Hovda The Controversy over the Lord’s Supper in Danzig 1561–1567

Presence and Practice – Theology and Confessional Policy
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-647-55275-0
Verlag: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 0 - No protection

E-Book, Englisch, Band Band 039, 317 Seiten

Reihe: Refo500 Academic Studies (R5AS)

In 1561, a Eucharistic controversy erupted in Danzig of the sixteenth century, sparked by disagreements on the real presence and the practical treatment of the Eucharistic elements. It was one of many inner-Lutheran struggles over the Lord's Supper in the years following the Reformation and therefore Björn Ole Hovda supplements the scientific studies on that topic. Different understandings of the presence of Christ during the Lord's Supper formed different religious norms of practice. On the one hand, the controversy is here analyzed as a discussion on doctrine between opposing ecclesiastical factions, set in the context of reformatory theology and liturgical practice. The theological discussions had important practical and cultic implications. One the other hand - and in contrast with the most of earlier works - the study seeks to treat with equal seriousness the wider societal and political aspects of the controversy. Hovda shows how deeply embedded the Eucharist was within broader discourses of culture, society and politics. Far from being just an abstruse ecclesiastical matter, it was a question of great sociopolitical interest and potency. The Eucharist served both as the prime symbol of Christian unity, as well as a confessional border stone between rivaling groups.Other important aspects of this wider analysis are tensions between the ordained ministry and the city council regarding authority, internal social tensions within the city, as well as the strategic interests of the city in its relations to the Polish crown, the Hanseatic league and the emerging new trading powers, among others.Through a close study of one particular controversy, light is cast on a variety of issues with relevance to the broader field of Reformation studies, especially concerning the centrality of the Eucharist.

Bjørn Ole Hovda received his doctoral degree in 2014.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hovda, Bjørn Ole

Weitere Mitwirkende

Selderhuis, Herman J.

Frank, Günter

Gordon, Bruce

Soen, Violet

Mahlmann-Bauer, Barbara

Rasmussen, Tarald

Tóth, Zsombor

Wassilowsky, Günther

Westphal, Siegrid

Whitford, David M.

Fachgebiete

• Geisteswissenschaften Christentum, Christliche Theologie Systematische Theologie
• Geisteswissenschaften Christentum, Christliche Theologie Christliche Kirchen, Konfessionen, Denominationen Protestantismus, evangelische und protestantische Kirchen
• Geisteswissenschaften Christentum, Christliche Theologie Kirchengeschichte

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Title Page;4
2;Copyright;5
3;Preface;6
4;Body;14
5;1. Introduction;14
5.1;1.1 A Very Brief Introduction to the Controversy;14
5.2;1.2 Approach and Perspectives;16
5.2.1;1.2.1 Structure;17
5.2.2;1.2.2 The Theological Context;17
5.2.3;1.2.3 Ritual as Symbolization of Confessional Adherence;18
5.2.4;1.2.4 Confessionalization;19
5.2.5;1.2.5 Culture;20
5.3;1.3 Sources and Method;23
5.4;1.4 Detailed Narrative of the Controversy in Danzig 1561–1567;28
5.5;1.5. Introduction to the Ecclesiastical Context;37
5.5.1;1.5.1 Theological Divergence in Wittenberg;37
5.5.1.1;1.5.1.1 Christology and Eucharistic Real Presence;37
5.5.1.2;1.5.1.2 Is there a Consecration?;41
5.5.1.3;1.5.1.3 The Doctrine of Extra usum;43
5.5.1.4;1.5.1.4 Diverging Norms of Liturgical Practice;44
5.5.2;1.5.2 Tensions and Controversies after the Death of Luther;47
5.5.2.1;1.5.2.1 The Interim and the Controversy over “Adiaphora”;48
5.5.2.2;1.5.2.2 The second great Eucharistic controversy and its local manifestations;50
5.5.2.3;1.5.2.3 The Spectrum of Lutherans;53
5.5.2.4;1.5.2.4 Attempts at Doctrinal Concord;56
5.5.2.5;1.5.2.5 The Legacy of the Lutheran Eucharistic Practice;57
5.6;1.6 The History of Danzig;59
5.6.1;1.6.1 Danzig: A City of Royal Prussia under the Polish Crown;59
5.6.2;1.6.2 Introduction to the Local Reformation;62
5.6.2.1;1.6.2.1 Upheaval and Royal Intervention;62
5.6.2.2;1.6.2.2 A Cautious Council Reformation against the Will of the Crown;65
5.6.2.3;1.6.2.3 A more Tolerant Monarch;67
5.6.3;1.6.3 Inner-Protestant Tensions and Controversies;68
5.6.4;1.6.4 The Counter-Reformation;71
6;2. The Sources in Light of the Ecclesiastical Context;74
6.1;2.1 The Neuberian Confession of 1561;74
6.1.1; 2.1.1 Introduction with a Summary;74
6.1.2;2.1.2 The Word of God is “Guideline and Rule”;75
6.1.3;2.1.3 The Doctrine of Extra usum as the Core of the Controversy;76
6.1.4;2.1.4 The Essential Parts of the Sacrament are “Concurrent Causes”;76
6.1.5;2.1.5 The Aristotelian Doctrine of Causes;77
6.1.6;2.1.6 No Consecration by the Uttering of the Words;82
6.1.7;2.1.7 Proper Doctrine Purifies Practice;85
6.1.8;2.1.8 Signs or Means?;86
6.1.9;2.1.9 Temporal and Ecclesiastical Authorities;87
6.1.10;2.1.10 Confessional Adherence;88
6.2;2.2 The Sperberian Confession of 1561;90
6.2.1;2.2.1 Introduction with a Summary;90
6.2.2;2.2.2 Verba Consecrationis;90
6.2.3;2.2.3 Corporeal Eating with the Mouth;93
6.2.4;2.2.4 Extra Usum;94
6.2.5;2.2.5 Practical Implications;94
6.2.6;2.2.6 “Alle Reverentz, so im Hertzen ist, heraus scheine”;96
6.2.7;2.2.7 “Die Obrigkeit”;97
6.2.8;2.2.8 Confessional Adherence;99
6.3;2.3 Die Notel: The Confession of the City Council, 1562;101
6.3.1;2.3.1 Introduction;101
6.3.2;2.3.2 A Summary of the 13 Articles;102
6.3.3;2.3.3 Preserving Unity;104
6.3.4;2.3.4 No Consecration by the Uttering of the Words of Institution;106
6.3.5;2.3.5 Real Presence with Bread and Wine during Distribution;109
6.3.6;2.3.6 Norms of Practice;111
6.3.7;2.3.7 Purpose and Benefits of the Eucharist;114
6.3.8;2.3.8 An Effort at Compromise;115
6.3.9;2.3.9 Confessional Adherence;116
6.3.10;2.3.10 The Confession of Danzig and the Latest Lutheran Confessions;116
6.3.10.1;2.3.10.1 The Frankfurt Recess (1558);117
6.3.10.2;2.3.10.2 Weimar-Saxon Confutation (1558–1559);117
6.3.10.3;2.3.10.3 The Naumburg Repetition (1561);118
6.3.10.4;2.3.10.4 Comparison with Die Notel;119
6.4;2.4 The Judgment of the University of Wittenberg;120
6.4.1;2.4.1 Full Approval;120
6.5;2.5 Von den Zwispaltungen: The Judgment of Superintendent Johannes Wigand;121
6.5.1;2.5.1 Introduction;121
6.5.2;2.5.2 “The Command of Christ has a Particular Power and Quality”;123
6.5.3;2.5.3 The Order of Nature;123
6.5.4;2.5.4 The Work of God and the Work of Man Should Not be Confused;124
6.5.5;2.5.5 The Presence Arises Before Consumption, But Does Not Last if it is Stored;124
6.5.6;2.5.6 What Should Be Done in Danzig?;125
6.6;2.6 Widerlegung der Notel: The Sperberian Refutation, 1567;126
6.6.1;2.6.1 Introduction;126
6.6.2;2.6.2 The Preface of the Ministers in Mansfeld;127
6.6.2.1;2.6.2.1 Against the “subtle Sacramentarians”;127
6.6.3;2.6.3 Morgenstern's Preface to the Burgomasters and Council of Thorn;129
6.6.3.1;2.6.3.1 Responding to the Critique of his Actions;130
6.6.3.2;2.6.3.2 The Course of Events according to Morgenstern;130
6.6.3.3;2.6.3.3 The Order of Nature and Eucharistic Adoration;132
6.6.4;2.6.4 The Introduction of the Refutation;133
6.6.5;2.6.5 The Acceptance of the Notel was a Grave Sin;136
6.6.5.1;2.6.5.1 An Ambiguous Doctrine;136
6.6.5.2;2.6.5.2 The Regiment of the World should not Govern the Regiment of the Church;137
6.6.6;2.6.6 The Essence Comes Before the Use;140
6.6.7;2.6.7 The Powerful Words of Consecration;140
6.6.8;2.6.8 The Essential Parts of the Sacrament;142
6.6.9;2.6.9 Causality and the Order of Nature;142
6.6.10;2.6.10 The Relationship of the Elements to the Body and Blood of Christ;143
6.6.11;2.6.11 Corporeal Eating;145
6.6.12;2.6.12 Extra usum;146
6.6.13;2.6.13 Adoration;147
6.6.14;2.6.14 Means of Grace;149
6.7;2.7 Apologia: The Neuberian Apologia, 1567;150
6.7.1;2.7.1 Introduction;150
6.7.2;2.7.2 Supplication to the Council;151
6.7.3;2.7.3 The Neuberian Narrative of the Controversy;152
6.7.4;2.7.4 The Core and Origin of the Controversy: “vnnötige zanck”, “fremde zanck”;153
6.7.5;2.7.5 “Extra Usum” and “Reliquia”;154
6.7.6;2.7.6 The Three Essential Parts and the Four Principal Causes of a Sacrament;155
6.7.7;2.7.7 No “Absolute Consecration”;157
6.7.8;2.7.8 Doctrine Against “Abgötterey vnd Absurda”;158
6.7.9;2.7.9 Adoration: “eine schreckliche Abgötterey”;161
6.7.10;2.7.10 What Did Sperberians and Neuberians Mean by the Term “Adoration”?;163
6.7.11;2.7.11 Confessional Adherence;166
6.7.12;2.7.12 Critique of Morgenstern's “Commonplaces” and his “Dialectics”;169
6.7.13;2.7.13 The Ministerial Office;170
6.7.13.1;2.7.13.1 The Titles and Differentiation of the Clergy;170
6.7.13.2;2.7.13.2 “The greatest treasure of the Son of God” secures “pure perception of our Lord.”;172
6.7.13.3;2.7.13.3 Christ is not present “immediate”;172
6.7.13.4;2.7.13.4 The Minister is not a “Maker of the Sacrament”; He is a Tool only;173
6.7.13.5;2.7.13.5 The Office is Attacked by Crypto-Papists, Simple-minded Commoners, and Especially Woman;174
7;3. The Sacrament of the Altar in a City Context;176
7.1;3.1 Introduction;176
7.2;3.2 The Lord's Supper as the Source of Community;177
7.3;3.3 The Sacrament as a Confessional Marker;182
7.4;3.4 The City Council and the Sacrament;188
7.5;3.5 The Sacrament and the Authority of the Ecclesiastical Office;192
7.5.1;3.5.1 Introduction;192
7.5.2;3.5.2 The Competence of the Ministry in Relation to Secular Powers;193
7.5.3;3.5.3 The Power of the Word and the Status of the Ministers;196
7.5.4;3.5.4 Sacramental Symbolization of Immanence and Instrumentality;200
7.6;3.6 Sacramental Policy in the Context of Trade, Foreign Relations, and Cultural Influence;203
7.6.1;3.6.1 Introduction;203
7.6.2;3.6.2 Confessional Adherence and Foreign Relations;204
7.6.3;3.6.3 The Hanseatic League;206
7.6.4;3.6.4 The Emerging Powers;209
7.6.4.1;3.6.4.1 England;209
7.6.4.2;3.6.4.2 The Dutch;212
7.6.5;3.6.5 Der Artushof: The Meeting Place for Merchants in Danzig;215
7.6.6;3.6.6 The Sacramental Policy of Danzig and its Trade-Based Foreign Relations;218
7.7;3.7 Sociopolitical Tensions and the Sacramental Controversy;220
7.7.1;3.7.1 Social Stratification;220
7.7.2;3.7.2 The Early Attempt at Reformation as a Sociopolitical Rebellion;222
7.7.3;3.7.3 Correlation between Confessional Adherence and Sociopolitical Status;223
7.7.4;3.7.4 Civic Tensions and the Polish Crown;225
7.7.5;3.7.5 The Sacramental Controversy and Sociopolitical Tensions;227
7.8;3.8 The Struggle for Autonomy: Danzig in Relation to Royal Prussia, the Nobility, and the Crown;229
7.8.1;3.8.1 Reformation and Confessionalization in the Polish Kingdom;229
7.8.2;3.8.2 Danzig and the Reforms of Execution;231
7.8.3;3.8.3 Danzig: Confessionalization and the Struggle for Autonomy;232
7.8.4;3.8.4 The Sacramental Controversy, Confessionalization and Civic Autonomy;236
8;4. The Controversy and the Development of Lutheranism;240
8.1;4.1 One Eucharistic Controversy among Many;240
8.2;4.2 Danzig and the Influential Saliger Controversy, 1568–1574;240
8.3;4.3 The Saliger Controversy and the Formula of Concord;245
8.4;4.4 Consecration, Extra usum and Adoration in the Formula of Concord;246
8.5;4.5 The Fate of the Extra usum-doctrine and Eucharistic Practice;249
8.5.1;4.5.1 The Extension of the Real Presence;249
8.5.2;4.5.2 Lutheran Eucharistic adoration;252
8.5.2.1;4.5.2.1 Georg III of Anhalt-Dessau;252
8.5.2.2;4.5.2.2 Andreas Musculus;252
8.5.2.3;4.5.2.3 Joachim Westphal;253
8.5.2.4;4.5.2.4 Martin Chemnitz;254
8.5.3;4.5.3 The Elevation in Lutheran Church Orders;258
8.5.4;4.5.4 Lutheran Theologians Condemning Eucharistic Adoration;261
8.5.5;4.5.5 The Abolition of Adoration and Elevation;262
9;5. Conclusion;264
9.1;5.1 “Worse than the Papists”: Ritual and the Dynamics of Confessional Struggle;264
9.2;5.2 The Power of “Magical Words”;269
9.3;5.3 The Real Presence: From Doxa to Doctrina?;271
10;6. Excursus: The Black Rubric;274
10.1;6.1 The Relevance of the Black Rubric;274
10.2;6.2 The Declaration on Kneeling in the Second Book of Common Prayer (1552);275
10.3;6.3 The View of “Ceremonies” in the Prayer Book;281
10.4;6.4 Elizabeth's Removal of the Black Rubric in 1559 and the Further Controversy;282
10.5;6.5 The Reintroduction of the Black Rubric in the 17th century;286
11;Abbreviations;290
12;Bibliography;292
12.1;Primary Sources;292
12.2;Secondary Sources;296
13;Index of Subjects;310
14;Index of Persons;316

Über Autor(innen)

Soen, Violet
Dr. Violet Soen is assistant professor of Early Modern History at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.

Hovda, Bjørn Ole
Bjørn Ole Hovda received his doctoral degree in 2014 Oslo and is connected to the Faculty of Theology at University of Oslo.

Selderhuis, Herman J.
Dr. theol. Herman J. Selderhuis ist Professor für Kirchengeschichte an der Theologischen Universität Apeldoorn, Direktor von Refo500, Wissenschaftlicher Kurator der Johannes a Lasco Bibliothek sowie Präsident des Internationalen Calvinkongresses.