Houze Jr. Cloud Dynamics

2. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-08-092146-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 104, 496 Seiten

Reihe: International Geophysics

As models of the Earth/atmosphere system and observations become ever more sophisticated, and concerns about climate change and societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital. Cloud Dynamics, Second Edition provides the essential information needed to understand how clouds affect climate and weather. This comprehensive book examines the underlying physics and dynamics of every specific type of cloud that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere, showing how clouds differ dynamically depending on whether they occur over oceans or mountains, or as parts of atmospheric storms, such as thunderstorms, tropical cyclones, or warm and cold fronts. Covering both the microphysical and macrophysical aspects of clouds, the book treats all of the physical scales involved in cloud processes, from the microscale of the individual drops and ice particles up to scales of storms in which the clouds occur. As observational technology advances with increasingly sophisticated remote sensing capabilities, detailed understanding of how the dynamics and physics of clouds affect the quantities being measured is of paramount importance. This book underpins the work necessary for proper interpretation of these observations, now and in the future. - Provides the holistic understanding of clouds needed to pursue research on topics vital to life on Earth - Provides in-depth understanding of all types of clouds over all regions of Earth, from the poles to the equator - Includes detailed physical and dynamical insight into the entire spectrum of clouds populating Earth's atmosphere

Professor Houze received his B.S. in Meteorology from Texas A&M University in 1967. He received his Master's and Ph.D. degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He joined the faculty of the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington in 1972. In 1988-89 he was Guest Professor in the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich. In 1996 he was Houghton Lecturer at the Center for Meteorology and Physical Oceanography at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2006 he was Thompson Lecturer at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. He has published about 200 research articles and has written a graduate textbook entitled Cloud Dynamics. In 1982, Professor Houze was awarded both the American Meteorological Society's Clarence Leroy Meisinger Award for his research and the Society's Editor's award for his reviews of papers for the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. In 1984, he was elected a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society. In 1989 he won the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories' Distinguished Author's Award. In 2002, he was designated as a 'Highly Cited Researcher” by the Institute of Scientific Information (h-index 56). In 2006, Professor Houze received the American Meteorological Society's Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, which is the highest honor that the Society can bestow on an atmospheric scientist. In 2012 he was elected a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and he delivered the Bjerknes Memorial Lecture at the American Geophysical Union's 2012 annual meeting. In 2013 he will be inducted as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for his fundamental research on cloud dynamics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Houze Jr., Robert A.

Leseproben

List of Symbols
Robert A. Houze, Jr.  an area  an arbitrary variable # turbulent deviation from rr c in microphysics, autoconversion of cloud water to rain; in convective clouds, the amount of condensate deposited in the portion of anvil cloud attached to the convective region of a mesoscale convective system s amount of condensate deposited in the portion of anvil cloud attached to the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system c value of a variable in a cloud e value of a variable in the environment of a cloud m effective cross sectional area swept out by a particle of mass T total area covered by rain in a given region X x-gradient of nondimensional pressure perturbation Z contribution to z-gradient of nondimensional pressure perturbation by advection and turbulence BL value of ¯ in a well mixed boundary layer SFC value of ¯ at the sea surface. o,Bo positive constants in the expression for the radiative flux divergence in an ice-cloud outflow from cumulonimbus ˆ,Bˆ,Cˆ constants Er total area covered by echoes within an annular range ring centered at range Rt area covered by rain with rates exceeding t Zer area covered by echoes within an annular range ring centered at range r with reflectivity between e and e+dZe Ac/?tS rate of change of c that would occur if a parcel were not exchanging mass with the environment  expansion coefficient  a positive constant  proportionality constant relating tangential velocity to radius in the inner region of a Rankine vortex H half-width of a mountain ridge I constant in the expression for I o,a1,b1,a2,b2 coefficients in the Fourier decomposition of the mean radar radial velocity T autoconversion threshold ˆ 2sLV?LRvT ~,b~,a~1,b~1,a~2,b~2 positive constants in empirical formulas relating radar reflectivity to rainfall rate, rainwater mixing ratio, and precipitation particle fall speed  specific volume -1 a azimuth angle (measured clockwise from the north) toward which radar beam is pointing e elevation angle of radar beam i proportionality factor relating the volume of a polyhedron to that of an inscribed sphere o adjustable parameter relating sensible heat fluxes at cloud base to those at cloud top ? an empirical constant determined in laboratory experiments on turbulent elements ~ proportionality constant in formula for autoconversion ˆ,߈ constants  creation (destruction) of eddy kinetic energy by thermally direct (indirect) flow perturbations  buoyancy T u¯??¯a?x+w¯??¯a?z X x-gradient of apparent potential temperature perturbation ? blackbody monochromatic irradiance.  buoyancy pressure gradient acceleration  proportionality constant relating tangential velocity to inverse radius in the outer region of a Rankine vortex  In Chapter 7, b represents the radius of a turbulent element; in Chapter 11, it is defined as the quantity /?ˆ; in other contexts it is simply a positive constant ˆ 3ivHmsMw4p?LMs i proportionality factor relating the surface area of a polyhedron to that of an inscribed sphere T proportionality factor in the expression for the eddy flux of cloud virtual potential temperature  rate at which is created by conversion from mean-flow kinetic energy, when down gradient eddy-flux momentum fluxes occur  rate of condensation of vapor A empirical coefficient in the bulk aerodynamic formula for surface flux of c condensation of cloud water D drag coefficient d deposition rate cu condensation in convective updrafts su condensation in stratiform updraft of a mesoscale convective system T transport of condensate from convective to stratiform region in a mesoscale convective system gr group velocity in the radial direction ?r group velocity in the azimuthal direction R a constant depending on the characteristics of a particular set of radar equipment S empirical coefficient in the bulk aerodynamic formula for surface flux of =cpln?  convective available potential energy  convective inhibition ~ shape factor analogous to electrical capacitance  one-half the horizontal convergence in a one or two cell vortex  phase speed in discussing waves; in other contexts it is simply a positive constant o speed of light p specific heat of dry air at constant pressure s specific heat at constant pressure of soil v specific heat of dry air at constant volume w specific heat of water ˆ specific heat of a homogeneous fluid  particle diameter  domain of radar...