;Observational Studies of Circulating Levels of Testosterone and Cognitive Function;102
10.1.4.2;Intervention Studies of Testosterone Supplementation;102
10.1.5;Conclusions and Areas for Future Research;104
10.1.6;References;105
10.2;5 The Aging Mind in Transition: Amyloid Deposition and Progression toward Alzheimer’s Disease;112
10.2.1;Introduction;113
10.2.2;Amyloid Imaging;114
10.2.3;Models of Cognitive Transitions;115
10.2.3.1;Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition;115
10.2.3.2;A Model of Preclinical AD;117
10.2.4;What is the Relationship between Amyloid Deposition and Neurodegeneration?;118
10.2.4.1;Neuronal Dysfunction;118
10.2.4.2;Neuronal Loss;119
10.2.5;Does Amyloid Deposition Invariably Lead to Cognitive Decline?;120
10.2.5.1;Amyloid and Episodic Memory;120
10.2.5.2;Impact of Amyloid on Other Cognitive Domains;120
10.2.5.3;Amyloid, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Decline;121
10.2.6;Modifiers of Transition to AD: Enrichment and Depletion Factors;121
10.2.6.1;Depletion Factors;122
10.2.6.2;Enrichment Factors;123
10.2.6.3;Conclusion and New Directions;123
10.2.7;Acknowledgment;124
10.2.8;References;124
10.3;6 Research on Human Plasticity in Adulthood: A Lifespan Agenda;130
10.3.1;Plasticity and Stability in Lifespan Development;131
10.3.2;The Supply–Demand Mismatch Model of Plasticity;131
10.3.3;Proposition #1: Plasticity Decreases from Childhood to Old Age;133
10.3.4;Proposition #2: Flexibility Increases from Childhood to Middle Adulthood, and Declines Thereafter;137
10.3.5;Proposition #3: Relative to Childhood, Plasticity in Adulthood and Old Age is More Often Associated with Maintenance, and L ...;138
10.3.6;Plasticity and Flexibility in Relation to Gf–Gc Theory;140
10.3.7;Open Questions and Future Research Directions;141
10.3.7.1;Investigating Age Differences in the Sequential Progression of Plasticity;141
10.3.7.2;Scrutinizing “Ribot’s Law” and the “Dark Side of Plasticity”;142
10.3.7.3;Towards a Molecular Understanding of Plasticity Dynamics in Human Adults;143
10.3.8;Acknowledgments;144
10.3.9;References;144
10.4;7 Cognitive and Physical Aging: Genetic Influences and Gene–Environment Interplay;150
10.4.1;Introduction;150
10.4.2;Cognitive Function;151
10.4.2.1;General Cognitive Ability;151
10.4.2.2;Specific Cognitive Abilities;152
10.4.2.3;Environmental Influences;152
10.4.3;Physical Function;153
10.4.3.1;Physiological Functioning;153
10.4.3.2;Behavioral Physical Functioning;154
10.4.4;Cross-Domain Investigations;155
10.4.4.1;Interrelationships Between Cognitive and Physical Aging;155
10.4.4.2;Brain Structures;156
10.4.4.2.1;Specific Genes Important to Cognitive and Physical Aging;156
10.4.4.3;Cognitive Aging;157
10.4.4.4;Physical Aging;158
10.4.4.4.1;Gene Pathways Underlying Cognition-Physical Functioning Dynamics;159
10.4.5;Genetic Influences on Environmental Sensitivity;160
10.4.5.1;Biomarkers of GE Interplay;161
10.4.5.2;Telomere Length;162
10.4.6;Summary and Future Directions;163
10.4.7;References;164
10.5;8 Memory: Behavior and Neural Basis;172
10.5.1;What Is Memory, and What Is Aging?;172
10.5.2;Brain Aging and Memory: A Complex and Dynamic Relationship;173
10.5.3;Control and Association: Major Influences on Age Differences in Memory;174
10.5.3.1;The Controlled Processing Paradox: Important and Impaired;174
10.5.3.2;Associational Memory May Be Especially Impaired in Aging;177
10.5.3.3;Default Network Dysregulation;178
10.5.4;Modifying Factors: Qualitative and Quantitative Effects;179
10.5.5;Interventions: Hope for Improvement?;180
10.5.6;Summary and Conclusions;183
10.5.7;References;184
10.6;9 Audition and Language Comprehension in Adult Aging: Stability in the Face of Change;190
10.6.1;Introduction;191
10.6.1.1;Challenges for Speech Comprehension;191
10.6.2;Age-Related Hearing Loss;192
10.6.2.1;Audition: Some Preliminaries;192
10.6.2.2;Types of Hearing Loss;193
10.6.2.2.1;Conductive Hearing Loss;193
10.6.2.2.2;Sensorineural Hearing Loss;193
10.6.2.2.3;Central Processing Deficits;194
10.6.2.2.4;Variability in Age-Related Hearing Loss;194
10.6.2.3;Speech in Noise: A Hallmark of Aging Hearing;195
10.6.2.3.1;Separating Speech from Noise;195
10.6.2.3.2;Informational Masking;195
10.6.3;Compensation Through Linguistic Knowledge;196
10.6.3.1;Effects of Age and Hearing Acuity on Word Recognition;196
10.6.3.1.1;Effects of Contextual Facilitation;197
10.6.3.1.2;Expectation and Entropy in Word Recognition;198
10.6.3.2;Comprehension and Recall at the Sentence Level;200
10.6.3.2.1;Compensatory Support from Speech Prosody;204
10.6.3.2.2;Support from Other Sensory Cues;204
10.6.4;Downstream Effects of Perceptual Effort;204
10.6.5;Broader Issues of Age-Related Hearing Loss;205
10.6.6;Conclusions;206
10.6.7;References;207
10.7;10 Exercise, Cognition, and Health;212
10.7.1;Introduction;212
10.7.2;Definitions;213
10.7.3;Epidemiological Studies;214
10.7.3.1;Physical Activity and Fitness Associations with Cognition;215
10.7.3.2;Randomized Trials of Aerobic Exercise on Cognition;215
10.7.3.2.1;Resistance Training on Cognition;216
10.7.3.2.2;Effects of Exercise on Impaired Populations;217
10.7.3.3;Cross-Sectional Associations Between Physical Activity and Gray Matter Volume;217
10.7.3.4;Randomized Trials of Exercise on Gray Matter Volume;218
10.7.3.5;Associations Between Physical Activity, Fitness, and White Matter Integrity;218
10.7.3.6;Aerobic Exercise Effects on Functional MRI Patterns;219
10.7.3.7;Effects of Resistance Training on Cerebral Blood Flow and fMRI Patterns;219
10.7.3.8;Mediators and Moderators;220
10.7.3.9;Other Health Factors Related to Cognition;221
10.7.4;Conclusion;221
10.7.5;References;222
11;III. Behavioral Processes;228
11.1;11 Personality and Health: Reviewing Recent Research and Setting a Directive for the Future;230
11.1.1;Personality Traits: Definitions and Classifications;231
11.1.2;Dispositions and Health: A Brief History of Models in the Field;232
11.1.3;Personality Traits and Physiological Markers of Aging;233
11.1.3.1;Inflammatory Markers and Personality Traits;233
11.1.3.2;Cardiovascular Indicators and Personality Traits;234
11.1.4;Personality and Health across Adulthood: Moderators, Moderated Mediators, and More;235
11.1.4.1;Age as a Moderator of Personality Traits and Health;235
11.1.4.2;Age as a Moderator of the Linkages Between Personality Traits and Health;236
11.1.4.3;The Full Role of Age on the Linkages Between Personality and Health;237
11.1.5;Healthy Living as a Catalyst for Personality Development;237
11.1.5.1;Subjective Wellbeing and Adult Personality Change;238
11.1.5.2;Healthy Behaviors as Predictors of Personality Change;238
11.1.5.3;Major Illness as a Predictor of Personality Change;238
11.1.6;Current and Future Directions;239
11.1.7;References;241
11.2;12 Cognitive Training in Later Adulthood;244
11.2.1;Introduction;245
11.2.1.1;Theoretical Perspectives and Assumptions on Training;245
11.2.1.1.1;Magnification Perspective;245
11.2.1.1.2;Compensatory Perspective;246
11.2.2;Cognitive Training: Behavioral Interventions and Behavioral Outcomes;246
11.2.2.1;Strategy Training;246
11.2.2.1.1;Episodic Memory;246
11.2.2.1.2;Inductive Reasoning;248
11.2.2.2;Component-Specific and Variable Priority Training;249
11.2.2.2.1;Variable Priority Training: Attention;250
11.2.2.2.2;Speed of Processing;250
11.2.2.3;Whole Task Practice Training;251
11.2.2.3.1;N-Back (Working Memory) Training;252
11.2.2.3.2;WM as a Multidimensional Construct: Implications for Training;252
11.2.2.3.3;Training Involving Multiple WM Subprocesses or Tasks;253
11.2.2.4;Multi-Domain Training;253
11.2.2.4.1;Multi-Domain: Combined Strategy and Component Training;253
11.2.2.4.1.1;MEMO;253
11.2.3;Activity Engagement Interventions;254
11.2.3.1;Computer- and Mobile-Based Training and Gaming;254
11.2.3.1.1;Computerized Training;254
11.2.3.1.1.1;Computerized-Cognitive Training;254
11.2.3.1.2;Casual Gaming Interventions;255
11.2.3.1.2.1;Association of Cognitive Abilities and Casual Video Games;255
11.2.3.1.2.1.1;Challenge of Classifying Games by Cognitive Domain;255
11.2.3.1.2.1.2;Association Between Cognitive Abilities and Game Groups;256
11.2.3.2;MCI Training;256
11.2.4;Cognitive Training: Neural Mechanisms and Outcomes;258
11.2.4.1;Brain Imaging as a Surrogate Biomarker;258
11.2.4.2;Brain Imaging to Identify Structural Plasticity;259
11.2.4.2.1;Effects on Training for Brain Activation;259
11.2.4.3;Models of Training-Induced Brain Changes;260
11.2.4.4;Neuroimaging as a Predictor of Training Response;262
11.2.5;References;264
11.3;13 Executive Functions and Neurocognitive Aging;270
11.3.1;Overview;270
11.3.2;Measuring EFs;271
11.3.3;Executive Deficit Theories of Cognitive Aging;272
11.3.3.1;Inhibitory Deficit Theory (Hasher & Zacks);272
11.3.3.2;Goal Maintenance Deficit (Braver & West);273
11.3.3.3;Production Deficit Hypothesis;273
11.3.3.4;Frontal Lobe Hypothesis of Cognitive Aging;273
11.3.3.5;A Current Perspective on Executive Deficit Theories of Cognitive Aging;274
11.3.4;Do EFs Show the Earliest and Disproportionate Decline?;274
11.3.4.1;Cross-Sectional Evidence for Disproportionate EF Decline?;275
11.3.4.2;Longitudinal Evidence for Earlier EF Decline?;275
11.3.5;Do Brain Regions Linked to EF Show the Earliest and Disproportionate Decline?;276
11.3.5.1;Aging and the Neural Substrates of EF;276
11.3.5.2;Relative Degree and Onset of PFC Decline;277
11.3.6;EFs and PFC Processes as Compensatory and Protective;279
11.3.7;EFs, the Frontal Lobes, and Lifelong aging;281
11.3.8;References;282
11.4;14 Social Interrelations in Aging: The Sample Case of Married Couples;288
11.4.1;Introduction;288
11.4.2;Overview of Existing Research and New Trends;289
11.4.2.1;Well-Being;290
11.4.2.2;Health;292
11.4.2.3;Cognition;293
11.4.3;Towards Addressing Methodological Challenges;294
11.4.4;Psychological Processes are Embedded in Macro-Level Contexts;295
11.4.5;Future Directions and Challenges;296
11.4.5.1;Capturing Processes that Occur on Different Timescales;296
11.4.5.2;Integrating Between-Couple and Within-Couple Perspectives;297
11.4.5.3;Applied Significance;298
11.4.5.4;Social Interrelations Beyond Marital Dyads;299
11.4.6;Conclusion;299
11.4.7;Acknowledgments;299
11.4.8;References;299
11.5;15 Age Differences in the Connection of Mood and Cognition: Evidence from Studies of Mood Congruent Effects;304
11.5.1;Introduction;305
11.5.2;Definition and Theories of Mood-congruent Cognition;305
11.5.2.1;Emotion Theory and Mood Congruence in Young Adulthood: Associationist and Schema Models;305
11.5.2.2;Emotion Theory and Aging: The Positivity Effect and Its Limits: SST and SAVI;307
11.5.3;Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Study of Mood-congruent Cognition;307
11.5.4;Effects of Personality Factors on Emotion and Cognition Interaction;309
11.5.5;Mood-congruent Effects on Cognition: Adulthood;310
11.5.5.1;Mood-congruence Effects in Depression: Memory and Attentional Bias;310
11.5.5.2;Mood Congruence Effects in Anxiety: Memory and Attentional Biases;312
11.5.6;Mood-congruent Effects on Cognition: Older Adult Populations;314
11.5.6.1;Depressed Mood and Congruent Cognition in Older Adults;314
11.5.6.2;Mood-congruent Attention in Sad and Depressed Mood;317
11.5.6.2.1;Anxious Mood and Congruent Cognition in Older Adults;318
11.5.7;Implications for Theory and Research on Age Differences in the Mood–Cognition Linkage;320
11.5.8;Implications for Psychological Interventions with Older Adults;321
11.5.9;References;323
11.6;16 Psychological Vitality in the Oldest Old;328
11.6.1;Introduction;328
11.6.1.1;Scope of the Chapter;329
11.6.2;Who are the Contemporary Oldest Old?;329
11.6.3;Research Issues;330
11.6.4;Domains of Psychological Vitality;331
11.6.4.1;Cognition;331
11.6.4.1.1;Level Versus Change in Cognition and Survival;331
11.6.4.1.2;Heterogeneity of Cognitive Functioning in the Oldest Old;332
11.6.4.2;Personality Traits;333
11.6.4.2.1;Trait Predictors of Survival;333
11.6.4.2.2;Personality Profiles of the Oldest Old;334
11.6.4.2.3;Personality Change after Age 80;334
11.6.4.3;Self-Related Beliefs and Self-Regulation;335
11.6.4.3.1;Self-Related Predictors of Survival;335
11.6.4.3.2;Characteristics of the Self-Related Beliefs of the Oldest-Old;336
11.6.4.3.3;Change in Self-Related Beliefs after Age 80;336
11.6.4.4;Social Connections;337
11.6.4.4.1;Social Connections of the Oldest Old;338
11.6.4.4.2;Social Connection Predictors of Survival;338
11.6.4.5;Subjective Well-Being;339
11.6.4.5.1;Subjective Well-Being and the Prediction of Survival to Age 80;339
11.6.4.5.2;Level and Change in Subjective Well-Being after Age 80;340
11.6.5;Conclusions;340
11.6.6;References;341
12;IV. Complex Processes;346
12.1;17 Cross-Cultural Psychology of Aging;348
12.1.1;Cross-Cultural Psychology of Aging;348
12.1.2;A Theory: Aging in Culture;349
12.1.2.1;Individuals Make Sense of Life Through Internalizing the Values of Their Cultures;349
12.1.2.2;Age Differences in Personality;351
12.1.2.3;Age Differences in Social Relationships;353
12.1.2.4;Age-Related Cognition;354
12.1.3;Other Approaches;356
12.1.3.1;Using Aging as a Context to Test Cultural Differences;356
12.1.3.2;Cross-Cultural Aging as Tests of Generalizability;357
12.1.4;Summary, Caveats, and Conclusion;358
12.1.5;Acknowledgments;359
12.1.6;References;359
12.2;18 Work, Retirement and Aging;364
12.2.1;Aging in the Work Context;365
12.2.1.1;Work and Cognitive Aging;365
12.2.1.2;EOR for Aging Workers;366
12.2.1.3;Aging in the Context of HRM;368
12.2.1.3.1;Employee Benefits;368
12.2.1.3.2;Knowledge Transfer Strategy;369
12.2.1.3.3;Motivation and Performance Management;370
12.2.1.3.4;Retention and Recruitment;371
12.2.1.4;Aging and Work–Family Issues;372
12.2.2;The Transition from Work to Retirement: The Temporal Process and Outcomes;374
12.2.2.1;The Temporal Process Model of Retirement;374
12.2.2.2;Outcomes of Retirement;377
12.2.3;Conclusions and Future Directions;379
12.2.4;References;381
12.3;19 Financial Decision-Making and Capacity in Older Adults;386
12.3.1;Introduction: What is Financial Capacity? Legal, Clinical and Ethical Perspectives;387
12.3.2;The Financial Capacity Problem: Cognitive Aging and Disorders of Aging;389
12.3.3;Clinical Warning Signs of Diminished Financial Capacity;390
12.3.4;Challenges in Modeling Financial Capacity;391
12.3.5;Clinical Model of Financial Capacity;392
12.3.6;Approaches to Assessing Financial Capacity;393
12.3.6.1;Assessing Premorbid Financial Capacity;393
12.3.6.2;Self and Informant-Based Assessment;395
12.3.6.3;Performance-Based Assessment;395
12.3.6.4;Clinical Interview Assessment of Financial Capacity;397
12.3.7;Empirical Studies of Financial Capacity;397
12.3.7.1;Financial Capacity in Patients with Mild and Moderate AD;397
12.3.7.1.1;Longitudinal Change in Financial Capacity in Patients with Mild AD;398
12.3.7.2;Financial Capacity in Patients with MCI;399
12.3.7.3;Neuropsychological Predictors of Financial Capacity;400
12.3.8;Neuroimaging Studies of Financial Capacity;402
12.3.8.1;Neuroimaging Approaches to Studying Financial Capacity;402
12.3.8.2;Neuroimaging Studies of Financial Capacity in aMCI and AD;402
12.3.8.3;Neuroimaging Studies of Financial Decision Making in Cognitively Normal Older Adults;403
12.3.8.4;Summary;403
12.3.9;Non-Cognitive Contributions to Financial Capacity in Aging;404
12.3.9.1;Psychological and Psychiatric Contributions to Financial Capacity;404
12.3.9.2;Relationship of Physical Dependence/Medical Frailty to Financial Capacity in Aging;405
12.3.9.3;Cultural and Social Contributions to Financial Capacity in Aging;406
12.3.9.4;Resilience and Financial Capacity in Aging;407
12.3.10;Future Research Directions;408
12.3.10.1;Detecting Very Early Financial Declines in Cognitively Normal Elderly;408
12.3.10.2;Study of Financial Capacity in Other Older Adult Clinical Populations;408
12.3.10.3;Study of Non-Cognitive Contributions to Financial Capacity in Aging;409
12.3.10.4;Evolution of Financial Capacity in a Technological Society;409
12.3.11;References;409
12.4;20 Technology, Gaming, and Social Networking;414
12.4.1;Definition of Technology and ICT;415
12.4.2;A Century of Development and Diffusion of Technology;415
12.4.2.1;Home Computing and Gaming;416
12.4.3;Technology Use and Age;416
12.4.4;Theories and Models of Technology Adoption;418
12.4.4.1;Rogers Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers, 1995);418
12.4.4.2;Technology Acceptance Model;419
12.4.4.3;Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology;419
12.4.4.4;Other Factors in Technology Acceptance and Use;419
12.4.5;Older Adult Game Use and Game Preferences;420
12.4.5.1;Gamer Demographics;420
12.4.5.2;Game Preferences of Older Adults;421
12.4.5.3;Benefits of Gaming;421
12.4.5.3.1;Communication;422
12.4.6;Social Networking as a Newly Emerging Communications Technology;423
12.4.6.1;Benefits of SNS Use?;423
12.4.7;Barriers to Technology Adoption by Seniors;424
12.4.7.1;Financial Cost;424
12.4.7.2;Cognitive Cost;424
12.4.7.3;Beliefs;426
12.4.7.4;Design Costs;426
12.4.7.5;Privacy Concerns;426
12.4.8;Technology as a Factor for Successful Longevity;427
12.4.9;Conclusions;428
12.4.10;Acknowledgment;429
12.4.11;References;429
12.5;21 Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies for Late-Life Mood and Anxiety Disorders;434
12.5.1;Introduction;435
12.5.2;Late-Life Depression;435
12.5.2.1;Epidemiology of Late-Life Depression;435
12.5.2.2;Sociodemographic Risk Factors for Depression;436
12.5.2.2.1;Sex;436
12.5.2.2.2;Race;436
12.5.2.3;Biological and Clinical Risk Factors for Depression;437
12.5.2.3.1;The Inter-relationship Between Cardiovascular Disease, Dementia, and Depression;437
12.5.2.3.2;Disability;438
12.5.2.4;Psychosocial Risk Factors for Depression;439
12.5.2.4.1;Social Support;439
12.5.2.4.2;Bereavement;440
12.5.3;Late-Life Anxiety Disorders;441
12.5.3.1;Epidemiology of Late-Life Anxiety Disorders;441
12.5.3.2;Risk Factors for Late-Life Anxiety Disorders;441
12.5.4;Late-Life Co-Existing Mood and Anxiety Disorders;442
12.5.4.1;Epidemiology of Late-Life Co-existing Mood–Anxiety Disorders;442
12.5.4.2;Characteristics of Co-existing Mood–Anxiety Disorders;442
12.5.5;Risk Factors for Late-Life Suicide and Suicidal Behavior;442
12.5.6;Detection, Treatment, and Management;444
12.5.7;Conclusion;445
12.5.8;References;446
12.6;22 Late-Life Sleep and Sleep Disorders;454
12.6.1;Late-Life Sleep and Sleep Disorders Normal Late-Life Sleep;455
12.6.2;Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders in Late Life;455
12.6.2.1;Insomnia;455
12.6.2.2;Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder;456
12.6.2.3;Sleep-Disordered Breathing;456
12.6.3;Assessment;457
12.6.3.1;Main Methods of Sleep Assessment;457
12.6.3.1.1;Subjective Assessments;457
12.6.3.1.2;Objective Assessments;457
12.6.4;Sleep Disorders;458
12.6.4.1;Insomnia;458
12.6.4.1.1;Development;458
12.6.4.1.2;Major Theories;458
12.6.4.2;Risk Factors for Late-Life Insomnia;459
12.6.4.2.1;Comorbidities;459
12.6.4.2.2;Social and Behavioral Changes;459
12.6.4.2.3;Cognition;459
12.6.4.2.4;Socioeconomic Status;459
12.6.4.2.5;Hypnotic Dependence;459
12.6.4.2.6;Special Populations;460
12.6.4.2.7;Assessment;460
12.6.4.3;Interventions;460
12.6.4.3.1;Pharmacological;460
12.6.4.3.2;Psychological;461
12.6.4.3.3;Psychological and Pharmacological Approaches Combined;461
12.6.4.3.4;CBT-I and Hypnotic Reduction;461
12.6.4.4;Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder;462
12.6.4.4.1;Development;462
12.6.4.4.2;Major Theories;462
12.6.4.4.3;Assessment;463
12.6.4.4.4;Interventions;463
12.6.4.5;Sleep-Disordered Breathing;464
12.6.4.5.1;Development;464
12.6.4.5.2;Type—OSA Versus Central Sleep Apnea;464
12.6.4.5.3;Risk Factors;464
12.6.4.5.4;Assessment;464
12.6.4.5.5;Intervention;464
12.6.5;Expectancies Regarding Interventions and Outcomes in Older Adults;465
12.6.5.1;Evidence-Based Treatments;465
12.6.5.1.1;Does CBT-I Work for Older Adults?;465
12.6.5.1.2;Treatment for Comorbid Insomnia in Older Adults?;465
12.6.5.1.3;Treatment of Comorbid Apnea and Insomnia?;466
12.6.5.2;Caregiver Involvement and Treatment;466
12.6.5.2.1;Dementia Patients and Caregivers;466
12.6.6;Conclusions and Future Directions;467
12.6.7;References;468
12.7;23 Psychosocial Interventions for Older Adults with Dementia and Their Caregivers;472
12.7.1;Introduction;473
12.7.1.1;Person-Centered Interventions;474
12.7.1.1.1;Rationale and Theory;474
12.7.1.1.2;Studies;474
12.7.1.2;PA Interventions;474
12.7.1.2.1;Rationale and Theory;474
12.7.1.2.2;Studies;488
12.7.1.3;Caregiver Training Interventions;488
12.7.1.3.1;Rationale and Theory;488
12.7.1.3.2;Studies;488
12.7.1.4;Emotion-Focused Interventions;489
12.7.1.4.1;Rationale and Theory;489
12.7.1.4.2;Studies;489
12.7.1.5;Social Enhancement;489
12.7.1.5.1;Rationale and Theory;489
12.7.1.5.2;Studies;489
12.7.2;Translation and Implementation of Psychosocial Approaches;489
12.7.3;Discussion;491
12.7.4;References;493
12.8;24 The Psychology of Death and Dying in Later Life;500
12.8.1;Introduction;500
12.8.2;Part 1: Secular, Technological Influences on Understanding and Experiencing Death and Dying in Later Life;501
12.8.3;Part 2: Individual Expectations and Fears about Dying, Including Empirical, Data, Clinical Practices, and Proposed Policy C ...;502
12.8.3.1;Physical Symptoms;506
12.8.3.2;Psychological Symptoms;506
12.8.3.3;Economic Demands and Caregiver Needs;507
12.8.3.4;Social Relationships and Support;507
12.8.3.5;Spiritual/Existential Beliefs;507
12.8.3.6;Hopes and Expectations;507
12.8.4;Part 3: Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning in Contemporary Society;508
12.8.4.1;Some Introductory Material;508
12.8.5;Conclusion;512
12.8.6;References;512
13;Author Index;516
14;Subject Index;540

Leseproben

Preface

K. Warner Schaie and Sherry L. Willis

The provides a basic reference source on the behavioral processes of aging for researchers, graduate students, and professionals. It also provides perspectives on the behavioral science of aging for personnel from other disciplines.

The eighth edition of the continues to reflect both the continuing interest of the scientific community as well as the needs and worldwide growth of the older portion of the population as well as the increase in active life expectancy. The growth of the research literature provides new opportunities to replace chronological age as the primary variable with other variables that represent causal mechanisms and hence present the potential for control or experimental modification. Both academic and public interests have been contributing to the emergence of the psychology of aging as a major subject in universities and research institutions. Issues of interest to the psychology of aging touch upon many features of daily life, from the workplace and family life to public policy matters covering health care, retirement, social security, and pensions.

The psychology of aging is complex and many new questions keep being raised about how behavior is organized and how it changes over the course of life. Results of the markedly increasing number of longitudinal studies are providing new insights into the casual factors in behavior changes associated with adult development and aging. They are contributing to our understanding of the role of behavior changes in relation to biological, health and social interactions. Parallel advances in research methodology particularly directed towards the problems of studying change allow us to explicate in greater detail, patterns and sub-patterns of behavior over the lifespan.

Facing the rapidly accelerating growth of the relevant research literature, the editors once again have had to make choices about what new topics should be included in the handbook. But the growth in research activity does not occur uniformly across all fields. Hence, some topics covered in earlier editions of the are not included in the present edition. In this edition we have again markedly expanded coverage of the section on Neuroscience, Cognition and Aging. Other new topics first introduced in this edition include: Relationships between adults and their aging parents, intergenerational communication practices, assessment of emotional and personality disorders in older adults, neuropsychological assessment of the dementias of late life, and family caregiving for cognitively or physically frail older adults.

We continue the editorial principle of not inviting previous contributors to revise their earlier contribution. Instead if we felt that a topic needed updating we asked a new author to approach the topic from a different perspective. When a previous contributor reappears in a subsequent edition, it is typically on a different topic that the contributor has developed expertise in. For these reasons, readers are advised to consult earlier volumes of the , both for data and for interpretations. The previous editions should be consulted for a perspective on the development of the subject matter of the psychology of aging. To assist the reader, Table A present a list of topics (and authors for each topic) across the eight editions of the .

Table A

Topics and Authors Across the Eight Editions of the

Accidents

Sterns et al.

Activity and exercise

Stones & Kozma

Animal memory and learning

Woodruff

Attention processes

McDowd & Birren

Rogers & Fisk

Attitudes towards aging

Rosenmayr

Hess

Hummert

Auditory perception

Corso

Osho et al.

Fozard

Kline & Scialfa

Fozard & Gordon-Salant

Winfield & Lash

Autobiographical memory

Birren & Schroots

Autonomic system

Frolkis

Behavior genetics

Omenn

McClearn & Foch

Plomin & McClearn

Pedersen

McClearn & Vogler

Vogler

Kremen & Lyons

Reynolds & Finkel

Biological influences

Shock

Elias et al.

Brain and life span in primates

Hakeem et al.

Caregiving

Knight et al.

Clinical assessment

Schaie & Schaie

Zarit et al.

Kaszniak

Manley et al.

Cognitive neuroscience

Kramer et al.

Cognitive intervention

Willis

Stine-Morrow & Basak

Willis & Belleville

Control

Lachman et al.

Creativity and wisdom

Simonton

Sternberg & Lubart

Brugman

Ardelt

Culture and ethnicity

Guttman

Fry

Jackson et al.

Whitfield et al.

Fung & Jiang

Death and dying

Kastenbaum

Berg

Lawton

Biak

Decision making

Peters

Marson et al.

Disability and rehabilitation

Kemp

Ecology of aging

Scheidt & Windley

Parmelee & Lawton

Wahl

Scheidt & Windley

Educational psychology

Willis

Electrophysiology of aging

Prinz et al.

Elder abuse and victimization

Wilbur & McNeilly

Emotion and affect

Schulz

Fillip

Charles

Environment

Lawton

Ethical issues

Kimmel & Moody

Moye et al.

Exercise and cognition

Erickson & Liu-Ambrose

Executive functions

Reuter-Lorenz et al.

Experimental principles

Birren & Renner

Birren & Cunningham

Family in late life

Aizenberg &...