Larner A Dictionary of Neurological Signs
3rd Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7095-4
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 381 Seiten
Reihe: Medicine
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7095-4
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
This practical clinical reference provides a snapshot view of a wide range of neurological signs. Each entry includes: definition of the sign; brief account of the clinical technique required to elicit the sign; description of the other signs which may accompany the index sign. Where known, the entries also include neuroanatomical basis of the sign; explanation of pathophysiological and/or pharmacological background; neuropathological basis; differential diagnosis; and brief treatment details. The Dictionary provides practical, concise answers to complex clinical questions.
Zielgruppe
Professional/practitioner
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Foreword to the First Edition;7
2;Preface to Third Edition;8
3;Acknowledgements;9
4;Contents;10
5;A;12
5.1; Abadies Sign;12
5.2; Abdominal Paradox;12
5.3; Abdominal Reflexes;12
5.4; Abducens (VI) Nerve Palsy;13
5.5; Abductor Sign;13
5.6; Absence;13
5.7; Abulia;14
5.8; Acalculia;15
5.9; Accommodation Reflex;16
5.10; Achilles Reflex;16
5.11; Achromatopsia;16
5.12; Acousticopalpebral Reflex;17
5.13; Action Dystonia;17
5.14; Action Myoclonus;17
5.15; Adiadochokinesia;18
5.16; Adies Syndrome, Adies Tonic Pupil;18
5.17; Adsons Test;18
5.18; Adventitious Movements;18
5.19; Affective Agnosia;18
5.20; Afferent Pupillary Defect (APD);18
5.21; Age-Related Signs;18
5.22; Ageusia;19
5.23; Agnosia;20
5.24; Agrammatism;21
5.25; Agraphaesthesia;22
5.26; Agraphia;22
5.27; Agraphognosia;23
5.28; Agrypnia;23
5.29; Akathisia;23
5.30; Akinesia;24
5.31; Akinetic Mutism;25
5.32; Akinetic-Rigid Syndrome;26
5.33; Akinetopsia;26
5.34; Alalia;26
5.35; Alexia;26
5.36; Alexithymia;28
5.37; Alice in Wonderland Syndrome;29
5.38; Alien Grasp Reflex;29
5.39; Alien Hand, Alien Limb;30
5.40; Alienation Du Mot;31
5.41; Alloacousia;31
5.42; Alloaesthesia;31
5.43; Allochiria;32
5.44; Allodynia;32
5.45; Allographia;33
5.46; Allokinesia, Allokinesis;33
5.47; Alternate Cover Test;33
5.48; Alternating Fist Closure Test;33
5.49; Alternating Sequences Test;33
5.50; Altitudinal Field Defect;33
5.51; Amaurosis;34
5.52; Amblyopia;34
5.53; Amimia;35
5.54; Amnesia;35
5.55; Amphigory;37
5.56; Amusia;37
5.57; Amyotrophy;38
5.58; Anaesthesia;38
5.59; Analgesia;38
5.60; Anal Reflex;39
5.61; Anarchic Hand;39
5.62; Anarithmetia;39
5.63; Anarthria;39
5.64; Angioscotoma;40
5.65; Angor Animi;40
5.66; Anhidrosis;40
5.67; Anismus;40
5.68; Anisocoria;41
5.69; Annular Scotoma;41
5.70; Anomia;42
5.71; Anosmia;42
5.72; Anosodiaphoria;43
5.73; Anosognosia;43
5.74; Anserina;44
5.75; Antecollis;44
5.76; Anteflexion;44
5.77; Antons Syndrome;45
5.78; Anwesenheit;45
5.79; Apallic Syndrome;45
5.80; Apathy;45
5.81; Aphasia;46
5.82; Aphemia;48
5.83; Aphonia;48
5.84; Applause Sign;49
5.85; Aposiopesis;49
5.86; Apraxia;49
5.87; Aprosexia;51
5.88; Aprosodia, Aprosody;51
5.89; Arc de Cercle;51
5.90; Arcuate Scotoma;52
5.91; Areflexia;52
5.92; Argyll Robertson Pupil (ARP);52
5.93; Arm Drop;53
5.94; Around The Clock Paralysis;54
5.95; Arthrogryposis;54
5.96; Asemasia;54
5.97; Asomatognosia;54
5.98; Astasia;54
5.99; AstasiaAbasia;55
5.100; Astereognosis;55
5.101; Asterixis;55
5.102; Asthenopia;56
5.103; Asynergia;56
5.104; Ataxia;56
5.105; Ataxic Hemiparesis;58
5.106; Ataxic Nystagmus;59
5.107; Athetosis;59
5.108; Athymhormia;59
5.109; Atrophy;60
5.110; Attended Alone Sign;60
5.111; Attention;60
5.112; Auditory Agnosia;61
5.113; AuditoryVisual Synaesthesia;61
5.114; Augmentation;61
5.115; Aura;62
5.116; Automatic Obedience;63
5.117; Automatic Writing Behaviour;63
5.118; Automatism;63
5.119; Autophony;64
5.120; Autoscopy;64
5.121; Autotopagnosia;65
6;B;66
6.1; Babinskis Sign (1);66
6.2; Babinskis Sign (2);67
6.3; Babinskis TrunkThigh Test;67
6.4; Bag of Worms;67
6.5; Balaclava Helmet;67
6.6; Balints Syndrome;67
6.7; Ballism, Ballismus;68
6.8; Bathing Suit Sensory Loss;69
6.9; Battles Sign;69
6.10; Beevors Sign;69
6.11; Belle Indiffrence;69
6.12; Bells Palsy;70
6.13; Bells Phenomenon, Bells Sign;70
6.14; Benediction Hand;70
6.15; Bent Spine Syndrome;71
6.16; Bielschowskys Sign, Bielschowskys Test;71
6.17; Binasal Hemianopia;71
6.18; Bitemporal Hemianopia;71
6.19; Blepharoptosis;72
6.20; Blepharospasm;72
6.21; Blindsight;72
6.22; Blind Spot;73
6.23; Blinking;73
6.24; Blink Reflex;73
6.25; Body Part as Object;74
6.26; Bon-Bon Sign;75
6.27; Bouche de Tapir;75
6.28; Bovine Cough;75
6.29; Bradykinesia;75
6.30; Bradylalia;76
6.31; Bradyphrenia;76
6.32; Bragards Test;76
6.33; Brocas Aphasia;76
6.34; Brown-Squard Syndrome;77
6.35; Brudzinskis (Neck) Sign;78
6.36; Brueghels Syndrome;78
6.37; Bruit;78
6.38; Brushfield Spots;79
6.39; Bruxism;79
6.40; Buccofacial Dyspraxia;79
6.41; Buccolingual Syndrome;79
6.42; Bulbar Palsy;79
6.43; Bulbocavernosus Reflex;80
6.44; Buphthalmos;80
6.45; Butt-First Manoeuvre;80
7;C;81
7.1; Cacogeusia;81
7.2; Cacosmia;81
7.3; Calf Head Sign;81
7.4; Calf Hypertrophy;81
7.5; Caloric Testing;82
7.6; Camptocormia;82
7.7; Camptodactyly;83
7.8; Capgras Syndrome;83
7.9; Carphologia;84
7.10; Carpopedal Spasm;84
7.11; Catalepsy;84
7.12; Cataplexy;84
7.13; Catathrenia;85
7.14; Catatonia;85
7.15; Cauda Equina Syndrome;86
7.16; Central Scotoma, Centrocaecal Scotoma;87
7.17; Cerebellar Syndromes;88
7.18; Chaddocks Sign;88
7.19; Charcot Joint;88
7.20; Charles Bonnet Syndrome;89
7.21; Chasm;90
7.22; Cheiro-Oral Syndrome;90
7.23; Cherry Red Spot at the Macula;90
7.24; CheyneStokes Breathing;90
7.25; Chicken Wings;90
7.26; Chorea, Choreoathetosis;90
7.27; Chromaesthesia;93
7.28; Chronognosia;93
7.29; Chvosteks Sign;93
7.30; Ciliospinal Response;94
7.31; Cinematic Vision;94
7.32; Circumlocution;94
7.33; Clapping Test;94
7.34; Clasp-Knife Phenomenon;94
7.35; Claudication;94
7.36; Claw Foot;95
7.37; Claw Hand;95
7.38; Clonus;95
7.39; Closed Fist Sign;96
7.40; Closing-In Sign;96
7.41; Cluster Breathing;96
7.42; Coactivation Sign;96
7.43; Cock Walking;97
7.44; Cogans (Lid Twitch) Sign;97
7.45; Cogwheeling, Cogwheel Phenomenon, Cogwheel Rigidity;97
7.46; Cold Hands Sign;97
7.47; Collapsing Weakness;97
7.48; Colliers Sign;98
7.49; Colour Anomia;98
7.50; Coma;98
7.51; Compulsive Grasping Hand;99
7.52; Conduction Aphasia;100
7.53; Conduit dapproche;100
7.54; Confabulation;101
7.55; Confusion;101
7.56; Congenital Nystagmus;101
7.57; Consensual Light Reflex;102
7.58; Constructional Apraxia;102
7.59; Contracture;102
7.60; ConvergenceRetraction Nystagmus;103
7.61; Coprolalia;103
7.62; Copropraxia;103
7.63; Corectopia;103
7.64; Corneal Reflex;103
7.65; Corneomandibular Reflex;104
7.66; Corneopterygoid Reflex;104
7.67; Cortical Blindness;104
7.68; Cotards Syndrome;105
7.69; Coup de Poignard;105
7.70; Coup de Sabre;105
7.71; Cover Tests;106
7.72; Cr106
7.73; Cremasteric Reflex;107
7.74; Crocodile Tears;107
7.75; Crossed Adductor Reflex;107
7.76; Crossed Aphasia;108
7.77; Crossed Apraxia;108
7.78; Crossed Straight Leg Raising;108
7.79; Cross over;108
7.80; Crying;108
7.81; Cuirasse;108
7.82; Cushing Reflex, Cushing Response;108
7.83; Czarneckis Sign;109
8;D;110
8.1; Dalrymples Sign;110
8.2; Dazzle;110
8.3; Decerebrate Rigidity;110
8.4; De Clrambault Syndrome;110
8.5; Decomposition of Movement;110
8.6; Decorticate Rigidity;111
8.7;Deja Entendu;111
8.8;Deja Vecu;111
8.9;Deja Vu;111
8.10; Delirium;111
8.11; Delusion;113
8.12; Dementia;114
8.13; De Mussets Sign;116
8.14; Depersonalization;116
8.15; Derealization;116
8.16; Developmental Signs;116
8.17; Diagonistic Dyspraxia;116
8.18; Diamond on Quadriceps Sign;116
8.19; Diaphoresis;117
8.20; Diaphragm Weakness;117
8.21; Digital Reflex;117
8.22; Diplophonia;117
8.23; Diplopia;117
8.24; Directional Hypokinesia;119
8.25; Disc Swelling;119
8.26; Disinhibition;120
8.27; Dissociated Sensory Loss;120
8.28; Dissociation;120
8.29; Divisional Palsy;121
8.30; DixHallpike Positioning Test;121
8.31; Dolls Eye Manoeuvre, Dolls Head Manoeuvre;121
8.32; Dorsal Guttering;122
8.33; Double Elevator Palsy;122
8.34; Downbeat Nystagmus;122
8.35; Dressing Apraxia;122
8.36; Drooling;122
8.37; Dropped Head Syndrome;122
8.38; Drusen;123
8.39; Dynamic Aphasia;124
8.40; Dysaesthesia;124
8.41; Dysarthria;124
8.42; Dyscalculia;126
8.43; Dyschromatopsia;126
8.44; Dysdiadochokinesia;126
8.45; Dysexecutive Syndrome;126
8.46; Dysgeusia;127
8.47; Dysgraphaesthesia;127
8.48; Dysgraphia;127
8.49; Dyskinesia;127
8.50; Dyslexia;128
8.51; Dysmentia;128
8.52; Dysmetria;128
8.53; Dysmorphopsia;129
8.54; Dysnomia;129
8.55; Dysphagia;129
8.56; Dysphasia;131
8.57; Dysphonia;131
8.58; Dyspraxia;131
8.59; Dysprosody;132
8.60; Dyssynergia;132
8.61; Dystaxia;132
8.62; Dystonia;132
9;E;134
9.1; Ear Click;134
9.2; Eastchester Clapping Sign;134
9.3; Echolalia;134
9.4; Echophenomena;135
9.5; Echopraxia;135
9.6; criture en Double Miroir;135
9.7; Ectropion;135
9.8; Eidetic Memory;135
9.9; Eight-and-a-Half Syndrome;135
9.10; Ekboms Syndrome;136
9.11; Emotionalism, Emotional Lability;136
9.12; Emposthotonos;137
9.13; Encephalopathy;137
9.14; En Garde Position;137
9.15; Enophthalmos;137
9.16; Entomopia;138
9.17; Environmental Dependency Syndrome;138
9.18; Environmental Tilt;138
9.19; Epiphora;138
9.20; Epley Manoeuvre;139
9.21; Erythropsia;139
9.22; Esophoria;139
9.23; Esotropia;139
9.24; Eutonia;139
9.25; Ewart Phenomenon;139
9.26; Exophoria;140
9.27; Exophthalmos;140
9.28; Exosomaesthesia;140
9.29; Exotropia;140
9.30; Extensor Posturing;140
9.31; External Malleolar Sign;140
9.32; External Ophthalmoplegia;140
9.33; Extinction;140
9.34; Extrapyramidal Signs;141
9.35; Eyelid Apraxia;141
10;F;143
10.1; FaceHand Test;143
10.2; Facial Paresis, Facial Weakness;143
10.3; Facilitation;145
10.4; False-Localizing Signs;145
10.5; Fan Sign (Signe de lventail);146
10.6; Fasciculation;146
10.7; Fast Micrographia;147
10.8; Fatigue;148
10.9; Femoral Stretch Test;149
10.10; Fencers Posture, Fencing Posture;149
10.11; Festinant Gait, Festination;149
10.12; Fibrillation;149
10.13; Finger Agnosia;150
10.14; Finger Chase Test;150
10.15; Finger Drop;150
10.16; FingerFloor Distance;150
10.17; Finger-to-Nose Test;150
10.18; Fishers Sign;151
10.19; Fist-Edge-Palm Test;151
10.20; Flaccidity;151
10.21; Flail Arm;151
10.22; Flail Foot;152
10.23; Flap, Flapping Tremor;152
10.24;Flexibilitas Cerea (Waxy Flexibility);152
10.25; FlexionAdduction Sign;152
10.26; Flexor Posturing;152
10.27; Flick Sign;152
10.28; Floccillation;152
10.29; Flycatcher Tongue;152
10.30; Flynn Phenomenon;153
10.31; Foot Drop;153
10.32; Foot Grasping;153
10.33; Forced Ductions;154
10.34; Forced Grasping;154
10.35; Forced Groping;154
10.36; Forced Laughter and Crying;154
10.37; Forced Upgaze;154
10.38; Forearm and Finger Rolling;154
10.39; Foreign Accent Syndrome;155
10.40; Formication;155
10.41; Fortification Spectra;155
10.42; Foster Kennedy Syndrome;155
10.43; Fou Rire Prodromique;156
10.44; Freezing;156
10.45; Fregoli Syndrome;156
10.46; Freys Syndrome;157
10.47; Froments Sign;157
10.48; Frontal Ataxia;157
10.49; Frontal Lobe Syndromes;157
10.50; Frontal Release Signs;159
10.51; Fugue;160
10.52; Functional Weakness and Sensory Disturbance;160
10.53; Funnel Vision;161
11;G;162
11.1; Gag Reflex;162
11.2; Gait Apraxia;162
11.3; Gambling;163
11.4; Ganglionopathy;163
11.5; Ganser Phenomenon, Ganser Syndrome;163
11.6; Gaping;164
11.7; Gaze-Evoked Phenomena;164
11.8; Gaze Palsy;164
11.9; Gegenhalten;165
11.10; Geophagia, Geophagy;165
11.11; Gerstmann Syndrome;165
11.12; Geste Antagoniste;166
11.13; Gibbus;166
11.14; Girdle Sensation;166
11.15; Give-Way Weakness;167
11.16; Glabellar Tap Reflex;167
11.17; Glossolalia;167
11.18; Glove and Stocking Sensory Loss;167
11.19; Goosebumps;168
11.20; Gordons Sign;168
11.21; Gowers Manoeuvre, Gowers Sign;168
11.22; Graefes Sign;168
11.23; Grandchild Sign;168
11.24; Graphaesthesia;168
11.25; Graphanaesthesia;169
11.26; Graphospasm;169
11.27; Grasp Reflex;169
11.28; Groucho Marx Manoeuvre;169
11.29; Gustatory Epiphora;170
11.30; Gustatory Sweating;170
11.31; Guttmanns Sign;170
11.32; Gynaecomastia;170
12;H;171
12.1; Habit Spasm;171
12.2; Hallpike Manoeuvre, Hallpike Test;171
12.3; Hallucination;171
12.4; Hammer Toes;173
12.5; Hand Elevation Test;173
12.6; Harlequin Sign, Harlequin Syndrome;173
12.7; Harveys Sign;173
12.8; Hawthorne Effect;174
12.9; Head Droop, Head Drop;174
12.10; Head Impulse Test;174
12.11; Head Thrust;175
12.12; Head Tilt;175
12.13; Head Tremor;175
12.14; Head Turning Sign;175
12.15; Heautoscopy;176
12.16; HeelKneeShin Test, HeelShin Test;176
12.17; HeelToe Walking;176
12.18; Hemeralopia;176
12.19; Hemiachromatopsia;177
12.20; Hemiakinesia;177
12.21; Hemialexia;177
12.22; Hemianomia;177
12.23; Hemianopia;177
12.24; Hemiataxia;178
12.25; Hemiballismus;179
12.26; Hemichorea;180
12.27; Hemidystonia;180
12.28; Hemifacial Atrophy;180
12.29; Hemifacial Spasm;180
12.30; Hemi-Inattention;181
12.31; Hemimicropsia;181
12.32; Hemineglect;181
12.33; Hemiparesis;181
12.34; Hemiparkinsonism;182
12.35; Hemiplegia;182
12.36; Hemiplegia Cruciata;182
12.37; Henneberts Sign;182
12.38; Henry and Woodruff Sign;182
12.39; HertwigMagendie Sign;183
12.40; Heterochromia Iridis;183
12.41; Heterophoria;183
12.42; Heterotropia;183
12.43; Hiccups;184
12.44; High-Stepping Gait;184
12.45; Hip Abduction Sign;184
12.46; Hippus;185
12.47; Hitselberg Sign;185
12.48;Hocquet Diabolique ;185
12.49; Hoffmanns Sign;185
12.50; HoffmannTinel Sign;185
12.51; HolmesAdie Pupil, HolmesAdie Syndrome;185
12.52; Holmes Tremor;186
12.53; Hoovers Sign;186
12.54; Horners Syndrome;187
12.55; HoytSpencer Sign;188
12.56; Hung-Up Reflexes;188
12.57; Hutchinsons Pupil;188
12.58; Hyperacusis;188
12.59; Hyperaesthesia;189
12.60; Hyperalgesia;189
12.61; Hyperekplexia;189
12.62; Hypergraphia;190
12.63; Hyperhidrosis;190
12.64; Hyperkinesia;191
12.65; Hyperlexia;191
12.66; Hypermetamorphosis;191
12.67; Hypermetria;191
12.68; Hypermnesia;191
12.69; Hyperorality;191
12.70; Hyperpathia;191
12.71; Hyperphagia;192
12.72; Hyperphoria;192
12.73; Hyperpilaphesie;192
12.74; Hyperpronation;192
12.75; Hyperreflexia;192
12.76; Hyperreligiosity;193
12.77; Hypersexuality;193
12.78; Hypersomnolence;193
12.79; Hyperthermia;194
12.80; Hypertonia, Hypertonus;195
12.81; Hypertrophy;195
12.82; Hypertropia;195
12.83; Hypoaesthesia;195
12.84; Hypoalgesia;195
12.85; Hypogeusia;195
12.86; Hypohidrosis;195
12.87; Hypokinesia;196
12.88; Hypometria;196
12.89; Hypomimia;196
12.90; Hypophonia;196
12.91; Hypophoria;196
12.92; Hyporeflexia;197
12.93; Hyposexuality;197
12.94; Hypothermia;197
12.95; Hypotonia, Hypotonus;198
12.96; Hypotropia;198
13;I;199
13.1; Ice Pack Test;199
13.2; Ideational Apraxia;199
13.3; Ideomotor Apraxia (IMA);199
13.4; Illusion;199
13.5; Illusory Visual Spread;200
13.6; Imitation Behaviour;200
13.7; Imitation Synkinesis;200
13.8; Impersistence;200
13.9; Inattention;201
13.10; Incontinence;201
13.11; Intention Myoclonus;202
13.12; Intermanual Conflict;202
13.13; Intermetamorphosis;202
13.14; Internal Ophthalmoplegia;202
13.15; Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO);203
13.16; Intrusion;203
13.17; Inverse Marcus Gunn Phenomenon;204
13.18; Inverse Uhthoff Sign;204
13.19; Inverted Reflexes;204
13.20; Ipsipulsion;204
13.21; Iridoplegia;204
14;J;205
14.1; Jacksonian March;205
14.2; Jactitation;205
14.3;Jamais Entendu ;205
14.4;Jamais Vcu ;205
14.5;Jamais Vu ;205
14.6; Jargon Aphasia;206
14.7; Jaw Jerk;206
14.8; Jaw Winking;206
14.9; Jendrassiks Manoeuvre;207
14.10; Jitteriness;207
14.11; Joint Position Sense;207
14.12; Jugular Foramen Syndrome;207
14.13; Junctional Scotoma, Junctional Scotoma of Traquair;208
15;K;209
15.1; KayserFleischer Rings;209
15.2; Kernigs Sign;209
15.3; Kernohans Notch Syndrome;209
15.4; Kinesis Paradoxica ;210
15.5; Klazomania;210
15.6; Kleptomania;210
15.7; KlverBucy Syndrome;210
15.8; Knee Tremor;211
15.9;Krber Salus Elschnig Syndrome ;212
15.10; Kyphoscoliosis;212
16;L;213
16.1; Lagophthalmos;213
16.2; Lamberts Sign;213
16.3; Lasgues Sign;213
16.4; Lateral Medullary Syndrome;214
16.5; Lateral Rectus Palsy;214
16.6; Laterocollis;214
16.7; Lateropulsion;215
16.8; Laughter;215
16.9; Lazarus Sign;215
16.10; Leadpipe Rigidity;215
16.11; Leucocoria;215
16.12; Levator Inhibition;215
16.13; Levitation;215
16.14; Lhermittes Sign;216
16.15; Lid Lag;216
16.16; Lid Retraction;217
16.17; Light-Near (Pupillary) Dissociation (LND);217
16.18; Light Reflex;218
16.19; Locked-In Syndrome;218
16.20; Lockjaw;218
16.21; Logoclonia;218
16.22; Logopenia;219
16.23; Logorrhoea;219
16.24; Long Tract Signs;219
16.25; Looking Glass Syndrome;219
16.26; Lower Motor Neurone (LMN) Syndrome;219
16.27; Luria Test;220
17;M;221
17.1; Macrographia;221
17.2; Macropsia;221
17.3; Macrosomatognosia;221
17.4; MacroSquare Wave Jerks;221
17.5; Macula Sparing, Macula Splitting;221
17.6; Maculopathy;222
17.7; Magnetic Movements;222
17.8;Main daccoucheur ;222
17.9; Main en Griffe ;222
17.10; Main tranger ;223
17.11; Main Succulente ;223
17.12; Man-in-a-Barrel;223
17.13; Marche Petit Pas ;223
17.14; Marcus Gunn Phenomenon;224
17.15; Marcus Gunn Pupil, Marcus Gunn Sign;224
17.16; Mask-Like Facies;224
17.17; Masseter Hypertrophy;224
17.18; Masseter Reflex;224
17.19; Masticatory Claudication;225
17.20; McArdles Sign;225
17.21; Medial Medullary Syndrome;225
17.22; Menace Reflex;225
17.23; Meningism;226
17.24; Metamorphopsia;226
17.25; Micrographia;227
17.26; Micropsia;227
17.27; Microsomatognosia;228
17.28; Milkmaids Grip;228
17.29; Miosis;228
17.30; Mirror Agnosia;228
17.31; Mirror Apraxia;229
17.32; Mirror Ataxia;229
17.33; Mirror Dystonia;229
17.34; Mirror Hallucination;229
17.35; Mirror Movements;229
17.36; Mirror Sign;230
17.37; Mirror Writing;230
17.38; Misidentification Syndromes;231
17.39; Misoplegia;232
17.40; Mitbewegungen ;232
17.41; Mitgehen ;232
17.42; Mitmachen ;232
17.43; Monoballismus;232
17.44; Monochromatopsia;233
17.45; Monomelia;233
17.46; Mononeuritis Multiplex, Mononeuropathy Multiplex;233
17.47; Mononeuropathy;233
17.48; Monoparesis, Monoplegia;233
17.49; Monophasia;233
17.50; Monotonia;233
17.51; Moria;233
17.52; Motor Neglect;234
17.53; Moving Ear;234
17.54; Multiplication of Images;234
17.55; Muscle Hypertrophy;234
17.56; Mutism;234
17.57; Myasthenic Snarl;235
17.58; Mydriasis;235
17.59; Myelopathy;236
17.60; Myersons Sign;237
17.61; Myoclonus;237
17.62; Myoedema;238
17.63; Myokymia;238
17.64; Myopathy;239
17.65; Myorhythmia;240
17.66; Myotonia;240
18;N;242
18.1; Narcolepsy, Narcoleptic Syndrome;242
18.2; Nasopalpebral Reflex;242
18.3; Negative Myoclonus;242
18.4; Negative Tremor;242
18.5; Negativism;242
18.6; Neglect;242
18.7; Negros Sign;243
18.8; Neologism;243
18.9; Neris Test;244
18.10; Nerve Thickening;244
18.11; Neuromyotonia;244
18.12; Neuronopathy;245
18.13; Neuropathy;245
18.14; Nominal Aphasia;246
18.15; Nuchal Rigidity;246
18.16; Nuchocephalic Reflex;246
18.17; Nyctalopia;247
18.18; NylenBrny Manoeuvre;247
18.19; Nystagmoid Jerks;247
18.20; Nystagmus;247
19;O;251
19.1; Obscurations;251
19.2; Obtundation;251
19.3; Ocular Apraxia;251
19.4; Ocular Bobbing;251
19.5; Ocular Dipping;252
19.6; Ocular Flutter;252
19.7; Ocular Myoclonus;252
19.8; Ocular Tilt Reaction;253
19.9; Oculocephalic Response;253
19.10; Oculogyric Crisis;253
19.11; Oculomasticatory Myorhythmia;254
19.12; Oculomotor (III) Nerve Palsy;254
19.13; Oculovestibular Response;255
19.14; Okay Sign;255
19.15; One-and-a-Half Syndrome;255
19.16; Onion Peel, Onion Skin;255
19.17; Ophthalmoparesis, Ophthalmoplegia;256
19.18; Opisthotonos;256
19.19; Oppenheims Sign;257
19.20; Oppenheims Useless Hand Sign;257
19.21; Opsoclonus;257
19.22; Optic Aphasia;258
19.23; Optic Ataxia;259
19.24; Optic Atrophy;259
19.25; Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN), Optokinetic Response;260
19.26; Orators Hand;260
19.27; Oro-facial Dyspraxia;260
19.28; Oromandibular Dystonia;260
19.29; Orthostatic Hypotension;261
19.30; Oscillopsia;262
19.31; Oscillucusis;262
19.32; Osmophobia;262
19.33; Overflow;262
20;P;263
20.1; Pagophagia;263
20.2; Palatal Reflex;263
20.3; Palatal Tremor;263
20.4; Palilalia;263
20.5; Palilogia;264
20.6; Palinacusis;264
20.7; Palinopsia;264
20.8; Pallaesthesia;265
20.9; Palmaris Brevis Sign;265
20.10; Palmomental Reflex;265
20.11; Pandysautonomia;266
20.12; Papilloedema;266
20.13; Paraballismus;267
20.14; Paradoxical Breathing;267
20.15; Paradoxical Head Tilt;267
20.16; Paradoxical Flexor Reflex;267
20.17; Paradoxical Triceps Reflex;267
20.18; Paraesthesia;267
20.19; Paragrammatism;268
20.20; Paragraphia;268
20.21; Parakinesia, Parakinesis;268
20.22; Paralexia;268
20.23; Paralogia;268
20.24; Paralysis;268
20.25; Paramnesia;268
20.26; Paramyotonia;269
20.27; Paraparesis;269
20.28; Paraphasia;270
20.29; Paraplegia;271
20.30; Parapraxia, Parapraxis;272
20.31; Paratonia;272
20.32; Paresis;272
20.33; Parinauds Syndrome;272
20.34; Parkinsonism;273
20.35; Parosmia;275
20.36; ParryRomberg Syndrome;275
20.37; Past-Pointing;276
20.38; Patellar Reflex;276
20.39; Pathological Crying, Pathological Laughter;276
20.40; Peduncular Hallucinosis;276
20.41; Peek Sign;277
20.42; Peliopsia, Pelopsia;277
20.43; Pelvic Thrusting;277
20.44; Pendular Nystagmus;277
20.45; Percussion Myotonia;277
20.46; Periodic Alternating Nystagmus;278
20.47; Periodic Respiration;278
20.48; Perseveration;278
20.49; Personification of Paralyzed Limbs;279
20.50; Pes Cavus;279
20.51; Petite Madeleines Phenomenon;280
20.52; Phalens Sign;280
20.53; Phantom Alloaesthesia;280
20.54; Phantom Chromatopsia;280
20.55; Phantom Limb;280
20.56; Phantom Vision;281
20.57; Pharyngeal Reflex;281
20.58; Phonagnosia;281
20.59; Phonemic Disintegration;281
20.60; Phonetic Disintegration;282
20.61; Phonophobia;282
20.62; Phosphene;282
20.63; Photism;282
20.64; Photophobia;283
20.65; Photopsia;283
20.66; Physical Duality;283
20.67; Piano-Playing Fingers;283
20.68; Pica;283
20.69; Picture Sign;283
20.70; Picture Within a Picture Sign;284
20.71;Pied en Griffe ;284
20.72; Pie-in-the-Sky Defect;284
20.73; Pill Rolling;284
20.74; Pinch Sign;284
20.75; Pinhole Test;284
20.76; Plantar Response;285
20.77; Plegia;285
20.78; Pleurothotonus;286
20.79; Plexopathy;286
20.80; Polyganglionopathy;287
20.81; Polymyoclonus;287
20.82; Polyneuropathy;287
20.83; Polyopia;287
20.84; Popeye Arms;288
20.85; Poriomania;288
20.86; Porropsia;288
20.87; Positional Manoeuvres;288
20.88; Posttetanic Potentiation;288
20.89; Postural Hypotension;288
20.90; Postural Reflexes;288
20.91; Pourfour du Petit Syndrome;289
20.92; Pouting, Pout Reflex;289
20.93; Prayer Sign;289
20.94; Prehensile Thumb Sign;289
20.95; Presbyastasis;289
20.96; Presbycusis;290
20.97; Presbyopia;290
20.98; Prsque vu ;290
20.99; Pressure Provocation Test;290
20.100; Prevosts Sign;290
20.101; Priapism;291
20.102; Primitive Reflexes;291
20.103; Procerus Sign;291
20.104; Pronator Drift;291
20.105; Proprioception;292
20.106; Proptosis;292
20.107; Propulsion;293
20.108; Prosopagnosia;293
20.109; Prosopoplegia;294
20.110; Proust Phenomenon;294
20.111; Proximal Limb Weakness;294
20.112; Pseudoabducens Palsy;295
20.113; Pseudoachromatopsia;295
20.114; Pseudoagnosia;295
20.115; Pseudo-Argyll Robertson Pupil;295
20.116; Pseudoathetosis;296
20.117; Pseudo-Babinski Sign;296
20.118; Pseudobitemporal Hemianopia;296
20.119; Pseudobulbar Affect;296
20.120; Pseudobulbar Palsy;296
20.121; Pseudochoreoathetosis;297
20.122; Pseudodementia;297
20.123; Pseudodiplopia;298
20.124; Pseudohallucination;298
20.125; Pseudohypertrophy;298
20.126; Pseudo-Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia;298
20.127; Pseudomyotonia;299
20.128; Pseudo-One-and-a-Half Syndrome;299
20.129; Pseudopapilloedema;300
20.130; Pseudoparesis;300
20.131; Pseudoptosis;300
20.132; Pseudoradicular Syndrome;300
20.133; Pseudo-Von Graefes Sign;300
20.134; Psychic Akinesia;301
20.135; Psychic Blindness;301
20.136; Psychic Paralysis of Gaze;301
20.137; Psychomotor Retardation;301
20.138; Psychomotor Signs;301
20.139; Ptarmus;301
20.140; Ptosis;301
20.141; Ptyalism;302
20.142; Pulfrich Phenomenon;302
20.143; Pull Test;303
20.144; Punding;303
20.145; Pupillary Reflexes;303
20.146; Pupil Sparing;304
20.147; Pure Word Blindness;304
20.148; Pure Word Deafness;304
20.149; Pursuit;305
20.150; Pyramidal Decussation Syndrome;305
20.151; Pyramidal Signs, Pyramidal Weakness;305
21;Q;306
21.1; Quadrantanopia;306
21.2; Quadriparesis, Quadriplegia;306
21.3; Quadrupedalism;307
22;R;308
22.1; Rabbit Syndrome;308
22.2; Raccoon Eyes;308
22.3; Radiculopathy;308
22.4; Raynauds Phenomenon;309
22.5; Rebound Phenomenon;309
22.6; Recruitment;310
22.7; Recurrent Utterances;310
22.8; Red Ear Syndrome;310
22.9; Reduplicative Paramnesia;310
22.10; Reflexes;311
22.11; Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD);312
22.12; Religiosity;313
22.13; Remote Atrophy;313
22.14; Retinal Venous Pulsation;313
22.15; Retinitis Pigmentosa;313
22.16; Retinopathy;314
22.17; Retrocollis;315
22.18; Retropulsion, Retropulsion Test;315
22.19; Reverse Lhermittes Sign;315
22.20; Reverse Phalens Manoeuvre;315
22.21; Reverse Ptosis;315
22.22; Reverse Sensory Geste;315
22.23; Reverse Straight Leg Raising;315
22.24; Revilliods Sign;315
22.25; Riddochs Phenomenon;316
22.26; RightLeft Disorientation;316
22.27; Rigidity;316
22.28; Rindblindheit ;317
22.29; Ring Scotoma;317
22.30; Rinnes Test;317
22.31; Rising Sign;318
22.32; Risus Sardonicus;318
22.33; Robot Syndrome;318
22.34; Rocket Sign;318
22.35; Rogers Sign;318
22.36; Rolex Sign;319
22.37; Rombergism, Rombergs Sign;319
22.38; Roos Test;319
22.39; Rooting Reflex;320
22.40; Rosenbachs Sign;320
22.41; Rosss Syndrome;320
23;S;321
23.1; Saccades;321
23.2; Saccadic Intrusion, Saccadic Pursuit;322
23.3; Saccadomania;322
23.4; Sacral Sparing;322
23.5; Saddle Anaesthesia;322
23.6; Saturday Night Palsy;322
23.7; Savant Syndrome;322
23.8; Scanning Speech;323
23.9; Scapula Alata;323
23.10; Schizophasia;323
23.11; Schwabach Test;323
23.12; Scoliosis;323
23.13; Scotoma;324
23.14; Scratch Test;324
23.15; Seborrhoea;324
23.16; Seelenblindheit ;325
23.17; Seizures;325
23.18; Self-Mutilation;326
23.19; Sensory Ataxia;326
23.20; Sensory Geste;326
23.21; Sequential Paresis;326
23.22; Setting Sun Sign;326
23.23; Shadowing;326
23.24; Shin-Tapping;326
23.25; Sialorrhoea;327
23.26; Sighing;327
23.27; Signe de lventail (Fan Sign);327
23.28; Signe de Rideau ;327
23.29;Signe du Journal ;327
23.30; Simian Hand;328
23.31; Simian Posture;328
23.32; Simultanagnosia;328
23.33; Singultus;328
23.34; Sink Sign;329
23.35; Skew Deviation;329
23.36; SmileWink Phenomenon;329
23.37; Smooth Pursuit;329
23.38; Snarling Facies;329
23.39; Sneezing;329
23.40; Snoring;330
23.41; Snouting, Snout Reflex;330
23.42; Somatoparaphrenia;330
23.43; Somatotopagnosia;331
23.44; Spasm;331
23.45; Spasmus Nutans;331
23.46; Spastic Catch;331
23.47; Spasticity;332
23.48; Speech Apraxia;333
23.49; Spinal Mass Reflex;333
23.50; Spoonerisms;334
23.51; Spurlings Sign;334
23.52; Square Wave Jerks;334
23.53; Square Wave Oscillations;334
23.54; Squint;334
23.55; Stapedius Reflex;335
23.56; Stellwags Sign;335
23.57; Steppage, Stepping Gait;335
23.58; Stereoanaesthesia;335
23.59; Stereohypaesthesia;335
23.60; Stereotyped Aphasia;335
23.61; Stereotypy;335
23.62; Sternocleidomastoid Test;336
23.63; Stethoscope Loudness Imbalance Test;336
23.64; StewartHolmes Sign;336
23.65; Stiffness;336
23.66; Stork Legs;337
23.67; Stork Manoeuvre;337
23.68; Strabismus;337
23.69; Straight Leg Raising;338
23.70; Straight Thumb Sign;338
23.71; Striatal Toe;338
23.72; String Sign;338
23.73; Stupor;338
23.74; Stutter;339
23.75; Sucking Reflex;339
23.76; Summerskills Sign;339
23.77; Sundowning;339
23.78; Sunset Sign;340
23.79; Suppression;340
23.80; Supranuclear Gaze Palsy;340
23.81; Surface Dyslexia;341
23.82; Suspended Sensory Loss;341
23.83; Swan Neck;341
23.84; Swearing;341
23.85; Sweat Level;341
23.86; Swinging Flashlight Sign;341
23.87; Syllogomania;342
23.88; Synaesthesia;342
23.89; Synkinesia, Synkinesis;342
24;T;344
24.1; Table Top Sign;344
24.2; Tachylalia;344
24.3; Tachyphemia;344
24.4; Tactile Agnosia;344
24.5; Tadpole Pupils;344
24.6; Talantropia;345
24.7; Tandem Walking;345
24.8; Tasikinesia;345
24.9; Tays Sign;345
24.10; Teichopsia;345
24.11; Telegraphic Speech;345
24.12; Telopsia;345
24.13; Temporal Desaturation;346
24.14; Temporal Pallor;346
24.15; Terson Syndrome;346
24.16; Tetanus, Tetany;346
24.17; Tetraparesis, Tetraplegia;346
24.18; Threat Reflex;346
24.19; Tic;346
24.20;Tic Convulsif ;347
24.21; Tie Sign;347
24.22; Tilted Disc;347
24.23; Tinels Sign (HoffmannTinel Sign);347
24.24; Tinnitus;348
24.25; Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon;348
24.26; Titubation;348
24.27; Todds Paralysis, Todds Paresis;349
24.28; Toe Walking;349
24.29; Tongue Biting;349
24.30; Tonic Spasms;349
24.31; Torpor;350
24.32; Torticollis;350
24.33; Tortopia;350
24.34; Tourettism;350
24.35; Transcortical Aphasias;350
24.36; Transverse Smile;351
24.37; Tremblement Affirmatif, Tremblement Negatif ;351
24.38; Tremor;351
24.39; Trendelenburgs Sign;353
24.40; Triparesis;353
24.41; Triplopia;353
24.42; Trismus;353
24.43; Trombone Tongue;353
24.44; Trmners Sign;354
24.45; Trousseaus Sign;354
24.46; Tullio Phenomenon;354
24.47; Tunnel Vision;354
24.48; Two-Point Discrimination;355
25;U;356
25.1; Uhthoffs Phenomenon;356
25.2; Unterbergers Sign;356
25.3; Upbeat Nystagmus;357
25.4; Upper Motor Neurone (UMN) Syndrome;357
25.5; Urgency;358
25.6; Urinary Retention;358
25.7; Useless Hand of Oppenheim;359
25.8; Utilization Behaviour;359
26;V;360
26.1; Valsalva Manoeuvre;360
26.2; Vegetative States;360
26.3; Venous Pulsation;361
26.4; Vernets Syndrome;361
26.5; Vertigo;361
26.6; Vestibulo-ocular Reflexes;362
26.7; Vibration;363
26.8; Visual Agnosia;364
26.9; Visual Disorientation;365
26.10; Visual Extinction;365
26.11; Visual Field Defects;365
26.12; Visual Form Agnosia;366
26.13; Visual Grasp Reflex;367
26.14; Visual Perseveration;367
26.15; Visuopalpebral Reflex;367
26.16; Vocal Tremor, Voice Tremor;367
26.17; Von Graefes Sign;367
26.18; Vorbereiden ;367
26.19; VOR Suppression;368
26.20; Vulpians Sign;368
27;W;369
27.1; Waddling Gait;369
27.2; Waiters Tip Posture;369
27.3; Wallenbergs Syndrome;369
27.4; Wall-Eyed;369
27.5; Warm-Up Phenomenon;369
27.6; Wartenbergs Sign (1);369
27.7; Wartenbergs Sign (2);370
27.8; Wartenbergs Swing Test;370
27.9; Wasting;370
27.10; Weakness;370
27.11; Webers Test;371
27.12; Wernickes Aphasia;371
27.13; Wheelchair Sign;372
27.14; Wing-Beating Tremor;373
27.15; Winging of the Scapula;373
27.16; Witzelsucht ;373
27.17; Woltmans Sign;373
27.18; Wrestlers Sign;374
27.19; Wrist Drop;374
27.20; Writers Cr374
27.21; Wrong-Way Eyes;375
27.22; Wry Neck;375
28;X;376
28.1; Xanthopsia;376
28.2; Xerophthalmia, Xerostomia;376
29;Y;377
29.1; Yawning;377
29.2; Yips;377
29.3; Yo-Yo-Ing;378
30;Z;379
30.1; Zeitraffer Phenomenon;379
30.2; Zooagnosia;379
30.3; Zoom Effect;379
