Hayat Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis

General Overviews, Head and Neck Cancer and Thyroid Cancer
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-3186-0
Verlag: Springer Netherland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 7, 476 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis

There are more than 100 types of cancers In Part II, head and neck cancer is d- affecting all parts of the human body. cussed. The global number of annual new More than 11 million people are diagnosed cases of this malignancy is ~500,000. These with cancer every year, and it is estimated malignancies include oral squamous cell that there will be 16 million new cases by carcinoma, salivary gland tumors, tons- the year 2020. In 2005, 7. 6 million peo- lar cancer, tongue cancer, nasopharyngeal ple died of cancer, that is, 13% of the 58 carcinoma, and retinoblastoma, which are million deaths worldwide. It is estimated detailed. In Part III, diagnosis, therapy, and that 9 million people will die from can- prognosis of thyroid carcinoma are d- cer worldwide in 2015 and 11. 4 million cussed. The global number of new cases of will die in 2030. More than 70% of all thyroid cancer is ~141,000, and the number cancer deaths occur in low and middle of worldwide thyroid mortalities is ~35,375. income countries. These statistics underlie The number of new cases of this cancer in the fact that cancer is the deadliest of all the United States is ~33,550. Molecular human diseases. The enormity of the glo- genetics of thyroid cancer, gene expr- bal healthcare costs as a result of cancer sion markers for diagnosis, papillary t- cannot be overemphasized.

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hayat, M. A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

General Methods and Overviews.- Role of RNA Interference in Understanding the Molecular Basis of Cancer.- Cancer Biomarkers (An Overview).- Tumor Angiogenesis in Cancers: Expression of CD105 Marker.- Spindle Cell Oncocytoma of the Adenohypophysis: Integrated Clinicopathologic Diagnosis by Imaging, Histology, and Immunohistochemistry.- Disseminated Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site: Detection with F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography.- Unknown Lymphadenopathy: Diagnosing Using an Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy.- Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy in Cancer: An Overview.- Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity.- Multidrug Resistance.- Role of Antibodies in Cancer Treatment (An Overview).- Incorporating Pharmacogenomics into Cancer Therapy.- Cancer Stem Cells: An Overview.- Translating In Vitro Cell Lines Result into Clinical Practice.- Classification of Cancer Stage Using Patient’s Immune System.- Late Relapse of Germ Cell Malignancies: Incidence, Management, and Prognosis.- Head and Neck Cancer.- Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Therapy with Fusaric Acid/Paclitaxel.- Early Stage Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Use of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 as a Risk Factor for Poor Diagnosis.- Salivary Gland Tumors: Preoperative Tissue Characterization with Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Mapping.- Role of Human Papillomavirus in Tonsillar Cancer.- Quantitative Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction Based Assessment of the Candidate Biomarkers for Tongue Cancer Metastasis.- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (Retropharyngeal Lymph Node Metastasis): Spread Pattern, Prognosis, and Staging.- Retinoblastoma: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis.- Thyroid Carcinoma.- Molecular Genetics of Thyroid Cancer.- Thyroid Cancer:Identification of Gene Expression Markers for Diagnosis.- Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Use of HBME1 and CK19 as Diagnostic Markers.- Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Detection of Copy Gain of Platelet Derived Growth Factor B Using Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization in Combination with Laser Capture Microdissection.- PET Imaging in Thyroid Carcinoma.- Metastasized Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Detection and Therapy Using Radiolabeled Gastrin Analogs.- Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Prognosis based on Stage of Disease and Age.- Overexpression of the Components of the Plasminogen Activating System as Prognostic Factors in Human Thyroid Carcinoma.

Leseproben

"13 Translating In Vitro Cell Lines Result into Clinical Practice (p. 183-184)

Jai Prakash Mehta, Lorraine O’Driscoll, Niall Barron, Martin Clynes, and Padraig Doolan

INTRODUCTION

Immortalized cell lines provide an easy and convenient option for analysis of biological systems compared to clinical specimens. Cell culture has gained wide popularity in the study of cancer, because of the innate continuously proliferating nature of these cell lines. Cancer cell lines are obtained by the enzymatic digestion or explant growth of tumour specimens. The main advantage of using cell lines for such research is the immortal nature of the cell lines, enabling them to be continuously cultured, distributed and studied in many labs and to act as a reliable platform for comparison of results, before advancing research to the next level.

Another advantage of performing research on cell lines is ease of handling and storage. Cell lines are cultured in flasks under well-controlled nutritional and environmentalal conditions and this ensures a greater degree of reproducibility in the results. Some assays require large amount of material; with cell line models, this is generally not a constraint. Cells can be stored indefinitely in liquid nitrogen and can be used when needed. Apart from the ease in maintenance and access, cell lines offer a convenient platform for genetic manipulation of cells. Many recent studies in cancer have centered on functional aspects of gene expression changes.

Cell lines offer a realistic platform to knockdown or over-express genes of interest. Due to the tremendous benefits of working on cell lines, they have dramatically contributed to basic research in cancer biology. Recent interest has focused on extrapolating the relevance of findings from cell line models to clinical models. There are obvious differences between cell line models and clinical specimens due to the difference in environments to which they have been exposed. These differences need to be accurately defined for the results arising from the cell line studies to be clinically relevant.

A detailed study on these differences will help researchers to decide on the applicability of cell line models for their particular study and will pave the way in making the results more accurate and relevant to that of clinical condition. This manuscript examines the differences between cell line models and clinical specimens, particularly focusing on breast cancer. HOw CeLL LINeS ARe GeNeRATeD enzymatic digestion: Tumour tissue is digested using enzymes such as collagenase, trypsin, or pronase.

These enzymes break down the extracellular matrix, thereby releasing the cells which are subsequently cultured in nutrient rich medium and in a controlled environment (Doyle et al. 1998). explant culture: Small pieces of tissue are placed in nutrient rich medium and the cells that grow out and migrate from the primary tissue are further cultured (Doyle et al. 1998). TyPeS Of CeLL CuLTuRe Primary cultures: Cells obtained directly from the tissue are termed primary cultures.

Primary cultures have a defined life span and undergo a process of senescence and stop dividing, while remaining viable for short time period. Studies done on primary cultures can be very useful as these cells have not been in culture for long time after procuring from the body/ in vivo condition. However, primary culture has its own limitations. Since primary cultures cannot be maintained in culture for extended periods, lengthy experiments may be challenging; these cells generally cannot be distributed to other labs; and the experiments performed cannot be repeated at a later date to determine reproducibility."