Pocket Commentary
E-Book, Englisch, 470 Seiten, Format (B × H): 125 mm x 195 mm
ISBN: 978-3-86653-902-0
Verlag: Otto Schmidt
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Kein
This book provides an article-by-article commentary which explains the underlying concepts and suggests solutions for problems that have arisen or may arise in the application of the Regulation.
The book is the first volume of the new s.elp series of Pocket Commentaries on European Regulations and International Conventions in the area of conflict of laws. The series is meant to provide a first reference to the legal texts covered.
This book
- introduces the basic concepts of the Rome II Regulation
- offers immediate insight into the problems arising in the application of the Regulation
- provides a coherent article-by-article commentary
- assists in updating your knowledge with ease
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Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;8
2;Table of Content;10
3;Books Cited inAbbreviated Form;12
4;Journals Cited inAbbreviated Form;16
5;THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION;20
6;Introduction;43
6.1;I. Part of an Integrated System;43
6.2;II. Genesis;44
7; Chapter I Scope;47
7.1;Article 1 Scope;47
7.1.1;A. General Outline;49
7.1.2;B. Requirements for Application: Art. 1(1);50
7.1.2.1;I. Civil and Commercial Matters;50
7.1.2.2;II. Non-contractual Obligations;55
7.1.2.2.1;1. General Definition;55
7.1.2.2.2;2. Concurrent Liability;56
7.1.2.2.3;3. Culpa in Contrahendo;56
7.1.2.2.4;4. Questions of Agency: Falsus Procurator and Apparent Authority;57
7.1.2.2.5;5. Property Law, or Rei Vindicatio;58
7.1.2.2.6;6. Actio Pauliana;60
7.1.2.2.7;7. Collective Claims, or Suits Brought by Consumer Protection Associations;61
7.1.2.2.8;8. Prize Notifications;62
7.1.2.2.9;9. Restitution as a Consequence of a Void Contract;62
7.1.2.3;III. Situations Involving a Conflict of Laws;63
7.1.3;C. Specified Exclusions: Art. 1(2);63
7.1.3.1;I. Family Relationships: Art. 1(2)(a);63
7.1.3.2;II. Matrimonial Property Regimes, Wills, Succession: Art. 1(2)(b);65
7.1.3.3;III. Negotiable Financial Instruments: Art. 1(2)(c);66
7.1.3.4;IV. Company Law: Art. 1(2)(d);67
7.1.3.5;V. Trusts: Art. 1(2)(e);69
7.1.3.6;VI. Nuclear Damage: Art. 1(2)(f);71
7.1.3.7;VII. Privacy and Rights Relating to Personality: Art. 1(2)(g);72
7.1.4;D. Evidence and Procedure: Art. 1(3);75
7.1.4.1;I. Distinction between Procedural and Substantive Matters;75
7.1.4.2;II. Application of Foreign Law;76
7.1.5;E. Exclusion of Denmark: Art. 1(4);77
7.2;Article 2 Non-contractual obligations;78
7.2.1;A. Overview;78
7.2.2;B. Material Scope: Future Obligations and Declaratory Actions;79
7.2.3;C. Definitions;80
7.2.3.1;I. Art. 2(1): ‘‘Damage’’ Refers to ‘‘Any Consequence’’;80
7.2.3.2;II. Art. 2(3): ‘‘Damage’’ and ‘‘Event Giving Rise to Damage’’ Include Damages and Events That Are Likely to Occur;81
7.3;Article 3 Universal application;81
8;Chapter II Torts/Delicts;83
8.1;Article 4 General Rule;83
8.1.1;A. Scope and Structure;84
8.1.1.1;I. Torts/Delicts;84
8.1.1.1.1;1. General Definition;84
8.1.1.1.2;2. Distruction between Torst and Unjust Enrichment;85
8.1.1.1.3;3. Distruction between Tort Property Law;86
8.1.1.1.4;4. Concurrent Liability;86
8.1.1.2;II. Structure of the Rules on Torts/Delicts;86
8.1.1.3;III. Structure of Chapter II;87
8.1.1.4;IV. Structure of Art. 4;88
8.1.2;B. Art. 4&klammspace;(1): General Rule: Lex Loci Damni89
8.1.2.1;I. General;89
8.1.2.2;II. Direct and Consequential Damage;91
8.1.2.2.1;1. General;91
8.1.2.2.2;2. Personal Injury and Damage to Property;92
8.1.2.2.3;3. Purely Economic Loss;95
8.1.2.3;III. Damage in Different Countries;107
8.1.2.4;IV. A Nonexistent or Indeterminable Lex Loci Damni;110
8.1.3;C. Art. 4(2): Common Habitual Residence Lex Domicilii Communis;111
8.1.3.1;I. General;111
8.1.3.2;II. Prerequisites;112
8.1.3.2.1;1. . . . The Parties Both . . .;112
8.1.3.2.2;2. . . . Have Their Habitual Residence . . .;115
8.1.3.2.3;3. . . . In the Same Country . . .;116
8.1.3.2.4;4. . . . At the Time the Damage Occurs . . .;118
8.1.4;D. Art. 4(3): Escape Clause/Manifestly Closer Connection;118
8.1.4.1;I. General;118
8.1.4.2;II. Preexisting Relationship;120
8.1.4.2.1;1. General;120
8.1.4.2.2;2. Contractual Relationship;121
8.1.4.2.3;3. Non-Contractual Legal Relationship;122
8.1.4.2.4;4. Factual Relationship;123
8.1.5;E. Particular Cases;123
8.1.5.1;I. Traffic Accidents;123
8.1.5.2;II. Internet Torts;124
8.1.5.3;III. Collision of Ships or Airplanes;125
8.1.5.4;IV. Torts/Delicts onboard a Ship or Airplane;126
8.1.5.5;V. Damage to Res in Transitu;127
8.1.5.6;VI. Damage to Third Parties;129
8.1.5.7;VII. Collective Claims, or Suits Brought by Consumer Protection Associations;131
8.2;Article 5 Product liability;132
8.2.1;A. Overview;133
8.2.1.1;I. Legislative History;133
8.2.1.2;II. Structure;135
8.2.1.3;III. Relationship with the 1973 Hague Convention;137
8.2.2;B. Scope;140
8.2.2.1;I. Material Scope;140
8.2.2.1.1;1. Non-Contractual Liability for Damage Caused by a Defective Product;140
8.2.2.1.2;2. Relationship with Other Provisions of the Regulation;142
8.2.2.1.3;3. Relationship with the E-Commerce Directive;143
8.2.2.2;II. Personal Scope;145
8.2.2.3;III. Territorial Scope;146
8.2.3;C. Determination of the Applicable Law;146
8.2.3.1;I. Ladder of Connections;146
8.2.3.1.1;1. Choice of Law;146
8.2.3.1.2;2. Common Habitual Residence;146
8.2.3.1.3;3. The Cascade of Art. 5(1)1 lit. a to c;146
8.2.3.1.4;4. Foreseeability Defence;156
8.2.3.1.5;5. Escape Clause;158
8.2.4;D. Burden of Proof;159
8.2.5;E. Jurisdiction Issues;159
8.3;Article 6 Unfair competition and acts restricting free competition;161
8.3.1;A. Overview;163
8.3.2;B. Unfair Competition;164
8.3.2.1;I. Structure and Relationship between Art. 6(1) and 6&klammspace;(2);1648.3.2.2;II. Scope166
8.3.2.2.1;1. Material Scope;166
8.3.2.2.2;2. Personal Scope;182
8.3.2.2.3;3. Territorial Scope;183
8.3.2.3;III. Determination of the Applicable Law;183
8.3.2.3.1;1. Market-Related Acts;183
8.3.2.3.2;2. Competitor-Related Acts;192
8.3.2.3.3;3. Multi-State Acts;193
8.3.3;C. Acts Restricting Free Competition;196
8.3.3.1;I. Legislative History and Background;196
8.3.3.2;II. Scope;198
8.3.3.2.1;1. Material Scope;198
8.3.3.2.2;2. Personal Scope;202
8.3.3.2.3;3. Territorial Scope;203
8.3.3.3;III. Structure;204
8.3.3.4;IV. Operation;205
8.3.3.4.1;1. Follow-On Actions;205
8.3.3.4.2;2. Stand-Alone Actions;206
8.3.3.5;V. Determination of the Applicable Law;207
8.3.3.5.1;1. General Rule;207
8.3.3.5.2;2. Multi-State and Multi-Party Constellations;214
8.4;Article 7 Environmental damage;221
8.4.1;A. Introduction;221
8.4.2;B. Justification of the Principle of Ubiquity and the Victim’s Option to Choose the Law of the Place of Conduct;223
8.4.2.1;I. Basic Rule;223
8.4.2.2;II. Criticism;224
8.4.2.3;III. Principle of Prevention;226
8.4.3;C. Content of the Provision;227
8.4.3.1;I. Civil and Commercial Matters;227
8.4.3.2;II. Environmental Damage et al.;230
8.4.3.3;III. Reference to the General Rule in Art. 4(1);233
8.4.3.4;IV. The Victim’s Right to Choose the Law of the Place of Conduct;234
8.4.3.5;V. Scope of the Applicable Law;235
8.4.4;D. Rules of Safety and Conduct (Art. 17);236
8.4.5;E. Excluded from the Scope: Nuclear Damage;239
8.4.6;F. Other Instruments;242
8.4.6.1;I. Directive 2004/35/EC;242
8.4.6.2;II. International Conventions;243
8.5;Article 8 Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights;245
8.5.1;A. Overview;246
8.5.1.1;I. Legislative History and Background;246
8.5.1.2;II. Structure;247
8.5.2;B. Scope of the Conflict Rule;250
8.5.2.1;I. Material Scope;250
8.5.2.1.1;1. Intellectual Property Rights;250
8.5.2.1.2;2. Relevant Act;253
8.5.2.1.3;3. Comprehensive Coverage;253
8.5.2.1.4;4. Relationship with Other Conflict Rules of the Regulation;254
8.5.2.1.5;5. Relationship with Conflict Rules in Other EU Regulations;254
8.5.2.1.6;6. Relationship with EU Primary Law;256
8.5.2.1.7;7. Relationship with International Conventions;256
8.5.2.2;II. Personal Scope;257
8.5.2.3;III. Territorial Scope;257
8.5.3;C. Determination of the Applicable Law;257
8.5.3.1;I. Operation and Interplay with Unitary Community Instruments;257
8.5.3.2;II. Different Connecting Factors;260
8.5.3.2.1;1. The General (External) Conflict Rule (Art. 8(1));260
8.5.3.2.2;2. The Special (Internal) Conflict Rule (Art. 8(2));264
8.5.3.2.3;3. Escape Clause and Choice of Law;267
8.5.3.3;III. Scope of the Applicable Law;270
8.5.3.3.1;1. General Considerations;270
8.5.3.3.2;2. Unlawful and Lawful Acts;275
8.5.3.3.3;3. Contractual versus Non-Contractual Obligations;276
8.5.4;D. Jurisdiction Issues;277
8.6;Article 9 Industrial action;278
8.6.1;A. Introductory Issues;279
8.6.1.1;I. Legislative History;279
8.6.1.2;II. Background;280
8.6.1.2.1;III. Policy Issues;282
8.6.1.3;IV. Structure;284
8.6.2;B. Scope of the Conflict Rule;285
8.6.2.1;I. Material Scope;285
8.6.2.1.1;1. The Concept of Industrial Action;285
8.6.2.1.2;2. Limitation to Tort/Delict;288
8.6.2.1.3;3. Non-Contractual vs. Contractual Obligations;288
8.6.2.2;II. Personal Scope;289
8.6.2.2.1;1. Person Claimed to be Liable;289
8.6.2.2.2;2. Person Sustaining Damage;290
8.6.2.3;III. Territorial Scope;292
8.6.3;C. Determination of the Applicable Law;293
8.6.3.1;I. Choice of Law;293
8.6.3.2;II. Common Habitual Residence;293
8.6.3.3;III. Country Where the Action Is to Be, or Has Been, Taken;295
8.6.3.4;IV. Multi-State Scenarios;296
8.6.3.5;V. Scope of the Applicable Law;297
8.6.3.5.1;1. Liability and Legality;297
8.6.3.5.2;2. Damages Claims and Injunctive Relief;298
8.6.3.5.3;3. Causal Link between Industrial Action and Damage;300
8.6.3.5.4;4. Mandatory Rules and Public Policy;301
8.6.4;D. Jurisdiction Issues;301
9;Chapter III Unjust Enrichment, Negotiorum Gestio and Culpa in Contrahendo;305
9.1;Article 10 Unjust Enrichment;305
9.1.1;A. Scope;306
9.1.1.1;I. The Term Unjust Enrichment;306
9.1.1.1.1;1. General;306
9.1.1.1.2;2. Distinction between Unjust Enrichment and Tort;307
9.1.1.1.3;3. Distinction Between Unjust Enrichment and Negotiorum Gestio;309
9.1.1.1.4;4. Distinction between Unjust Enrichment and Contractual Obligations;309
9.1.1.1.5;5. Distinction between Unjust Enrichment and Property Law;310
9.1.1.2;II. Excluded Matters;311
9.1.2;B. Rule;311
9.1.2.1;I. Structure of Art. 10;311
9.1.2.2;II. Accessory Connection to an Existing Relationship (Subsection 1);312
9.1.2.3;III. Lex Domicilii Communis (Subsection 2);314
9.1.2.4;IV. Place of enrichment (Subsection 3);315
9.1.2.5;V. Escape Clause (Subsection 4);318
9.1.2.6;VI. Three-Party-Relationship;318
9.2;Article 11 Negotiorum gestio;319
9.2.1;A. Scope;320
9.2.1.1;I. The Term Negotiorum Gestio;320
9.2.1.1.1;1. General;320
9.2.1.1.2;2. Distinction between Negotiorum Gestio and Contractual Obligations;322
9.2.1.1.3;3. Distinction between Negotiorum Gestio, Unjust Enrichment and Tort;322
9.2.1.2;II. Excluded Matters;323
9.2.2;B. Rule;324
9.2.2.1;I. Structure of Art. 11;324
9.2.2.2;II. Accessory Connection to an Existing Relationship (Subsection 1);324
9.2.2.3;III. Lex Domicilii Communis (Subsection 2);327
9.2.2.4;IV. Lex Loci Gestionis (Subsection 3);328
9.2.2.5;V. Escape Clause (Subsection 4);329
9.3;Article 12 Culpa in contrahendo;330
9.3.1;A. Scope;331
9.3.1.1;I. The Term Culpa in Contrahendo;331
9.3.1.1.1;1. General;331
9.3.1.1.2;2. Distinction between Culpa in Contrahendo and Tort;332
9.3.1.1.3;3. Distinction between Culpa in Contrahendo and Contractual Obligations;333
9.3.1.1.4;4. Claims against Third Parties;334
9.3.1.1.5;5. Concurrent Liability;337
9.3.1.2;II. Excluded Matters;337
9.3.2;B. Rule;338
9.3.2.1;I. Structure of Art. 12;338
9.3.2.2;II. Accessory Connection to the Law Which Governs the Contract (Subsection 1);338
9.3.2.3;III. Art. 4 Cascade (Subsection 2);340
9.3.2.3.1;1. Scope of Application;340
9.3.2.3.2;2. Cascade System;341
9.4;Article 13 Applicability of Article 8;342
10;Chapter IV Freedom of choice;343
10.1;Article 14 Freedom of choice;343
10.1.1;A. General;344
10.1.1.1;I. Scope of Application;344
10.1.1.2;II. Differentiation between Consumer Contracts and Commercial Contracts;346
10.1.1.3;III. Selectable Law;348
10.1.1.4;IV. Partial Choice of Law (dépeçage);348
10.1.2;B. Prerequisites;349
10.1.2.1;I. Common Prerequisites for Both Types, Art. 14(1)(2);349
10.1.2.1.1;1. Consensus;349
10.1.2.1.2;2. Formation and Validity;351
10.1.2.1.3;3. Formal Requirements;352
10.1.2.1.4;4. Alteration;353
10.1.2.2;II. Additional Prerequisites for an Anterior Choice of Law, Art. 14(1)(b);353
10.1.2.2.1;1. . . . Before the Event Giving Rise to the Damage;353
10.1.2.2.2;2. . . . Pursuing a Commercial Activity . . .;353
10.1.2.2.3;3. . . . All Parties . . .;354
10.1.2.2.4;4. . . . an Agreement Freely Negotiated . . .;355
10.1.2.2.5;5. Choice of Law in Favour of the Weaker Party;356
10.1.3;C. Restrictions;357
10.1.3.1;I. Rights of Third Parties;357
10.1.3.2;II. National Mandatory Provisions, Art. 14(2);358
10.1.3.3;III. European Mandatory Provisions, Art. 14(3);359
10.1.4;D. Consequences of an Invalid Choice of Law Agreement;361
11;Chapter V Common rules;361
11.1;Article 15 Scope of the law applicable;361
11.1.1;A. General/Overview/System;362
11.1.2;B. Particular Governed Aspects;363
11.1.2.1;I. Basis and Extent of Liability, Lit. (a);363
11.1.2.2;II. Exemption, Limitation, and Division of Liability, Lit. (b);365
11.1.2.3;III. Existence, Nature, and Assessment of the Remedy Claimed, Lit. (c);366
11.1.2.4;IV. Prevention of Injury, lit. (d);367
11.1.2.5;V. Transfer of Remedies, Lit. (e);368
11.1.2.6;VI. Persons Entitled to Compensation for Damage Sustained Personally, Lit. (f);368
11.1.2.7;VII. Liability for the Acts of another Person, Lit. (g);369
11.1.2.8;VIII. Defences, Lit. (h);370
11.2;Article 16 Overriding mandatory provisions;371
11.2.1;A. Introduction;371
11.2.2;B. Overriding Mandatory Provisions;373
11.2.3;C. Scope of Application;375
11.2.3.1;I. Choice of Law;376
11.2.3.2;II. Compensation for Victims of Traffic Accidents;377
11.2.3.3;III. Rules of Safety and Conduct;378
11.2.3.4;IV. Exchange Control;379
11.2.3.5;V. Miscellaneous;380
11.2.4;D. Third Country’s Internationally Mandatory Provisions;381
11.3;Article 17 Rules of safety and conduct;384
11.3.1;A. General/Overview/System;385
11.3.2;B. Prerequisites;387
11.3.2.1;I. In Assessing the Conduct of the Person Claimed to be Liable . . .;387
11.3.2.2;II. . . . Account Shall be Taken as a Matter of Fact . . .;387
11.3.2.3;III. . . . Account Shall be Taken in so far as Is Appropriate . . .;388
11.3.2.4;V. . . . To the Rules of Safety and Conduct . . .;390
11.3.2.5;VI. . . . Which were in Force at the Place and Time of the Event Giving Rise to the Liability;392
11.4;Article 18 Direct Action against the insurer of the person liable;393
11.4.1;A. Overview;393
11.4.2;B. Detailed Commentary;395
11.4.2.1;I. Who can Claim Direct Compensation against the Insurer?;395
11.4.2.2;II. Does the Victim have to Opt for the Law Governing the Insurance Contract?;396
11.4.2.3;III. What is the Law Applicable to the Non-Contractual Obligation in the Sense of Art. 18 Rome II?;397
11.4.2.4;IV. Which Questions are Governed by Art. 18 Rome II?;399
11.4.2.5;V. Traffic Accidents;402
11.5;Article 19 Subrogation;403
11.5.1;A. Overview;403
11.5.2;B. Detailed Commentary;405
11.5.2.1;I. A Duty to Satisfy the Creditor;405
11.5.2.2;II. The Scope of the Law of the Subrogation;405
11.5.2.3;III. The Scope of the Law of the Non-Contractual Obligation;406
11.5.2.4;IV. Other Claims than Subrogation Claims?;407
11.5.2.5;V. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1408/71;407
11.6;Article 20 Multiple liability;408
11.6.1;A. General/System/Overview;408
11.6.1.1;I. Relationship to Art. 15(a);408
11.6.1.2;II. Relationship to Art. 19;409
11.6.1.3;III. Relationship to Art. 16 Rome I;411
11.6.1.4;IV. Relationship to Arts. 10 and 11;411
11.6.2;B. Detailed Commentary;412
11.6.2.1;I. Prerequisites;412
11.6.2.1.1;1. ‘‘ . . . Several Debtors that Are Liable for the Same Claim . . . ’’;412
11.6.2.1.2;2. ‘‘ . . . One of the Debtors Has Already Satisfied the Claim in Whole or in Part . . . ’’;413
11.6.2.2;II. Legal Consequences;414
11.6.2.2.1;1. General Outline;414
11.6.2.2.2;2. Scope of the Law Applicable;415
11.6.2.2.3;2.1. Exclusion of Liability of the Second Debtor;415
11.6.2.2.4;2.2. Different Measurement of Damages;418
11.6.2.2.5;3. Recourse and Choice of Law;419
11.7;Article 21 Formal validity;420
11.7.1;A. Overview;420
11.7.2;B. Unilateral Acts;420
11.7.3;C. Formal Validity;421
11.8;Article 22 Burden of proof;421
11.8.1;A. Overview;422
11.8.2;B. Detailed Commentary;423
11.8.2.1;I. Rules which Raise Presumptions of Law or Determine the Burden of Proof (Art. 22(1) Rome II);423
11.8.2.2;1. General;423
11.8.2.3;2. Procedural Presumtions Are not Covered by Art. 22(1) Rome II;424
11.8.2.4;3. Presumtions of Fact Are not Covered by Art. 22(1) Rome II;425
11.8.2.5;II. Available Modes of Proof (Art. 22(2) Rome II);427
11.8.2.5.1;1. Applicable Laws;427
11.8.2.5.2;2. Administrable by the Forum;428
12;Chapter VI Other Provisions;429
12.1;Article 23 Habitual Residence;429
12.1.1;A. Overview;430
12.1.2;B. Detailed Commentary;430
12.1.2.1;I. Habitual Residence of Companies and Other Bodies;430
12.1.2.1.1;1. Place of Central Administration (Art. 23(1)1 Rome II);430
12.1.2.1.2;2. Location of a Branch, Agency or Other Establishment (Art. 23(1)2 Rome II);432
12.1.2.2;II. Habitual Residence of Natural Persons;434
12.1.2.2.1;1. Principal Place of Business, if the Person is Acting in the Course of His or Her Business Activity (Art. 23(2) Rome II);434
12.1.2.2.2;2. Habitual Residence of Natural Persons Who Are not Acting in the Course of Their Business Activities;435
12.2;Article 24 Exclusion of renvoi;436
12.3;Article 25 States with more than one legal system;439
12.3.1;A. Overview;439
12.3.2;B. Detailed Commentary;440
12.3.2.1;I. Art. 25(1) Rome II;440
12.3.2.2;II. Art. 25(2) Rome II;442
12.4;Article 26 Public policy of the forum;442
12.4.1;A. Background;443
12.4.2;B. Scope of Application;445
12.4.2.1;I. Non-Contractual Obligation;446
12.4.2.2;II. Exceptional Case;447
12.4.2.3;III. Application of the Foreign Law;447
12.4.2.4;IV. Connection to the Forum;448
12.4.2.5;V. Ordre public international;448
12.4.3;C. Consequences;449
12.4.4;D. Punitive Damages;449
12.5;Article 27 Relationship with other provisions of Community law;453
12.5.1;A. General;454
12.5.1.1;I. Background;454
12.5.1.2;II. Fragmentation;455
12.5.2;B. The Operation of the Rule;455
12.5.2.1;I. Operation in General;455
12.5.2.2;II. The Effect of the Country of Origin-Principle in Other Provisions of Community Law;456
12.5.2.3;III. Scope and Preconditions;458
12.6;Article 28 Relationship with existing international conventions;459
12.6.1;A. Structure, Purpose and Background;460
12.6.2;B. Operation and Prerequisites of the Rule;464
12.6.2.1;I. Conventions between Member States and Third Countries;464
12.6.2.1.1;1. Existing Conventions - Art. 28(1);464
12.6.2.1.2;2. Future Conventions;466
12.6.2.2;II. Conventions Exclusively between Member States - Art. 28(2);468
13;Chapter VII Final Provisions;469
13.1;Article 29 List of conventions;469
13.2;Article 30 Review clause;470
13.2.1;A. Background;472
13.2.2;B. Specific Issues;472
13.2.2.1;1. Treatment of Foreign Law;472
13.2.2.2;2. Cross-Border Traffic Accidents;473
13.2.2.2.1;3. Violation of Privacy and Rights Relating to Personality;475
13.3;Article 31 Application in time;476
13.4;Article 32 Date of application;476
13.4.1;A. The Rule;477
13.4.1.1;I. Literal Interpretation;477
13.4.1.2;II. The Majority View to the Contrary;479
13.4.1.3;III. Case Law;482
13.4.2;B. Application of the Rule;483
14;Index;486
