Krapohl / Shaw Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice

1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-12-802925-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 364 Seiten

Though polygraph has been the mainstay for government and police departments since World War II, it has undergone substantial transformation in recent years. Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice bridges the gap between the outmoded practices and today's validated testing and analysis protocols. The goal of this reference is to thoroughly and concisely describe the evidence-based practices of polygraphy. Coverage will include: psychophysiology, testing techniques, data collection, data analysis, ethics, polygraph law, alternate technologies and much more. This text addresses the foundational needs of polygraph students, and is written to be useful and accessible to attorneys, forensic scientists, consumers of polygraph services, and the general public. - Includes protocols and fundamentals of polygraph practice - Covers the history of lie detection, psychophysiology, data collection, techniques and testing, data analysis and much more - Authors are internationally recognized in the polygraph field

Mr. Krapohl polygraph career started in the private sector in 1979, conducting testing for attorneys, police departments and commercial firms in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1985 he was recruited by the US government to perform polygraph testing for intelligence and security purposes, and Mr. Krapohl conducted many significant and highly sensitive cases during that time. Ultimately he became involved in government research on the polygraph, which led to his assignment in 1997 to the US government's polygraph education and research organization at Ft. Jackson, SC. Working among leading scientists in this area afforded Mr. Krapohl new opportunities to investigate the potential, and potential limits, of the polygraph and to explore other technologies that might augment or replace it. His primary focus as a researcher was the development of best practices, and the use of empirically based methodologies. His work led to, among other advances, a polygraph algorithm now used on most computer polygraphs. His expansive terminology reference for polygraphy is the standard in the field. He was a member of the team that validated the Preliminary Credibility Assessment Screening System, a technology now a major component of force protection for the US military. Mr. Krapohl helped craft the charge given the National Research Council during its survey of the literature on the validity of polygraph screening in 2003. Mr. Krapohl made technical presentations on the government's use of credibility assessment technologies to workshops hosted by the National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation. Following six very productive years in the Research Branch Mr. Krapohl was designated the facility's Deputy Director. He retired from government service in 2015. In his career he has authored more than 100 published research papers, general interest pieces, technical articles and book chapters on credibility assessment and related areas. Outside of his government service, Mr. Krapohl was the Editor-in-Chief for the publications of the American Polygraph Association (APA), 1997-2003 and 2007-2014. He served as APA President in 2006. He has been the recipient of numerous awards for his research and presentations.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Krapohl, Donald

Shaw, Pamela

Leseproben

Chapter 2 Anatomy and physiology for polygraph examiners
Joel M. Reicherter Abstract
Described are the nervous, integumentary, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems as they pertain to the psychophysiological detection of deception. In the broader behavioral sciences, these systems have been monitored and researched as being highly adaptive in responding to environmental changes, particularly when addressing threatening stimuli. Ultimately, all study of life and behavioral science is rooted in the understanding of human function at the cellular and molecular levels. Students entering the psychophysiological detection of deception field typically come from a wide variety of academic disciplines. Some of these disciplines have little or no exposure to the life sciences while others may have a moderate to extensive exposure. As much as possible, consideration has been made to accommodate the varied backgrounds of polygraph students. As necessary, readers are encouraged to explore other supportive publications in physiology. Keywords Autonomic nervous system Cardiovascular system Central nervous system Electrodermal response Integumentary system Limbic system Parasympathetic nervous system Peripheral nervous system Polygraph Respiratory system Sympathetic nervous system Traditionally, most human anatomy and physiology experts recognize that the human organism is composed of 11 systems. However, some debate by the experts may argue a different number of systems. The knowledge gain in human body function, over time, has introduced diverse opinions of human body organization. For instance, the greater understanding of immunology has encouraged some authorities to consider the functional contribution of this discipline as a separate system, the “immune system,” while other authorities consider it, traditionally, as a subdivision the circulatory system. For the mission and purpose of this chapter, that debate will be left to other authorities. The focus of this chapter will be limited to the anatomy and physiology of selected systems that best address the psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD). Background
It is well known in the behavioral sciences such as psychophysiology and psychology that stimuli such as auditory, vision, olfactory (smell), and skin sensation (touch) can stimulate the brain cognitively and emotionally of environmental changes. After integrating the environmental stimuli, the brain alerts and coordinates the visceral body systems to respond appropriately. Depending on the brain’s assessment of stimuli, it will coordinate a physiological strategy response among the body organ systems. If the stimulus is perceived as threatening or hostile, the brain will alert the body’s systems most linked to preservation responses. Often, these body responses are described by both the scientific and lay community, as the “fight or flight” response. Scientists in these behavioral disciplines have observed and researched that the nervous system, integumentary (skin) system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system are significantly more responsive to threatening stimuli than other systems. PDD methodology has capitalized on these observable physiological systemic responses and developed somewhat esoteric examination formats to assess the probability of a subject responding truthfully or deceptively. These polygraph examination designs are described in detail in Chapters 6-8. Technically, the nervous, integumentary, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems can be monitored and evaluated in a relatively uncomplicated manner with transducers attached to the surface of the body. Transducers are devices that convert one energy signal into another. The basic understanding of the structural and functional design of these systems and their integrative roles is essential for the polygraph examiner. The popular physiological reaction “fight or flight” mentioned earlier is a catchy rhyme phrase easy to remember. However, the polygraph examination setting is most unusual with respect to the body position which must be maintained during the question presentation. Namely, the subject is directed to sit and not move. This directive is counter to the more natural response of physical action experienced during a natural world “fight or flight” response. These physiological dichotomies will be addressed periodically in this chapter. Organization
From the smallest to the largest, the body is composed of atoms and molecules organized into cells. Cells of different types but similar in origin are organized into tissues which perform more complex functions than what a single cell can perform. Several different tissues are organized together to perform more complex functions, which is referred to as an organ. Different organs are organized together to perform even more complex functions than a single organ can perform, which is referred to as a system. Multiple systems are then organized to perform more complex tasks than a single system can perform. Ultimately, all of the systems working in harmony become the organism, AKA the Human Being (Figure 2.1). Figure 2.1 Levels of organization. From Patton et al. (2012). As mentioned earlier, traditionally, the human body is considered to have 11 systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproduction. When these organ systems are integrated to perform holistic harmony for optimal body function, the body is often described as being in a state of wellness. These integrative physiological processes of the organ systems that can maintain the state of wellness are commonly described as being in a state of homeostasis. For the body to perform its functions, like a well-organized factory, there is a division of labor in the body’s organization. Enzymes and hormones are the directors and regulators of chemical reactions that take place in cells and throughout the body systems. For these regulators to perform their jobs, complex internal environment must be maintained. For example, body temperature must be maintained within narrow limits. Most of the heat in the body is generated by skeletal muscle activity. But if this activity becomes excessive, such as in running or other physical activity, the body temperature could rise so high it would stop the chemical reactions needed by the body systems to maintain life. To prevent the temperature from going to unsupportable levels, sweat glands in the skin will increase their activity resulting in water evaporation and thereby a cooling process. If environmental temperature goes too low, the muscles will begin to shiver to raise the temperature. These heat-generating and heat-losing mechanisms continue non-stop to maintain a state of wellness concerning body temperature. These homeostatic processes of opposing extreme changes in the internal environment are typically described as negative feedback. Thousands of other check and balances of body activities are continuously ongoing which may be reviewed in many physiology and medical texts. Occasionally, the body may be infected with a microorganism which can interfere with these homeostatic balances which we describe as being sick. Sometimes we take prescribed medicines to help us get back to a healthy homeostatic state of equilibrium, a state of wellness. Integumentary System
The integumentary system is commonly referred to as the skin. Anatomically, the skin provides the physical end border of our being and is in direct contact with the environment. The skin provides the first line of defense against infection by sealing and protecting the underlying organ systems from invasion of pathogenic organisms. Some authorities describe the skin as a complex membrane composed of a highly vascular (blood vessels) dermis covered by multiple layers of cells known as the epidermis (Figure 2.2). The portion of the epidermis next to the dermis which has access to blood supplying nutrients goes through rapid cell replication, pushing the cells up and away from the dermis and blood supply. Because the epidermis is avascular, the cells begin to die. The outermost layer of the epidermis is the corneum which is continuously flaking off inasmuch as it contains the oldest dead cells that have been pushed up and away from the blood supply of the dermis several weeks ago. Figure 2.2 Cross section of human skin. From Herlihy (2014). The skin’s complex design varies in different parts of the body. In addition to protecting the other systems from infection and dehydration, it contains highly organized receptors discriminately distributed throughout the body surface dedicated to signaling the central nervous system (CNS) of changing environmental conditions such as temperature or the compression of a brick falling on you. When the brain and/or spinal cord integrates the signals (nerve impulses) received from the skin, it will send signals to the appropriate organ systems for response. One of the most significant coordinating efforts for the brain is to organize the activation of selective sweat glands which will assist the body to adapt to the environmental stimulus. As mentioned earlier, maintenance of body temperature is most important in maintaining an internal...