Larner A Dictionary of Neurological Signs
3rd Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7095-4
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 381 Seiten, eBook
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7095-4
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
The first two editions of the Dictionary of Neurological Signs were very well-received by readers and reviewers alike. Like those editions, this Third Edition, updated and expanded, can be almost as well described in terms of what the book is not, along with details about what it is. The Dictionary is not a handbook for treatment of neurological disorders. While many entries provide the latest treatment options, up-to-the-minute therapies are not discussed in bedside level detail. The Dictionary is not a board review book because it is not in Q&A format but could easily serve in that capacity since each entry is a fairly complete snapshot of a specific disorder or disease.
The Dictionary is an alphabetical listing of commonly presenting neurological signs designed to guide the physician toward the correct clinical diagnosis. The Dictionary is focused, problem-based, concise and practical. The structured entries in this practical, clinical resource provide a thumbnail of a wide range of neurological signs. Each entry includes:
• A definition of the sign
• A brief account of the clinical technique required to elicit the sign
• A description of the other signs which may accompany the index sign
• An explanation of pathyophysiological and/or pharmacological background
• Differential diagnosis
• Brief treatment details
Where known, these entries also include the neuroanatomical basis of the sign. The Dictionary of Neurological Signs, Third Edition, is an indispensable reference for all students, trainees, and clinicians who care for patients with neurological disorders.
Zielgruppe
Professional/practitioner
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Foreword to the First Edition;7
2;Preface to Third Edition;8
3;Acknowledgements;9
4;Contents;10
5;A;12
5.1; Abadies Sign;12
5.2; Abdominal Paradox;12
5.3; Abdominal Reflexes;12
5.4; Abducens (VI) Nerve Palsy;13
5.5; Abductor Sign;13
5.6; Absence;13
5.7; Abulia;14
5.8; Acalculia;15
5.9; Accommodation Reflex;16
5.10; Achilles Reflex;16
5.11; Achromatopsia;16
5.12; Acousticopalpebral Reflex;17
5.13; Action Dystonia;17
5.14; Action Myoclonus;17
5.15; Adiadochokinesia;18
5.16; Adies Syndrome, Adies Tonic Pupil;18
5.17; Adsons Test;18
5.18; Adventitious Movements;18
5.19; Affective Agnosia;18
5.20; Afferent Pupillary Defect (APD);18
5.21; Age-Related Signs;18
5.22; Ageusia;19
5.23; Agnosia;20
5.24; Agrammatism;21
5.25; Agraphaesthesia;22
5.26; Agraphia;22
5.27; Agraphognosia;23
5.28; Agrypnia;23
5.29; Akathisia;23
5.30; Akinesia;24
5.31; Akinetic Mutism;25
5.32; Akinetic-Rigid Syndrome;26
5.33; Akinetopsia;26
5.34; Alalia;26
5.35; Alexia;26
5.36; Alexithymia;28
5.37; Alice in Wonderland Syndrome;29
5.38; Alien Grasp Reflex;29
5.39; Alien Hand, Alien Limb;30
5.40; Alienation Du Mot;31
5.41; Alloacousia;31
5.42; Alloaesthesia;31
5.43; Allochiria;32
5.44; Allodynia;32
5.45; Allographia;33
5.46; Allokinesia, Allokinesis;33
5.47; Alternate Cover Test;33
5.48; Alternating Fist Closure Test;33
5.49; Alternating Sequences Test;33
5.50; Altitudinal Field Defect;33
5.51; Amaurosis;34
5.52; Amblyopia;34
5.53; Amimia;35
5.54; Amnesia;35
5.55; Amphigory;37
5.56; Amusia;37
5.57; Amyotrophy;38
5.58; Anaesthesia;38
5.59; Analgesia;38
5.60; Anal Reflex;39
5.61; Anarchic Hand;39
5.62; Anarithmetia;39
5.63; Anarthria;39
5.64; Angioscotoma;40
5.65; Angor Animi;40
5.66; Anhidrosis;40
5.67; Anismus;40
5.68; Anisocoria;41
5.69; Annular Scotoma;41
5.70; Anomia;42
5.71; Anosmia;42
5.72; Anosodiaphoria;43
5.73; Anosognosia;43
5.74; Anserina;44
5.75; Antecollis;44
5.76; Anteflexion;44
5.77; Antons Syndrome;45
5.78; Anwesenheit;45
5.79; Apallic Syndrome;45
5.80; Apathy;45
5.81; Aphasia;46
5.82; Aphemia;48
5.83; Aphonia;48
5.84; Applause Sign;49
5.85; Aposiopesis;49
5.86; Apraxia;49
5.87; Aprosexia;51
5.88; Aprosodia, Aprosody;51
5.89; Arc de Cercle;51
5.90; Arcuate Scotoma;52
5.91; Areflexia;52
5.92; Argyll Robertson Pupil (ARP);52
5.93; Arm Drop;53
5.94; Around The Clock Paralysis;54
5.95; Arthrogryposis;54
5.96; Asemasia;54
5.97; Asomatognosia;54
5.98; Astasia;54
5.99; AstasiaAbasia;55
5.100; Astereognosis;55
5.101; Asterixis;55
5.102; Asthenopia;56
5.103; Asynergia;56
5.104; Ataxia;56
5.105; Ataxic Hemiparesis;58
5.106; Ataxic Nystagmus;59
5.107; Athetosis;59
5.108; Athymhormia;59
5.109; Atrophy;60
5.110; Attended Alone Sign;60
5.111; Attention;60
5.112; Auditory Agnosia;61
5.113; AuditoryVisual Synaesthesia;61
5.114; Augmentation;61
5.115; Aura;62
5.116; Automatic Obedience;63
5.117; Automatic Writing Behaviour;63
5.118; Automatism;63
5.119; Autophony;64
5.120; Autoscopy;64
5.121; Autotopagnosia;65
6;B;66
6.1; Babinskis Sign (1);66
6.2; Babinskis Sign (2);67
6.3; Babinskis TrunkThigh Test;67
6.4; Bag of Worms;67
6.5; Balaclava Helmet;67
6.6; Balints Syndrome;67
6.7; Ballism, Ballismus;68
6.8; Bathing Suit Sensory Loss;69
6.9; Battles Sign;69
6.10; Beevors Sign;69
6.11; Belle Indiffrence;69
6.12; Bells Palsy;70
6.13; Bells Phenomenon, Bells Sign;70
6.14; Benediction Hand;70
6.15; Bent Spine Syndrome;71
6.16; Bielschowskys Sign, Bielschowskys Test;71
6.17; Binasal Hemianopia;71
6.18; Bitemporal Hemianopia;71
6.19; Blepharoptosis;72
6.20; Blepharospasm;72
6.21; Blindsight;72
6.22; Blind Spot;73
6.23; Blinking;73
6.24; Blink Reflex;73
6.25; Body Part as Object;74
6.26; Bon-Bon Sign;75
6.27; Bouche de Tapir;75
6.28; Bovine Cough;75
6.29; Bradykinesia;75
6.30; Bradylalia;76
6.31; Bradyphrenia;76
6.32; Bragards Test;76
6.33; Brocas Aphasia;76
6.34; Brown-Squard Syndrome;77
6.35; Brudzinskis (Neck) Sign;78
6.36; Brueghels Syndrome;78
6.37; Bruit;78
6.38; Brushfield Spots;79
6.39; Bruxism;79
6.40; Buccofacial Dyspraxia;79
6.41; Buccolingual Syndrome;79
6.42; Bulbar Palsy;79
6.43; Bulbocavernosus Reflex;80
6.44; Buphthalmos;80
6.45; Butt-First Manoeuvre;80
7;C;81
7.1; Cacogeusia;81
7.2; Cacosmia;81
7.3; Calf Head Sign;81
7.4; Calf Hypertrophy;81
7.5; Caloric Testing;82
7.6; Camptocormia;82
7.7; Camptodactyly;83
7.8; Capgras Syndrome;83
7.9; Carphologia;84
7.10; Carpopedal Spasm;84
7.11; Catalepsy;84
7.12; Cataplexy;84
7.13; Catathrenia;85
7.14; Catatonia;85
7.15; Cauda Equina Syndrome;86
7.16; Central Scotoma, Centrocaecal Scotoma;87
7.17; Cerebellar Syndromes;88
7.18; Chaddocks Sign;88
7.19; Charcot Joint;88
7.20; Charles Bonnet Syndrome;89
7.21; Chasm;90
7.22; Cheiro-Oral Syndrome;90
7.23; Cherry Red Spot at the Macula;90
7.24; CheyneStokes Breathing;90
7.25; Chicken Wings;90
7.26; Chorea, Choreoathetosis;90
7.27; Chromaesthesia;93
7.28; Chronognosia;93
7.29; Chvosteks Sign;93
7.30; Ciliospinal Response;94
7.31; Cinematic Vision;94
7.32; Circumlocution;94
7.33; Clapping Test;94
7.34; Clasp-Knife Phenomenon;94
7.35; Claudication;94
7.36; Claw Foot;95
7.37; Claw Hand;95
7.38; Clonus;95
7.39; Closed Fist Sign;96
7.40; Closing-In Sign;96
7.41; Cluster Breathing;96
7.42; Coactivation Sign;96
7.43; Cock Walking;97
7.44; Cogans (Lid Twitch) Sign;97
7.45; Cogwheeling, Cogwheel Phenomenon, Cogwheel Rigidity;97
7.46; Cold Hands Sign;97
7.47; Collapsing Weakness;97
7.48; Colliers Sign;98
7.49; Colour Anomia;98
7.50; Coma;98
7.51; Compulsive Grasping Hand;99
7.52; Conduction Aphasia;100
7.53; Conduit dapproche;100
7.54; Confabulation;101
7.55; Confusion;101
7.56; Congenital Nystagmus;101
7.57; Consensual Light Reflex;102
7.58; Constructional Apraxia;102
7.59; Contracture;102
7.60; ConvergenceRetraction Nystagmus;103
7.61; Coprolalia;103
7.62; Copropraxia;103
7.63; Corectopia;103
7.64; Corneal Reflex;103
7.65; Corneomandibular Reflex;104
7.66; Corneopterygoid Reflex;104
7.67; Cortical Blindness;104
7.68; Cotards Syndrome;105
7.69; Coup de Poignard;105
7.70; Coup de Sabre;105
7.71; Cover Tests;106
7.72; Cr106
7.73; Cremasteric Reflex;107
7.74; Crocodile Tears;107
7.75; Crossed Adductor Reflex;107
7.76; Crossed Aphasia;108
7.77; Crossed Apraxia;108
7.78; Crossed Straight Leg Raising;108
7.79; Cross over;108
7.80; Crying;108
7.81; Cuirasse;108
7.82; Cushing Reflex, Cushing Response;108
7.83; Czarneckis Sign;109
8;D;110
8.1; Dalrymples Sign;110
8.2; Dazzle;110
8.3; Decerebrate Rigidity;110
8.4; De Clrambault Syndrome;110
8.5; Decomposition of Movement;110
8.6; Decorticate Rigidity;111
8.7;Deja Entendu;111
8.8;Deja Vecu;111
8.9;Deja Vu;111
8.10; Delirium;111
8.11; Delusion;113
8.12; Dementia;114
8.13; De Mussets Sign;116
8.14; Depersonalization;116
8.15; Derealization;116
8.16; Developmental Signs;116
8.17; Diagonistic Dyspraxia;116
8.18; Diamond on Quadriceps Sign;116
8.19; Diaphoresis;117
8.20; Diaphragm Weakness;117
8.21; Digital Reflex;117
8.22; Diplophonia;117
8.23; Diplopia;117
8.24; Directional Hypokinesia;119
8.25; Disc Swelling;119
8.26; Disinhibition;120
8.27; Dissociated Sensory Loss;120
8.28; Dissociation;120
8.29; Divisional Palsy;121
8.30; DixHallpike Positioning Test;121
8.31; Dolls Eye Manoeuvre, Dolls Head Manoeuvre;121
8.32; Dorsal Guttering;122
8.33; Double Elevator Palsy;122
8.34; Downbeat Nystagmus;122
8.35; Dressing Apraxia;122
8.36; Drooling;122
8.37; Dropped Head Syndrome;122
8.38; Drusen;123
8.39; Dynamic Aphasia;124
8.40; Dysaesthesia;124
8.41; Dysarthria;124
8.42; Dyscalculia;126
8.43; Dyschromatopsia;126
8.44; Dysdiadochokinesia;126
8.45; Dysexecutive Syndrome;126
8.46; Dysgeusia;127
8.47; Dysgraphaesthesia;127
8.48; Dysgraphia;127
8.49; Dyskinesia;127
8.50; Dyslexia;128
8.51; Dysmentia;128
8.52; Dysmetria;128
8.53; Dysmorphopsia;129
8.54; Dysnomia;129
8.55; Dysphagia;129
8.56; Dysphasia;131
8.57; Dysphonia;131
8.58; Dyspraxia;131
8.59; Dysprosody;132
8.60; Dyssynergia;132
8.61; Dystaxia;132
8.62; Dystonia;132
9;E;134
9.1; Ear Click;134
9.2; Eastchester Clapping Sign;134
9.3; Echolalia;134
9.4; Echophenomena;135
9.5; Echopraxia;135
9.6; criture en Double Miroir;135
9.7; Ectropion;135
9.8; Eidetic Memory;135
9.9; Eight-and-a-Half Syndrome;135
9.10; Ekboms Syndrome;136
9.11; Emotionalism, Emotional Lability;136
9.12; Emposthotonos;137
9.13; Encephalopathy;137
9.14; En Garde Position;137
9.15; Enophthalmos;137
9.16; Entomopia;138
9.17; Environmental Dependency Syndrome;138
9.18; Environmental Tilt;138
9.19; Epiphora;138
9.20; Epley Manoeuvre;139
9.21; Erythropsia;139
9.22; Esophoria;139
9.23; Esotropia;139
9.24; Eutonia;139
9.25; Ewart Phenomenon;139
9.26; Exophoria;140
9.27; Exophthalmos;140
9.28; Exosomaesthesia;140
9.29; Exotropia;140
9.30; Extensor Posturing;140
9.31; External Malleolar Sign;140
9.32; External Ophthalmoplegia;140
9.33; Extinction;140
9.34; Extrapyramidal Signs;141
9.35; Eyelid Apraxia;141
10;F;143
10.1; FaceHand Test;143
10.2; Facial Paresis, Facial Weakness;143
10.3; Facilitation;145
10.4; False-Localizing Signs;145
10.5; Fan Sign (Signe de lventail);146
10.6; Fasciculation;146
10.7; Fast Micrographia;147
10.8; Fatigue;148
10.9; Femoral Stretch Test;149
10.10; Fencers Posture, Fencing Posture;149
10.11; Festinant Gait, Festination;149
10.12; Fibrillation;149
10.13; Finger Agnosia;150
10.14; Finger Chase Test;150
10.15; Finger Drop;150
10.16; FingerFloor Distance;150
10.17; Finger-to-Nose Test;150
10.18; Fishers Sign;151
10.19; Fist-Edge-Palm Test;151
10.20; Flaccidity;151
10.21; Flail Arm;151
10.22; Flail Foot;152
10.23; Flap, Flapping Tremor;152
10.24;Flexibilitas Cerea (Waxy Flexibility);152
10.25; FlexionAdduction Sign;152
10.26; Flexor Posturing;152
10.27; Flick Sign;152
10.28; Floccillation;152
10.29; Flycatcher Tongue;152
10.30; Flynn Phenomenon;153
10.31; Foot Drop;153
10.32; Foot Grasping;153
10.33; Forced Ductions;154
10.34; Forced Grasping;154
10.35; Forced Groping;154
10.36; Forced Laughter and Crying;154
10.37; Forced Upgaze;154
10.38; Forearm and Finger Rolling;154
10.39; Foreign Accent Syndrome;155
10.40; Formication;155
10.41; Fortification Spectra;155
10.42; Foster Kennedy Syndrome;155
10.43; Fou Rire Prodromique;156
10.44; Freezing;156
10.45; Fregoli Syndrome;156
10.46; Freys Syndrome;157
10.47; Froments Sign;157
10.48; Frontal Ataxia;157
10.49; Frontal Lobe Syndromes;157
10.50; Frontal Release Signs;159
10.51; Fugue;160
10.52; Functional Weakness and Sensory Disturbance;160
10.53; Funnel Vision;161
11;G;162
11.1; Gag Reflex;162
11.2; Gait Apraxia;162
11.3; Gambling;163
11.4; Ganglionopathy;163
11.5; Ganser Phenomenon, Ganser Syndrome;163
11.6; Gaping;164
11.7; Gaze-Evoked Phenomena;164
11.8; Gaze Palsy;164
11.9; Gegenhalten;165
11.10; Geophagia, Geophagy;165
11.11; Gerstmann Syndrome;165
11.12; Geste Antagoniste;166
11.13; Gibbus;166
11.14; Girdle Sensation;166
11.15; Give-Way Weakness;167
11.16; Glabellar Tap Reflex;167
11.17; Glossolalia;167
11.18; Glove and Stocking Sensory Loss;167
11.19; Goosebumps;168
11.20; Gordons Sign;168
11.21; Gowers Manoeuvre, Gowers Sign;168
11.22; Graefes Sign;168
11.23; Grandchild Sign;168
11.24; Graphaesthesia;168
11.25; Graphanaesthesia;169
11.26; Graphospasm;169
11.27; Grasp Reflex;169
11.28; Groucho Marx Manoeuvre;169
11.29; Gustatory Epiphora;170
11.30; Gustatory Sweating;170
11.31; Guttmanns Sign;170
11.32; Gynaecomastia;170
12;H;171
12.1; Habit Spasm;171
12.2; Hallpike Manoeuvre, Hallpike Test;171
12.3; Hallucination;171
12.4; Hammer Toes;173
12.5; Hand Elevation Test;173
12.6; Harlequin Sign, Harlequin Syndrome;173
12.7; Harveys Sign;173
12.8; Hawthorne Effect;174
12.9; Head Droop, Head Drop;174
12.10; Head Impulse Test;174
12.11; Head Thrust;175
12.12; Head Tilt;175
12.13; Head Tremor;175
12.14; Head Turning Sign;175
12.15; Heautoscopy;176
12.16; HeelKneeShin Test, HeelShin Test;176
12.17; HeelToe Walking;176
12.18; Hemeralopia;176
12.19; Hemiachromatopsia;177
12.20; Hemiakinesia;177
12.21; Hemialexia;177
12.22; Hemianomia;177
12.23; Hemianopia;177
12.24; Hemiataxia;178
12.25; Hemiballismus;179
12.26; Hemichorea;180
12.27; Hemidystonia;180
12.28; Hemifacial Atrophy;180
12.29; Hemifacial Spasm;180
12.30; Hemi-Inattention;181
12.31; Hemimicropsia;181
12.32; Hemineglect;181
12.33; Hemiparesis;181
12.34; Hemiparkinsonism;182
12.35; Hemiplegia;182
12.36; Hemiplegia Cruciata;182
12.37; Henneberts Sign;182
12.38; Henry and Woodruff Sign;182
12.39; HertwigMagendie Sign;183
12.40; Heterochromia Iridis;183
12.41; Heterophoria;183
12.42; Heterotropia;183
12.43; Hiccups;184
12.44; High-Stepping Gait;184
12.45; Hip Abduction Sign;184
12.46; Hippus;185
12.47; Hitselberg Sign;185
12.48;Hocquet Diabolique ;185
12.49; Hoffmanns Sign;185
12.50; HoffmannTinel Sign;185
12.51; HolmesAdie Pupil, HolmesAdie Syndrome;185
12.52; Holmes Tremor;186
12.53; Hoovers Sign;186
12.54; Horners Syndrome;187
12.55; HoytSpencer Sign;188
12.56; Hung-Up Reflexes;188
12.57; Hutchinsons Pupil;188
12.58; Hyperacusis;188
12.59; Hyperaesthesia;189
12.60; Hyperalgesia;189
12.61; Hyperekplexia;189
12.62; Hypergraphia;190
12.63; Hyperhidrosis;190
12.64; Hyperkinesia;191
12.65; Hyperlexia;191
12.66; Hypermetamorphosis;191
12.67; Hypermetria;191
12.68; Hypermnesia;191
12.69; Hyperorality;191
12.70; Hyperpathia;191
12.71; Hyperphagia;192
12.72; Hyperphoria;192
12.73; Hyperpilaphesie;192
12.74; Hyperpronation;192
12.75; Hyperreflexia;192
12.76; Hyperreligiosity;193
12.77; Hypersexuality;193
12.78; Hypersomnolence;193
12.79; Hyperthermia;194
12.80; Hypertonia, Hypertonus;195
12.81; Hypertrophy;195
12.82; Hypertropia;195
12.83; Hypoaesthesia;195
12.84; Hypoalgesia;195
12.85; Hypogeusia;195
12.86; Hypohidrosis;195
12.87; Hypokinesia;196
12.88; Hypometria;196
12.89; Hypomimia;196
12.90; Hypophonia;196
12.91; Hypophoria;196
12.92; Hyporeflexia;197
12.93; Hyposexuality;197
12.94; Hypothermia;197
12.95; Hypotonia, Hypotonus;198
12.96; Hypotropia;198
13;I;199
13.1; Ice Pack Test;199
13.2; Ideational Apraxia;199
13.3; Ideomotor Apraxia (IMA);199
13.4; Illusion;199
13.5; Illusory Visual Spread;200
13.6; Imitation Behaviour;200
13.7; Imitation Synkinesis;200
13.8; Impersistence;200
13.9; Inattention;201
13.10; Incontinence;201
13.11; Intention Myoclonus;202
13.12; Intermanual Conflict;202
13.13; Intermetamorphosis;202
13.14; Internal Ophthalmoplegia;202
13.15; Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO);203
13.16; Intrusion;203
13.17; Inverse Marcus Gunn Phenomenon;204
13.18; Inverse Uhthoff Sign;204
13.19; Inverted Reflexes;204
13.20; Ipsipulsion;204
13.21; Iridoplegia;204
14;J;205
14.1; Jacksonian March;205
14.2; Jactitation;205
14.3;Jamais Entendu ;205
14.4;Jamais Vcu ;205
14.5;Jamais Vu ;205
14.6; Jargon Aphasia;206
14.7; Jaw Jerk;206
14.8; Jaw Winking;206
14.9; Jendrassiks Manoeuvre;207
14.10; Jitteriness;207
14.11; Joint Position Sense;207
14.12; Jugular Foramen Syndrome;207
14.13; Junctional Scotoma, Junctional Scotoma of Traquair;208
15;K;209
15.1; KayserFleischer Rings;209
15.2; Kernigs Sign;209
15.3; Kernohans Notch Syndrome;209
15.4; Kinesis Paradoxica ;210
15.5; Klazomania;210
15.6; Kleptomania;210
15.7; KlverBucy Syndrome;210
15.8; Knee Tremor;211
15.9;Krber Salus Elschnig Syndrome ;212
15.10; Kyphoscoliosis;212
16;L;213
16.1; Lagophthalmos;213
16.2; Lamberts Sign;213
16.3; Lasgues Sign;213
16.4; Lateral Medullary Syndrome;214
16.5; Lateral Rectus Palsy;214
16.6; Laterocollis;214
16.7; Lateropulsion;215
16.8; Laughter;215
16.9; Lazarus Sign;215
16.10; Leadpipe Rigidity;215
16.11; Leucocoria;215
16.12; Levator Inhibition;215
16.13; Levitation;215
16.14; Lhermittes Sign;216
16.15; Lid Lag;216
16.16; Lid Retraction;217
16.17; Light-Near (Pupillary) Dissociation (LND);217
16.18; Light Reflex;218
16.19; Locked-In Syndrome;218
16.20; Lockjaw;218
16.21; Logoclonia;218
16.22; Logopenia;219
16.23; Logorrhoea;219
16.24; Long Tract Signs;219
16.25; Looking Glass Syndrome;219
16.26; Lower Motor Neurone (LMN) Syndrome;219
16.27; Luria Test;220
17;M;221
17.1; Macrographia;221
17.2; Macropsia;221
17.3; Macrosomatognosia;221
17.4; MacroSquare Wave Jerks;221
17.5; Macula Sparing, Macula Splitting;221
17.6; Maculopathy;222
17.7; Magnetic Movements;222
17.8;Main daccoucheur ;222
17.9; Main en Griffe ;222
17.10; Main tranger ;223
17.11; Main Succulente ;223
17.12; Man-in-a-Barrel;223
17.13; Marche Petit Pas ;223
17.14; Marcus Gunn Phenomenon;224
17.15; Marcus Gunn Pupil, Marcus Gunn Sign;224
17.16; Mask-Like Facies;224
17.17; Masseter Hypertrophy;224
17.18; Masseter Reflex;224
17.19; Masticatory Claudication;225
17.20; McArdles Sign;225
17.21; Medial Medullary Syndrome;225
17.22; Menace Reflex;225
17.23; Meningism;226
17.24; Metamorphopsia;226
17.25; Micrographia;227
17.26; Micropsia;227
17.27; Microsomatognosia;228
17.28; Milkmaids Grip;228
17.29; Miosis;228
17.30; Mirror Agnosia;228
17.31; Mirror Apraxia;229
17.32; Mirror Ataxia;229
17.33; Mirror Dystonia;229
17.34; Mirror Hallucination;229
17.35; Mirror Movements;229
17.36; Mirror Sign;230
17.37; Mirror Writing;230
17.38; Misidentification Syndromes;231
17.39; Misoplegia;232
17.40; Mitbewegungen ;232
17.41; Mitgehen ;232
17.42; Mitmachen ;232
17.43; Monoballismus;232
17.44; Monochromatopsia;233
17.45; Monomelia;233
17.46; Mononeuritis Multiplex, Mononeuropathy Multiplex;233
17.47; Mononeuropathy;233
17.48; Monoparesis, Monoplegia;233
17.49; Monophasia;233
17.50; Monotonia;233
17.51; Moria;233
17.52; Motor Neglect;234
17.53; Moving Ear;234
17.54; Multiplication of Images;234
17.55; Muscle Hypertrophy;234
17.56; Mutism;234
17.57; Myasthenic Snarl;235
17.58; Mydriasis;235
17.59; Myelopathy;236
17.60; Myersons Sign;237
17.61; Myoclonus;237
17.62; Myoedema;238
17.63; Myokymia;238
17.64; Myopathy;239
17.65; Myorhythmia;240
17.66; Myotonia;240
18;N;242
18.1; Narcolepsy, Narcoleptic Syndrome;242
18.2; Nasopalpebral Reflex;242
18.3; Negative Myoclonus;242
18.4; Negative Tremor;242
18.5; Negativism;242
18.6; Neglect;242
18.7; Negros Sign;243
18.8; Neologism;243
18.9; Neris Test;244
18.10; Nerve Thickening;244
18.11; Neuromyotonia;244
18.12; Neuronopathy;245
18.13; Neuropathy;245
18.14; Nominal Aphasia;246
18.15; Nuchal Rigidity;246
18.16; Nuchocephalic Reflex;246
18.17; Nyctalopia;247
18.18; NylenBrny Manoeuvre;247
18.19; Nystagmoid Jerks;247
18.20; Nystagmus;247
19;O;251
19.1; Obscurations;251
19.2; Obtundation;251
19.3; Ocular Apraxia;251
19.4; Ocular Bobbing;251
19.5; Ocular Dipping;252
19.6; Ocular Flutter;252
19.7; Ocular Myoclonus;252
19.8; Ocular Tilt Reaction;253
19.9; Oculocephalic Response;253
19.10; Oculogyric Crisis;253
19.11; Oculomasticatory Myorhythmia;254
19.12; Oculomotor (III) Nerve Palsy;254
19.13; Oculovestibular Response;255
19.14; Okay Sign;255
19.15; One-and-a-Half Syndrome;255
19.16; Onion Peel, Onion Skin;255
19.17; Ophthalmoparesis, Ophthalmoplegia;256
19.18; Opisthotonos;256
19.19; Oppenheims Sign;257
19.20; Oppenheims Useless Hand Sign;257
19.21; Opsoclonus;257
19.22; Optic Aphasia;258
19.23; Optic Ataxia;259
19.24; Optic Atrophy;259
19.25; Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN), Optokinetic Response;260
19.26; Orators Hand;260
19.27; Oro-facial Dyspraxia;260
19.28; Oromandibular Dystonia;260
19.29; Orthostatic Hypotension;261
19.30; Oscillopsia;262
19.31; Oscillucusis;262
19.32; Osmophobia;262
19.33; Overflow;262
20;P;263
20.1; Pagophagia;263
20.2; Palatal Reflex;263
20.3; Palatal Tremor;263
20.4; Palilalia;263
20.5; Palilogia;264
20.6; Palinacusis;264
20.7; Palinopsia;264
20.8; Pallaesthesia;265
20.9; Palmaris Brevis Sign;265
20.10; Palmomental Reflex;265
20.11; Pandysautonomia;266
20.12; Papilloedema;266
20.13; Paraballismus;267
20.14; Paradoxical Breathing;267
20.15; Paradoxical Head Tilt;267
20.16; Paradoxical Flexor Reflex;267
20.17; Paradoxical Triceps Reflex;267
20.18; Paraesthesia;267
20.19; Paragrammatism;268
20.20; Paragraphia;268
20.21; Parakinesia, Parakinesis;268
20.22; Paralexia;268
20.23; Paralogia;268
20.24; Paralysis;268
20.25; Paramnesia;268
20.26; Paramyotonia;269
20.27; Paraparesis;269
20.28; Paraphasia;270
20.29; Paraplegia;271
20.30; Parapraxia, Parapraxis;272
20.31; Paratonia;272
20.32; Paresis;272
20.33; Parinauds Syndrome;272
20.34; Parkinsonism;273
20.35; Parosmia;275
20.36; ParryRomberg Syndrome;275
20.37; Past-Pointing;276
20.38; Patellar Reflex;276
20.39; Pathological Crying, Pathological Laughter;276
20.40; Peduncular Hallucinosis;276
20.41; Peek Sign;277
20.42; Peliopsia, Pelopsia;277
20.43; Pelvic Thrusting;277
20.44; Pendular Nystagmus;277
20.45; Percussion Myotonia;277
20.46; Periodic Alternating Nystagmus;278
20.47; Periodic Respiration;278
20.48; Perseveration;278
20.49; Personification of Paralyzed Limbs;279
20.50; Pes Cavus;279
20.51; Petite Madeleines Phenomenon;280
20.52; Phalens Sign;280
20.53; Phantom Alloaesthesia;280
20.54; Phantom Chromatopsia;280
20.55; Phantom Limb;280
20.56; Phantom Vision;281
20.57; Pharyngeal Reflex;281
20.58; Phonagnosia;281
20.59; Phonemic Disintegration;281
20.60; Phonetic Disintegration;282
20.61; Phonophobia;282
20.62; Phosphene;282
20.63; Photism;282
20.64; Photophobia;283
20.65; Photopsia;283
20.66; Physical Duality;283
20.67; Piano-Playing Fingers;283
20.68; Pica;283
20.69; Picture Sign;283
20.70; Picture Within a Picture Sign;284
20.71;Pied en Griffe ;284
20.72; Pie-in-the-Sky Defect;284
20.73; Pill Rolling;284
20.74; Pinch Sign;284
20.75; Pinhole Test;284
20.76; Plantar Response;285
20.77; Plegia;285
20.78; Pleurothotonus;286
20.79; Plexopathy;286
20.80; Polyganglionopathy;287
20.81; Polymyoclonus;287
20.82; Polyneuropathy;287
20.83; Polyopia;287
20.84; Popeye Arms;288
20.85; Poriomania;288
20.86; Porropsia;288
20.87; Positional Manoeuvres;288
20.88; Posttetanic Potentiation;288
20.89; Postural Hypotension;288
20.90; Postural Reflexes;288
20.91; Pourfour du Petit Syndrome;289
20.92; Pouting, Pout Reflex;289
20.93; Prayer Sign;289
20.94; Prehensile Thumb Sign;289
20.95; Presbyastasis;289
20.96; Presbycusis;290
20.97; Presbyopia;290
20.98; Prsque vu ;290
20.99; Pressure Provocation Test;290
20.100; Prevosts Sign;290
20.101; Priapism;291
20.102; Primitive Reflexes;291
20.103; Procerus Sign;291
20.104; Pronator Drift;291
20.105; Proprioception;292
20.106; Proptosis;292
20.107; Propulsion;293
20.108; Prosopagnosia;293
20.109; Prosopoplegia;294
20.110; Proust Phenomenon;294
20.111; Proximal Limb Weakness;294
20.112; Pseudoabducens Palsy;295
20.113; Pseudoachromatopsia;295
20.114; Pseudoagnosia;295
20.115; Pseudo-Argyll Robertson Pupil;295
20.116; Pseudoathetosis;296
20.117; Pseudo-Babinski Sign;296
20.118; Pseudobitemporal Hemianopia;296
20.119; Pseudobulbar Affect;296
20.120; Pseudobulbar Palsy;296
20.121; Pseudochoreoathetosis;297
20.122; Pseudodementia;297
20.123; Pseudodiplopia;298
20.124; Pseudohallucination;298
20.125; Pseudohypertrophy;298
20.126; Pseudo-Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia;298
20.127; Pseudomyotonia;299
20.128; Pseudo-One-and-a-Half Syndrome;299
20.129; Pseudopapilloedema;300
20.130; Pseudoparesis;300
20.131; Pseudoptosis;300
20.132; Pseudoradicular Syndrome;300
20.133; Pseudo-Von Graefes Sign;300
20.134; Psychic Akinesia;301
20.135; Psychic Blindness;301
20.136; Psychic Paralysis of Gaze;301
20.137; Psychomotor Retardation;301
20.138; Psychomotor Signs;301
20.139; Ptarmus;301
20.140; Ptosis;301
20.141; Ptyalism;302
20.142; Pulfrich Phenomenon;302
20.143; Pull Test;303
20.144; Punding;303
20.145; Pupillary Reflexes;303
20.146; Pupil Sparing;304
20.147; Pure Word Blindness;304
20.148; Pure Word Deafness;304
20.149; Pursuit;305
20.150; Pyramidal Decussation Syndrome;305
20.151; Pyramidal Signs, Pyramidal Weakness;305
21;Q;306
21.1; Quadrantanopia;306
21.2; Quadriparesis, Quadriplegia;306
21.3; Quadrupedalism;307
22;R;308
22.1; Rabbit Syndrome;308
22.2; Raccoon Eyes;308
22.3; Radiculopathy;308
22.4; Raynauds Phenomenon;309
22.5; Rebound Phenomenon;309
22.6; Recruitment;310
22.7; Recurrent Utterances;310
22.8; Red Ear Syndrome;310
22.9; Reduplicative Paramnesia;310
22.10; Reflexes;311
22.11; Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD);312
22.12; Religiosity;313
22.13; Remote Atrophy;313
22.14; Retinal Venous Pulsation;313
22.15; Retinitis Pigmentosa;313
22.16; Retinopathy;314
22.17; Retrocollis;315
22.18; Retropulsion, Retropulsion Test;315
22.19; Reverse Lhermittes Sign;315
22.20; Reverse Phalens Manoeuvre;315
22.21; Reverse Ptosis;315
22.22; Reverse Sensory Geste;315
22.23; Reverse Straight Leg Raising;315
22.24; Revilliods Sign;315
22.25; Riddochs Phenomenon;316
22.26; RightLeft Disorientation;316
22.27; Rigidity;316
22.28; Rindblindheit ;317
22.29; Ring Scotoma;317
22.30; Rinnes Test;317
22.31; Rising Sign;318
22.32; Risus Sardonicus;318
22.33; Robot Syndrome;318
22.34; Rocket Sign;318
22.35; Rogers Sign;318
22.36; Rolex Sign;319
22.37; Rombergism, Rombergs Sign;319
22.38; Roos Test;319
22.39; Rooting Reflex;320
22.40; Rosenbachs Sign;320
22.41; Rosss Syndrome;320
23;S;321
23.1; Saccades;321
23.2; Saccadic Intrusion, Saccadic Pursuit;322
23.3; Saccadomania;322
23.4; Sacral Sparing;322
23.5; Saddle Anaesthesia;322
23.6; Saturday Night Palsy;322
23.7; Savant Syndrome;322
23.8; Scanning Speech;323
23.9; Scapula Alata;323
23.10; Schizophasia;323
23.11; Schwabach Test;323
23.12; Scoliosis;323
23.13; Scotoma;324
23.14; Scratch Test;324
23.15; Seborrhoea;324
23.16; Seelenblindheit ;325
23.17; Seizures;325
23.18; Self-Mutilation;326
23.19; Sensory Ataxia;326
23.20; Sensory Geste;326
23.21; Sequential Paresis;326
23.22; Setting Sun Sign;326
23.23; Shadowing;326
23.24; Shin-Tapping;326
23.25; Sialorrhoea;327
23.26; Sighing;327
23.27; Signe de lventail (Fan Sign);327
23.28; Signe de Rideau ;327
23.29;Signe du Journal ;327
23.30; Simian Hand;328
23.31; Simian Posture;328
23.32; Simultanagnosia;328
23.33; Singultus;328
23.34; Sink Sign;329
23.35; Skew Deviation;329
23.36; SmileWink Phenomenon;329
23.37; Smooth Pursuit;329
23.38; Snarling Facies;329
23.39; Sneezing;329
23.40; Snoring;330
23.41; Snouting, Snout Reflex;330
23.42; Somatoparaphrenia;330
23.43; Somatotopagnosia;331
23.44; Spasm;331
23.45; Spasmus Nutans;331
23.46; Spastic Catch;331
23.47; Spasticity;332
23.48; Speech Apraxia;333
23.49; Spinal Mass Reflex;333
23.50; Spoonerisms;334
23.51; Spurlings Sign;334
23.52; Square Wave Jerks;334
23.53; Square Wave Oscillations;334
23.54; Squint;334
23.55; Stapedius Reflex;335
23.56; Stellwags Sign;335
23.57; Steppage, Stepping Gait;335
23.58; Stereoanaesthesia;335
23.59; Stereohypaesthesia;335
23.60; Stereotyped Aphasia;335
23.61; Stereotypy;335
23.62; Sternocleidomastoid Test;336
23.63; Stethoscope Loudness Imbalance Test;336
23.64; StewartHolmes Sign;336
23.65; Stiffness;336
23.66; Stork Legs;337
23.67; Stork Manoeuvre;337
23.68; Strabismus;337
23.69; Straight Leg Raising;338
23.70; Straight Thumb Sign;338
23.71; Striatal Toe;338
23.72; String Sign;338
23.73; Stupor;338
23.74; Stutter;339
23.75; Sucking Reflex;339
23.76; Summerskills Sign;339
23.77; Sundowning;339
23.78; Sunset Sign;340
23.79; Suppression;340
23.80; Supranuclear Gaze Palsy;340
23.81; Surface Dyslexia;341
23.82; Suspended Sensory Loss;341
23.83; Swan Neck;341
23.84; Swearing;341
23.85; Sweat Level;341
23.86; Swinging Flashlight Sign;341
23.87; Syllogomania;342
23.88; Synaesthesia;342
23.89; Synkinesia, Synkinesis;342
24;T;344
24.1; Table Top Sign;344
24.2; Tachylalia;344
24.3; Tachyphemia;344
24.4; Tactile Agnosia;344
24.5; Tadpole Pupils;344
24.6; Talantropia;345
24.7; Tandem Walking;345
24.8; Tasikinesia;345
24.9; Tays Sign;345
24.10; Teichopsia;345
24.11; Telegraphic Speech;345
24.12; Telopsia;345
24.13; Temporal Desaturation;346
24.14; Temporal Pallor;346
24.15; Terson Syndrome;346
24.16; Tetanus, Tetany;346
24.17; Tetraparesis, Tetraplegia;346
24.18; Threat Reflex;346
24.19; Tic;346
24.20;Tic Convulsif ;347
24.21; Tie Sign;347
24.22; Tilted Disc;347
24.23; Tinels Sign (HoffmannTinel Sign);347
24.24; Tinnitus;348
24.25; Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon;348
24.26; Titubation;348
24.27; Todds Paralysis, Todds Paresis;349
24.28; Toe Walking;349
24.29; Tongue Biting;349
24.30; Tonic Spasms;349
24.31; Torpor;350
24.32; Torticollis;350
24.33; Tortopia;350
24.34; Tourettism;350
24.35; Transcortical Aphasias;350
24.36; Transverse Smile;351
24.37; Tremblement Affirmatif, Tremblement Negatif ;351
24.38; Tremor;351
24.39; Trendelenburgs Sign;353
24.40; Triparesis;353
24.41; Triplopia;353
24.42; Trismus;353
24.43; Trombone Tongue;353
24.44; Trmners Sign;354
24.45; Trousseaus Sign;354
24.46; Tullio Phenomenon;354
24.47; Tunnel Vision;354
24.48; Two-Point Discrimination;355
25;U;356
25.1; Uhthoffs Phenomenon;356
25.2; Unterbergers Sign;356
25.3; Upbeat Nystagmus;357
25.4; Upper Motor Neurone (UMN) Syndrome;357
25.5; Urgency;358
25.6; Urinary Retention;358
25.7; Useless Hand of Oppenheim;359
25.8; Utilization Behaviour;359
26;V;360
26.1; Valsalva Manoeuvre;360
26.2; Vegetative States;360
26.3; Venous Pulsation;361
26.4; Vernets Syndrome;361
26.5; Vertigo;361
26.6; Vestibulo-ocular Reflexes;362
26.7; Vibration;363
26.8; Visual Agnosia;364
26.9; Visual Disorientation;365
26.10; Visual Extinction;365
26.11; Visual Field Defects;365
26.12; Visual Form Agnosia;366
26.13; Visual Grasp Reflex;367
26.14; Visual Perseveration;367
26.15; Visuopalpebral Reflex;367
26.16; Vocal Tremor, Voice Tremor;367
26.17; Von Graefes Sign;367
26.18; Vorbereiden ;367
26.19; VOR Suppression;368
26.20; Vulpians Sign;368
27;W;369
27.1; Waddling Gait;369
27.2; Waiters Tip Posture;369
27.3; Wallenbergs Syndrome;369
27.4; Wall-Eyed;369
27.5; Warm-Up Phenomenon;369
27.6; Wartenbergs Sign (1);369
27.7; Wartenbergs Sign (2);370
27.8; Wartenbergs Swing Test;370
27.9; Wasting;370
27.10; Weakness;370
27.11; Webers Test;371
27.12; Wernickes Aphasia;371
27.13; Wheelchair Sign;372
27.14; Wing-Beating Tremor;373
27.15; Winging of the Scapula;373
27.16; Witzelsucht ;373
27.17; Woltmans Sign;373
27.18; Wrestlers Sign;374
27.19; Wrist Drop;374
27.20; Writers Cr374
27.21; Wrong-Way Eyes;375
27.22; Wry Neck;375
28;X;376
28.1; Xanthopsia;376
28.2; Xerophthalmia, Xerostomia;376
29;Y;377
29.1; Yawning;377
29.2; Yips;377
29.3; Yo-Yo-Ing;378
30;Z;379
30.1; Zeitraffer Phenomenon;379
30.2; Zooagnosia;379
30.3; Zoom Effect;379
