Hebblethwaite / Heath / Dawkins The Pea Crop

A Basis for Improvement
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-6441-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 500 Seiten, Web PDF

The Pea Crop: A Basis for Improvement documents the proceedings of the University of Nottingham 40th Easter School in Agricultural Science, held at the School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington, 2-6 April 1984. The aim of the conference was to formulate a basis for improving the pea crop by bringing together international scientists to present research findings and review published work on a wide range of subject areas encompassing pea genetics, plant breeding, agronomy, crop and plant physiology, utilization, and marketing. This volume contains 42 papers organized into 10 parts. Part I discusses the production, research and development, and future prospects of the pea crop. The papers in Part II focus on the need to improve the pea crop. Part III examines the genetic aspects of improved pea crop production. Part IV deals with crop improvement techniques. The studies in Part V are devoted to the impact of the environment on crop growth. Part VI covers diseases, pests, and weed control while Part VII presents plant physiological studies. Part VIII takes up pea fruit and seed development. Part IX focuses on Rhizobium while Part X discusses the processing, marketing, and consumption of peas.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hebblethwaite, P. D.

Heath, M. C.

Dawkins, T. C. K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Pea Crop: A Basis for Improvement;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;8
6;PART I: OPENING ADDRESS;16
6.1;CHAPTER 1. THE PEA CROP—AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE;18
6.1.1;Introduction;18
6.1.2;Research and development;20
6.1.3;Looking ahead;28
6.1.4;References;29
7;PART II: NEED FOR IMPROVING THE PEA CROP;32
7.1;CHAPTER 2. AGRONOMIC PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PEA CROP;34
7.1.1;Introduction;34
7.1.2;Agronomic problems associated with the vining pea crop;34
7.1.3;Agronomic problems associated with the combining pea crop;37
7.1.4;Improving research strategy;43
7.1.5;Acknowledgements;44
7.1.6;References;44
7.2;CHAPTER 3. THE NEED FOR IMPROVED PEA-CROP PLANT IDEOTYPES;46
7.2.1;Introduction;46
7.2.2;The crops;47
7.2.3;Conclusions;54
7.2.4;References;55
8;PART III: GENETIC POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVING THE PEA CROP;58
8.1;CHAPTER 4. THE PEA GENOME: A SOURCE OF IMMENSE VARIATION;60
8.1.1;Introduction;60
8.1.2;Course of domestication;60
8.1.3;Classifícation of mutants;62
8.1.4;Gene map;65
8.1.5;Relevance and application of mutants;65
8.1.6;Gene systems;65
8.1.7;Gene banks;66
8.1.8;Exploitation of germplasm;67
8.1.9;References;68
8.2;CHAPTER 5. AN ISOZYME LINKAGE MAP FOR PISUM SATIVUM;70
8.2.1;Introduction;70
8.2.2;Important characteristics of isozymes;70
8.2.3;Isozyme techniques;71
8.2.4;Description of isozyme systems and linkage relationships in pea;72
8.2.5;Analysis of the linkage map;76
8.2.6;Applications to plant breeding;78
8.2.7;Acknowledgements;80
8.2.8;References;80
8.3;CHAPTER 6. THE CONTROL OF FLOWERING AND INTERNODE LENGTH IN PISUM;82
8.3.1;Introduction;82
8.3.2;The major flowering genes;82
8.3.3;Flowering genes and the pea crop;84
8.3.4;Internode length: phenotypic range;87
8.3.5;Genetic control of internode length;88
8.3.6;Action of the length genes;88
8.3.7;Acknowledgements;93
8.3.8;References;93
8.4;CHAPTER 7. CHROMOSOME VARIATION IN PEAS AND ITS USE IN GENETICS AND BREEDING;96
8.4.1;Introduction;96
8.4.2;Chromosome variations deriving from available mutants;96
8.4.3;Use of chromosome variation in genetics and breeding;102
8.4.4;Conclusions;103
8.4.5;Acknowledgement;106
8.4.6;References;106
9;PART IV: STEPS TOWARDS CROP IMPROVEMENT;108
9.1;CHAPTER 8. THE APPLICATION OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRIED PEA CROP PLANTS;110
9.1.1;Introduction;110
9.1.2;The testing of new plant models;110
9.1.3;The development of ideotypes;111
9.1.4;Implications of crop-plant ideotype' to agronomy;118
9.1.5;Conclusions;118
9.1.6;References;119
9.2;CHAPTER 9. EVALUATION OF FIELD-PLOT YIELD ESTIMATES FOR PEA VARIETIES;120
9.2.1;Introduction;120
9.2.2;Trial sites and varieties chosen for study;121
9.2.3;Extent of edge effects in Øyjord plots;121
9.2.4;Improving independent pea-trial evaluation procedure;124
9.2.5;Relative variety yield response between plot types;126
9.2.6;Conclusions;128
9.2.7;Acknowledgements;128
9.2.8;References;128
9.3;CHAPTER 10. BREEDING FOR YIELD IN COMBINING PEAS;130
9.3.1;Introduction;130
9.3.2;Yield factors and ideal pea plant;130
9.3.3;Improving disease resistance;142
9.3.4;References;144
9.4;CHAPTER 11. BREEDING FOR COLD TOLERANCE AND WINTER HARDINESS IN PEA;146
9.4.1;Introduction;146
9.4.2;Materials and methods;146
9.4.3;Results;147
9.4.4;Acknowledgements;150
9.4.5;References;151
10;PART V: CROP GROWTH IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT;152
10.1;CHAPTER 12. MODELS OF GROWTH AND WATER USE OF FIELD PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM L.);154
10.1.1;Introduction;154
10.1.2;Description of the experiments;155
10.1.3;Crop growth;157
10.1.4;Crop water use;159
10.1.5;Water use efficiency;161
10.1.6;Drought response;163
10.1.7;Conclusions;164
10.1.8;References;165
10.2;CHAPTER 13. THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF VINING PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM L.);168
10.2.1;Introduction;168
10.2.2;Soil physical conditions;168
10.2.3;Soil conditions and crop growth;170
10.2.4;Yield and yield components;170
10.2.5;Effects of soil conditions on emergence and plant population;170
10.2.6;Root growth;173
10.2.7;Extraction of water by roots;174
10.2.8;Discussion;174
10.2.9;Acknowledgements;176
10.2.10;References;176
10.3;CHAPTER 14. RESPONSES OF LEAFED AND LEAFLESS PEAS TO SOIL WATERLOGGING;178
10.3.1;Introduction;178
10.3.2;Gaseous content of waterlogged soil;178
10.3.3;Responses of shoots to soil waterlogging;179
10.3.4;Responses by leafless peas;183
10.3.5;Conclusions;186
10.3.6;Acknowledgements;187
10.3.7;References;187
10.4;CHAPTER 15. TEMPERATURE AND PLANT-DENSITY STUDIES WITH VINING PEAS;188
10.4.1;Introduction;188
10.4.2;Temperature and peas;188
10.4.3;Plant density and peas;192
10.4.4;Acknowledgements;198
10.4.5;References;198
10.5;CHAPTER 16. THE POTENTIAL OF PEAS AS A FORAGE IN THE DRYLAND CROPPING ROTATIONS OF WESTERN ASIA;200
10.5.1;Introduction;200
10.5.2;Pea-crop productivity and biological nitrogen fixation;200
10.5.3;The effects of management;202
10.5.4;Rotational effects;204
10.5.5;Acknowledgements;206
10.5.6;References;206
10.6;CHAPTER 17. THE AGRONOMIC EFFECTS OF PEAS IN ROTATION WITH WINTER WHEAT AND OILSEED RAPE—A PROGRESS REPORT;208
10.6.1;Introduction;208
10.6.2;The effect of a preceding crop of peas or oilseed rape on a wheat crop (four trials);209
10.6.3;The effect of a preceding crop of peas or wheat on an oilseed rape crop (two trials);211
10.6.4;Peas in two- and four-year rotations with winter wheat and oilseed rape;214
10.6.5;Conclusions;216
10.6.6;Bibliography;217
11;PART VI: DISEASE, PEST AND WEED CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS;218
11.1;CHAPTER 18. DISEASES OF PEAS: THEIR IMPORTANCE AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE;220
11.1.1;Introduction;220
11.1.2;Abiotic diseases;220
11.1.3;Damping off;221
11.1.4;Bacterial blight;221
11.1.5;Ascochyta diseases;222
11.1.6;Mildew diseases of pea;223
11.1.7;Downy mildew;223
11.1.8;Pea wilt diseases;224
11.1.9;Pea root rots;224
11.1.10;Pea virus diseases;225
11.1.11;Conclusions;227
11.1.12;References;227
11.2;CHAPTER 19. THE WORLD GERMPLASM OF PISUM SATIVUM: COULD IT BE USED MORE EFFECTIVELY TO PRODUCE HEALTHY CROPS?;230
11.2.1;Introduction;230
11.2.2;Sources of breeding material and range of variation;233
11.2.3;Utilization of genotypes in breeding disease-resistant cultivars;234
11.2.4;Pathotype variation;237
11.2.5;Observable resistance reactions present in germplasm;238
11.2.6;Could a knowledge of resistance mechanisms help in the selection of resistant lines?;238
11.2.7;References;241
11.3;CHAPTER 20. INHERITANCE AND EXPRESSION OF RESISTANCE TO ASCOCHYTA PISI;246
11.3.1;Introduction;246
11.3.2;Range of host reactions and symptoms;246
11.3.3;Inheritance of resistance;248
11.3.4;References;251
11.4;CHAPTER 21. BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO ROOT-ROT PATHOGENS OF PEAS;252
11.4.1;Introduction;252
11.4.2;Losses, disease description and occurrence;253
11.4.3;Control measures;253
11.4.4;Physiological specialization;254
11.4.5;Screening technology and breeding strategy;255
11.4.6;Acknowledgements;258
11.4.7;References;259
11.5;CHAPTER 22. INFLUENCE OF PREVIOUS LEGUME CROPS ON ROOT DISEASES IN PEAS AND BEANS;262
11.5.1;Introduction;262
11.5.2;Field plot studies;263
11.5.3;Studies in pots of naturally infested field soils;264
11.5.4;Pathogenicity of fungi in artificially infested soils;266
11.5.5;Conclusions;268
11.5.6;Acknowledgements;269
11.5.7;References;270
11.6;CHAPTER 23. PEA PESTS—EFFECT ON YIELD AND QUALITY AND CONTROL PRACTICES IN THE UK;272
11.6.1;Introduction;272
11.6.2;Conclusions;279
11.6.3;References;280
11.7;CHAPTER 24. HERBICIDES FOR PEAS—PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES IN THE UK;282
11.7.1;Introduction;282
11.7.2;Herbicide principles;282
11.7.3;Herbicide practices;284
11.7.4;New herbicide development;288
11.7.5;Conclusions;289
11.7.6;References;289
12;PART VII: PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES;292
12.1;CHAPTER 25. PHYSIOLOGY OF PEA—A COMPARISON WITH OTHER LEGUMES IN TERMS OF ECONOMY OF CARBON AND NITROGEN IN WHOLE-PLANT AND ORGAN FUNCTIONIN;294
12.1.1;Introduction;294
12.1.2;Partitioning of the carbon of plant photosynthate over the growth cycle;295
12.1.3;Patterns of nitrogen metabolism;298
12.1.4;Sources of nitrogen to developing fruits;299
12.1.5;The carbon supply to developing fruits;301
12.1.6;The photosynthetic contributions of pod wall and seed to the carbon economy of the fruit;303
12.1.7;Economies of water and nitrogen in fruits and their relationships to carbon import by the fruit;306
12.1.8;Fruits as convertors of imported organic solutes into seed reserves;307
12.1.9;References;308
12.2;CHAPTER 26. GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF DIFFERENT PEA PHENOTYPES;312
12.2.1;Introduction;312
12.2.2;Seedling growth and photosynthesis;313
12.2.3;Crop growth studies;315
12.2.4;Discussion;318
12.2.5;Conclusions;319
12.2.6;References;320
12.3;CHAPTER 27. GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND INTERACTIVE COMPONENTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PEAS;322
12.3.1;Introduction;322
12.3.2;Experimental conditions;323
12.3.3;Genetic variability in CER;323
12.3.4;Environmental variability in CER;323
12.3.5;Genetic components of CER;324
12.3.6;Source-sink relationships;326
12.3.7;Subcomponents of CER;327
12.3.8;Discussion;329
12.3.9;References;330
12.4;CHAPTER 28. YIELD COMPONENTS AND PROCESSES OF YIELD PRODUCTION IN VINING PEAS;332
12.4.1;Introduction;332
12.4.2;'Birth' and 'death' processes;332
12.4.3;Conclusion;340
12.4.4;References;340
13;PART VIII: THE PEA FRUIT AND SEED;342
13.1;CHAPTER 29. GENETIC VARIATION FOR PEA-SEED DEVELOPMENT;344
13.1.1;Introduction;344
13.1.2;Patterns of seed growth and development;345
13.1.3;The interaction between the developing testa and embryo;347
13.1.4;Variation for development of the embryo;348
13.1.5;Conclusion;352
13.1.6;References;353
13.2;CHAPTER 30. PEA-FRUIT DEVELOPMENT—A ROLE FOR PLANT HORMONES?;354
13.2.1;Introduction;354
13.2.2;Gibberellins;355
13.2.3;Auxins;357
13.2.4;Cytokinins;358
13.2.5;Abscisic acid;359
13.2.6;Discussion;360
13.2.7;Acknowledgements;361
13.2.8;References;361
13.3;CHAPTER 31. CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION IN DEVELOPING SEEDS;364
13.3.1;Introduction;364
13.3.2;The seed environment;365
13.3.3;Gas exchange of seeds;365
13.3.4;Carboxylase enzymes;366
13.3.5;Fixation products and their fates;367
13.3.6;Conclusions;371
13.3.7;References;372
13.4;CHAPTER 32. VARIATION IN PEA-SEED STORAGE PROTEINS;374
13.4.1;Introduction;374
13.4.2;The structure of pea-seed storage proteins;374
13.4.3;Biosynthesis of the proteins;376
13.4.4;Variation in storage-protein structure;377
13.4.5;Chromosomal localization of storage-protein genes;378
13.4.6;Variation in the relative proportions of the storage proteins;378
13.4.7;The significance of variation in storage proteins;380
13.4.8;Acknowledgements;381
13.4.9;References;381
13.4.10;Note added in proof;383
13.5;CHAPTER 33. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS OF VARIATION IN PROTEIN CONTENT OF PEAS;384
13.5.1;Introduction;384
13.5.2;Methodology;384
13.5.3;Within-genotype variation;384
13.5.4;Genotype, environment and genotype;386
13.5.5;Variation between genotypes;389
13.5.6;Genetics of protein content;391
13.5.7;The protein content of leafless peas;393
13.5.8;Conclusions;393
13.5.9;References;395
13.6;CHAPTER 34. IMPAIRED MEMBRANE INTEGRITY—A FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE OF SEED-QUALITY DIFFERENCES IN PEAS;398
13.6.1;Introduction;398
13.6.2;Physiology of ageing and seed quality;399
13.6.3;The role of membranes in ageing;401
13.6.4;Imbibition damage and seed vigour;402
13.6.5;Nature of imbibition damage;404
13.6.6;Interaction of imbibition damage and ageing;405
13.6.7;Conclusions;406
13.6.8;Acknowledgements;408
13.6.9;References;408
14;PART IX: Rhizobium;410
14.1;CHAPTER 35. RHIZOBIUM GENETICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS;412
14.1.1;Introduction;412
14.1.2;Host-plant gene functions within the nodule;412
14.1.3;Bacterial gene functions expressed within the root nodule;413
14.1.4;The Rhizobium chromosome and plasmids;414
14.1.5;Transposon mutagenesis;415
14.1.6;Fine-scale analysis of symbiotic genes;415
14.1.7;A basis for improvement?;416
14.1.8;Conclusions;417
14.1.9;References;417
14.2;CHAPTER 36. STRAIN DIVERSITY OF RHIZOBIUM NODULATING THE PEA CROP;420
14.2.1;Introduction;420
14.2.2;Can gene exchange occur between R. leguminosarum and other species?;423
14.2.3;Some new evidence on the structure of a Rhizobium population;423
14.2.4;Conclusions;425
14.2.5;References;426
14.3;CHAPTER 37. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NEMATODES AND RHIZOBIUM IN RELATION TO ROOT NODULATION OF PEA PLANTS;428
14.3.1;Introduction;428
14.3.2;Nematode parasitism of peas;428
14.3.3;Effect of nematodes on nodulation of legumes;429
14.3.4;Effect of nematodes on the apparent quantity of nodules;430
14.3.5;Distribution of nodules on nematode-infested plants;431
14.3.6;Discussion;433
14.3.7;Acknowledgements;434
14.3.8;References;434
14.4;CHAPTER 38. NITROGEN FIXATION BY PEAS AND THEIR EFFECT ON SOIL FERTILITY;436
14.4.1;Factors influencing nitrogen flxation;436
14.4.2;The influence of peas on soil fertility;442
14.4.3;Conclusions;443
14.4.4;References;444
15;PART X: Utilization;446
15.1;CHAPTER 39. VINING PEAS—PROCESSING AND MARKETING;448
15.1.1;Introduction;448
15.1.2;Processing;448
15.1.3;Marketing;454
15.2;CHAPTER 40. COMBINING PEAS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION;456
15.2.1;Introduction;456
15.2.2;Peas as a whole food;456
15.2.3;Peas as a source of food ingredients;459
15.2.4;Conclusion;465
15.2.5;Acknowledgement;465
15.2.6;References;466
15.3;CHAPTER 41. COMBINING PEAS FOR ANIMAL FEED;468
15.3.1;Introduction;468
15.3.2;Composition of peas;468
15.3.3;Feeding value of peas;470
15.3.4;Peas in animal diets;471
15.3.5;Conclusion;475
15.3.6;Acknowledgements;475
15.3.7;References;475
15.4;CHAPTER 42. DRIED PEAS—MARKETING AND EEC POLICY;478
15.4.1;Introduction;478
15.4.2;Possible rotational changes;478
15.4.3;Marketing combining peas;479
15.4.4;Rotational profitability;479
15.4.5;CAP support—the requirement for peas and beans;482
15.4.6;Crop forecast—dried peas in the EEC;482
15.4.7;Conclusion;483
16;LIST OF PARTICIPANTS;484
17;INDEX;490