Larner / Coles / Scolding A-Z of Neurological Practice
2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-84882-994-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
A Guide to Clinical Neurology
E-Book, Englisch, 814 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-84882-994-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
The Second Edition of A-Z of Neurological Practice builds on the previous edition withrevised and updated information in a high density but easily accessible format to provide a quick and ready reference for busy clinicians of all degrees of experience. Entries for specific neurological conditions are uniformly structured indicating: Pathophysiology; Clinical Features; Investigations and Diagnosis; Differential Diagnosis; Treatment and Prognosis. Key references are cited throughout and all entries are cross referenced.
A-Z of Neurological Practice, Second Edition is a practical, authoritative guide that will become an invaluable resource for neurologists in clinical practice, neurology trainees and all those involved with the treatment of neurological disorders.
Zielgruppe
Professional/practitioner
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;A-Z of Neurological Practice;3
1.1;Copyright Page;4
1.2;Preface to the Second Edition;5
1.3;A;7
1.3.1;Abetalipoproteinemia [OMIM#200100];7
1.3.1.1;Clinical features;7
1.3.1.2;Investigation;8
1.3.1.3;Differential diagnosis;8
1.3.1.4;Treatment and prognosis;8
1.3.2;Abscess: overview;9
1.3.3;Acanthamoeba;10
1.3.4;Aceruloplasminemia [OMIM#604290];11
1.3.5;Achondroplasia [OMIM#100800];11
1.3.6;Acromegaly;12
1.3.7;Actinomycosis;12
1.3.8;Action myoclonus–renal failure syndrome (AMRF) [OMIM#254900];13
1.3.8.1;Clinical features;13
1.3.8.2;Investigation;13
1.3.8.3;Differential diagnosis;13
1.3.8.4;Treatment and prognosis;14
1.3.9;Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM);14
1.3.9.1;Clinical features;14
1.3.9.2;Investigation;15
1.3.9.3;Differential diagnosis;15
1.3.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;16
1.3.10;Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) [OMIM#300100];16
1.3.10.1;Clinical features;17
1.3.10.2;Investigation;17
1.3.10.3;Differential diagnosis;18
1.3.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;18
1.3.11;Albers–Schönberg disease;19
1.3.12;Alcohol and the nervous system: overview;19
1.3.12.1;Clinical features;19
1.3.12.2;Treatment and prognosis;21
1.3.13;Alexander’s disease [OMIM#203450];22
1.3.13.1;Clinical features;22
1.3.13.2;Investigation;22
1.3.13.3;Differential diagnosis;22
1.3.13.4;Treatment and prognosis;23
1.3.14;Altitude illness;23
1.3.14.1;Clinical features;23
1.3.14.2;Treatment and prognosis;24
1.3.15;Alzheimer’s disease (AD);24
1.3.15.1;Clinical features;25
1.3.15.2;Investigation;27
1.3.15.3;Differential diagnosis;28
1.3.15.4;Treatment and prognosis;28
1.3.16;Aminoacidopathies: overview;29
1.3.16.1;Investigation;30
1.3.17;Amoebic infection: overview;31
1.3.18;Amyloid diseases: overview;31
1.3.19;Andersen–Tawil syndrome [OMIM#170390];32
1.3.20;Aneurysm: overview;32
1.3.20.1;Clinical features;33
1.3.20.2;Investigation;33
1.3.20.3;Treatment and prognosis;34
1.3.21;Angelman syndrome [OMIM#105830];34
1.3.21.1;Clinical features;34
1.3.21.2;Investigation;35
1.3.21.3;Differential diagnosis;35
1.3.21.4;Treatment and prognosis;35
1.3.22;Angiostrongyliasis;35
1.3.23;Ankylosing spondylitis;36
1.3.23.1;Clinical features;36
1.3.23.2;Investigation;37
1.3.23.3;Differential diagnosis;37
1.3.23.4;Treatment and prognosis;37
1.3.24;Anterior choroidal artery infarction;38
1.3.25;Anterior interosseous neuropathy;38
1.3.26;Anterior spinal artery syndrome (ASAS);39
1.3.26.1;Clinical features;40
1.3.26.2;Investigation;40
1.3.26.3;Treatment and prognosis;40
1.3.27;Anthrax;40
1.3.27.1;Clinical features;40
1.3.27.2;Investigation;41
1.3.27.3;Differential diagnosis;41
1.3.27.4;Treatment and prognosis;41
1.3.28;Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS);41
1.3.28.1;Clinical features;42
1.3.28.2;Investigation;42
1.3.28.3;Differential diagnosis;42
1.3.28.4;Treatment and prognosis;43
1.3.29;Anton–Babinski syndrome;43
1.3.30;Arachnoid cyst;43
1.3.30.1;Clinical features;44
1.3.30.2;Investigation;44
1.3.30.3;Differential diagnosis;44
1.3.30.4;Treatment and prognosis;44
1.3.31;Arachnoiditis;44
1.3.31.1;Clinical features;45
1.3.31.2;Investigation;45
1.3.31.3;Differential diagnosis;46
1.3.31.4;Treatment and prognosis;46
1.3.32;Arbovirus disease: overview;46
1.3.33;Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD);47
1.3.34;Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs);47
1.3.34.1;Clinical features;47
1.3.34.2;Investigation;48
1.3.34.3;Differential diagnosis;48
1.3.34.4;Treatment and prognosis;48
1.3.35;Aseptic meningitis: overview;49
1.3.36;Aspergillosis;49
1.3.37;Astrocytoma;50
1.3.38;Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) [OMIM#208900];50
1.3.38.1;Clinical features;51
1.3.38.2;Investigation;51
1.3.38.3;Differential diagnosis;52
1.3.38.4;Treatment and prognosis;52
1.3.39;Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency (AVED) [OMIM#277460];52
1.3.40;Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia (AOA);53
1.3.41;Atlantoaxial dislocation, subluxation;54
1.3.42;Atypical facial pain;54
1.3.43;Atypical pneumonias: overview;54
1.3.44;Autonomic failure: overview;55
1.3.44.1;Clinical features;56
1.3.44.2;Investigation;56
1.3.44.3;Treatment and prognosis;57
1.3.45;Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA): overview;58
1.3.46;Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) [OMIM#600513, #605375];59
1.3.46.1;Clinical features;60
1.3.46.2;Investigation;60
1.3.46.3;Differential diagnosis;60
1.3.46.4;Treatment and prognosis;60
1.4;B;61
1.4.1;Balò’s concentric sclerosis;61
1.4.2;Barth syndrome;61
1.4.3;Bartonellosis;62
1.4.4;Basal ganglia calcification: overview;62
1.4.5;Basedow’s paraplegia;63
1.4.6;Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) [OMIM#300376];64
1.4.7;Behçet’s disease;64
1.4.7.1;Clinical features;65
1.4.7.2;Investigation;65
1.4.7.3;Differential diagnosis;66
1.4.7.4;Treatment and prognosis;66
1.4.7.5;Diagnostic criteria;67
1.4.7.6;Reference;67
1.4.8;Behr syndrome;67
1.4.9;Bell’s palsy;68
1.4.9.1;Clinical features;68
1.4.9.2;Investigation;69
1.4.9.3;Differential diagnosis;69
1.4.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;69
1.4.10;Belly dancer’s dyskinesia;70
1.4.11;Benign epilepsy syndromes: overview;71
1.4.12;Benign hereditary chorea (BHC) [OMIM#118700];71
1.4.13;Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV);72
1.4.13.1;Clinical features;72
1.4.13.2;Investigation;73
1.4.13.3;Differential diagnosis;73
1.4.13.4;Treatment and prognosis;73
1.4.14;Beriberi;74
1.4.14.1;Clinical features;74
1.4.14.2;Investigation;75
1.4.14.3;Differential diagnosis;75
1.4.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;75
1.4.15;Bethlem myopathy [OMIM#158810];76
1.4.16;Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis (BBE);76
1.4.16.1;Clinical features;77
1.4.16.2;Investigation;77
1.4.16.3;Differential diagnosis;77
1.4.16.4;Treatment and prognosis;77
1.4.17;Bing–Neel syndrome;78
1.4.18;Binswanger’s disease;78
1.4.18.1;Clinical features;79
1.4.18.2;Investigation;79
1.4.18.3;Differential diagnosis;79
1.4.18.4;Treatment and prognosis;80
1.4.19;Blastomycosis;80
1.4.20;Blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome;80
1.4.21;Botulism;81
1.4.21.1;Clinical features;81
1.4.21.2;Investigation;82
1.4.21.3;Differential diagnosis;82
1.4.21.4;Treatment and prognosis;82
1.4.22;Boucher–Neuhauser syndrome;83
1.4.23;Brachial plexopathy: overview;83
1.4.23.1;Clinical features;84
1.4.23.2;Investigation;84
1.4.23.3;Differential diagnosis;85
1.4.23.4;Treatment and prognosis;85
1.4.24;Brain death;85
1.4.24.1;Clinical features;86
1.4.24.2;Investigation;87
1.4.24.3;Differential diagnosis;87
1.4.24.4;Treatment and prognosis;87
1.4.25;Brain stem vascular syndromes: overview;87
1.4.26;Brody disease [OMIM#601003];90
1.4.27;Brown’s syndrome;91
1.4.28;Brown–Vialetto–van Laere syndrome;91
1.4.29;Burning mouth syndrome;92
1.5;C;93
1.5.1;CADASIL;93
1.5.1.1;Clinical features;93
1.5.1.2;Investigation;93
1.5.1.3;Differential diagnosis;94
1.5.1.4;Treatment and prognosis;94
1.5.2;Caisson disease;94
1.5.3;Camptocormia;95
1.5.4;Camptodactyly;95
1.5.4.1;Clinical features;95
1.5.4.2;Investigation;96
1.5.4.3;Differential diagnosis;96
1.5.4.4;Treatment and prognosis;96
1.5.5;Candidiasis;96
1.5.6;CANOMAD;96
1.5.7;Capsular warning syndrome;97
1.5.8;Carbon monoxide poisoning;97
1.5.9;Carnitine palmit(o)yltransferase (CPT) deficiency;98
1.5.9.1;Clinical features;99
1.5.9.2;Investigation;99
1.5.9.3;Differential diagnosis;99
1.5.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;99
1.5.10;Carotid artery disease: overview;100
1.5.10.1;Clinical features;100
1.5.10.2;Investigation;100
1.5.10.3;Differential diagnosis;101
1.5.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;101
1.5.11;Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF);101
1.5.11.1;Clinical features;102
1.5.11.2;Investigation;102
1.5.11.3;Differential diagnosis;102
1.5.11.4;Treatment and prognosis;102
1.5.12;Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS);102
1.5.12.1;Clinical features;103
1.5.12.2;Investigation;104
1.5.12.3;Differential diagnosis;104
1.5.12.4;Treatment and prognosis;104
1.5.13;Cauda equina syndrome and conus medullaris syndrome: overview;104
1.5.13.1;Clinical features;105
1.5.13.2;Investigation;105
1.5.13.3;Differential diagnosis;105
1.5.13.4;Treatment and prognosis;106
1.5.14;Cavernoma, cavernous hemagioma [OMIM#116860];106
1.5.15;Cavernous sinus disease;107
1.5.15.1;Clinical features;107
1.5.15.2;Investigation;108
1.5.15.3;Differential diagnosis;108
1.5.15.4;Treatment and prognosis;108
1.5.16;Cayman disease;109
1.5.17;Central core disease [OMIM#117000];109
1.5.18;Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis (CPEPM);110
1.5.18.1;Clinical features;110
1.5.18.2;Investigation;111
1.5.18.3;Differential diagnosis;111
1.5.18.4;Treatment and prognosis;111
1.5.19;Cerebellar disease: overview;112
1.5.19.1;Clinical features;114
1.5.19.2;Investigation;115
1.5.20;Cerebellopontine angle syndrome;116
1.5.21;Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA);116
1.5.21.1;Clinical features;117
1.5.21.2;Investigation;117
1.5.21.3;Differential diagnosis;117
1.5.21.4;Treatment and prognosis;117
1.5.22;Cerebral palsy (CP);118
1.5.22.1;Clinical features;118
1.5.22.2;Investigation;118
1.5.22.3;Differential diagnosis;119
1.5.22.4;Treatment and prognosis;120
1.5.23;Cerebral salt wasting (CSW) syndrome;120
1.5.24;Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) [OMIM#213700];121
1.5.24.1;Clinical features;121
1.5.24.2;Investigation;122
1.5.24.3;Treatment and prognosis;122
1.5.25;Cervical cord and root disease: overview;122
1.5.25.1;Clinical features;123
1.5.25.2;Investigation;125
1.5.25.3;Differential diagnosis;125
1.5.25.4;Treatment and prognosis;125
1.5.26;Cervical dystonia;126
1.5.26.1;Clinical features;126
1.5.26.2;Investigation;126
1.5.26.3;Differential diagnosis;126
1.5.26.4;Treatment and prognosis;127
1.5.27;Channelopathies: overview;127
1.5.28;Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease;128
1.5.28.1;Clinical features;130
1.5.28.2;Investigation;130
1.5.28.3;Differential diagnosis;130
1.5.28.4;Treatment and prognosis;131
1.5.29;Charlevoix–Saguenay syndrome [OMIM#270550];131
1.5.30;Cheiralgia paresthetica;131
1.5.31;Cheiro-oral syndrome;132
1.5.32;Chemotherapy-induced neurological disorders;132
1.5.32.1;Clinical features;132
1.5.32.2;Investigation;133
1.5.32.3;Differential diagnosis;133
1.5.32.4;Treatment and prognosis;133
1.5.33;Chiari malformations;133
1.5.33.1;Clinical features;134
1.5.33.2;Investigation;134
1.5.33.3;Differential diagnosis;134
1.5.33.4;Treatment and prognosis;135
1.5.34;Cholesteatoma;135
1.5.35;Cholesterol embolization syndrome;136
1.5.36;Chordoma;136
1.5.37;Choriocarcinoma;137
1.5.38;Choroid plexus papilloma;137
1.5.39;Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP);137
1.5.39.1;Clinical features;137
1.5.39.2;Investigation;138
1.5.39.3;Differential diagnosis;139
1.5.39.4;Treatment and prognosis;139
1.5.40;Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO);140
1.5.40.1;Clinical features;140
1.5.40.2;Investigation;140
1.5.40.3;Differential diagnosis;141
1.5.40.4;Treatment and prognosis;141
1.5.41;Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION);141
1.5.42;Churg–Strauss syndrome;142
1.5.43;Ciguatera;142
1.5.44;Cluster headache (CH);143
1.5.44.1;Clinical features;143
1.5.44.2;Investigation;144
1.5.44.3;Differential diagnosis;144
1.5.44.4;Treatment and prognosis;144
1.5.45;Coarctation of the aorta;145
1.5.46;Cobb syndrome;146
1.5.47;Cocaine;146
1.5.48;Coccidioidomycosis;146
1.5.49;Coeliac disease;147
1.5.50;Coenurosis;148
1.5.51;Cogan syndrome (1);148
1.5.52;Cogan syndrome (2);149
1.5.53;Collagen vascular disorders and the nervous system: overview;149
1.5.54;Colloid cyst;150
1.5.55;Coma: overview;150
1.5.55.1;Clinical features;151
1.5.55.2;Investigation;151
1.5.55.3;Differential diagnosis;151
1.5.55.4;Treatment and prognosis;151
1.5.56;Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID);152
1.5.57;Compartment syndromes;152
1.5.58;Complex regional pain syndromes;153
1.5.58.1;Sec144_3;153
1.5.58.1.1;Clinical features;153
1.5.58.2;Investigation;153
1.5.58.3;Differential diagnosis;153
1.5.58.4;Treatment and prognosis;153
1.5.59;Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs): overview;154
1.5.60;Congenital insensitivity to pain;155
1.5.61;Congenital muscle and neuromuscular disorders: overview;155
1.5.62;Congenital muscular dystrophies: overview;156
1.5.63;Congenital myasthenic syndromes: overview;157
1.5.63.1;Investigation;157
1.5.63.2;Differential diagnosis;158
1.5.63.3;Treatment and prognosis;158
1.5.64;Copper deficiency-associated myeloneuropathy;158
1.5.65;Corticobasal degeneration (CBD);159
1.5.65.1;Clinical features;159
1.5.65.2;Investigation;160
1.5.65.3;Differential diagnosis;160
1.5.65.4;Treatment and prognosis;160
1.5.66;Cough headache;161
1.5.67;Cramp fasciculation syndrome;162
1.5.68;Cranial polyneuropathy;162
1.5.68.1;Investigation;163
1.5.69;Craniopharyngioma;163
1.5.69.1;Clinical features;163
1.5.69.2;Investigation;164
1.5.69.3;Differential diagnosis;164
1.5.69.4;Treatment and prognosis;164
1.5.70;Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD);164
1.5.70.1;Clinical features;164
1.5.70.2;Investigation;165
1.5.70.3;Differential diagnosis;166
1.5.70.4;Treatment and prognosis;166
1.5.71;Critical illness myopathy, critical illness polyneuropathy;166
1.5.72;Cryoglobulinemia, cryoglobulinemic neuropathy;167
1.5.73;Cryptococcosis;167
1.5.73.1;Clinical features;168
1.5.73.2;Investigation;168
1.5.73.3;Differential diagnosis;168
1.5.73.4;Treatment and prognosis;168
1.5.74;Cubital tunnel syndrome;169
1.5.74.1;Clinical features;169
1.5.74.2;Investigation;169
1.5.74.3;Treatment and prognosis;169
1.5.75;Cyanide poisoning;169
1.5.76;Cysts: overview;170
1.5.76.1;Investigations;170
1.5.76.2;Differential diagnosis;170
1.5.76.3;Treatment and prognosis;171
1.5.77;Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection: overview;171
1.6;D;172
1.6.1;Dandy–Walker syndrome;172
1.6.2;Danon disease [OMIM#300257];172
1.6.3;Dawidenkow syndrome;173
1.6.4;Deafferentation pain syndrome;173
1.6.5;Degos Disease;173
1.6.6;Déjerine–Mouzon syndrome;174
1.6.7;Déjerine–Roussy syndrome;174
1.6.8;Déjerine–Sottas syndrome (DSS) [OMIM#145900];175
1.6.9;Delirium: overview;175
1.6.9.1;Clinical features;177
1.6.9.2;Investigation;177
1.6.9.3;Differential diagnosis;177
1.6.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;178
1.6.10;Dementia: overview;178
1.6.10.1;Clinical features;181
1.6.10.2;Investigation;181
1.6.10.3;Differential diagnosis;182
1.6.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;182
1.6.11;Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB);182
1.6.11.1;Clinical features;183
1.6.11.2;Investigation;183
1.6.11.3;Differential diagnosis;184
1.6.11.4;Treatment and prognosis;184
1.6.12;Dementia pugilistica;184
1.6.13;Demyelinating diseases of the nervous system: overview;185
1.6.14;Dengue;186
1.6.15;Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) [OMIM#125370];186
1.6.15.1;Clinical features;187
1.6.15.2;Investigation;187
1.6.15.3;Differential diagnosis;187
1.6.15.4;Treatment and prognosis;187
1.6.16;Dermatomyositis;188
1.6.16.1;Clinical features;188
1.6.16.2;Investigation;189
1.6.16.3;Differential diagnosis;190
1.6.16.4;Treatment and prognosis;190
1.6.17;Dermoid;190
1.6.18;Desmin-related myopathy [OMIM#601419];191
1.6.19;Diabetes insipidus (DI);191
1.6.20;Diabetes mellitus and the nervous system: overview;192
1.6.20.1;Clinical features;192
1.6.20.2;Investigation;194
1.6.20.3;Treatment and prognosis;194
1.6.21;Dialysis syndromes;195
1.6.22;Diaphragmatic flutter;196
1.6.23;Diastematomyelia;196
1.6.24;Diogenes syndrome;197
1.6.25;Diphtheria;197
1.6.25.1;Clinical features;198
1.6.25.2;Investigation;198
1.6.25.3;Differential diagnosis;199
1.6.25.4;Treatment and prognosis;199
1.6.26;Diphyllobothriasis;199
1.6.27;Discitis;199
1.6.28;Disconnection syndromes;200
1.6.28.1;Clinical features;200
1.6.28.2;Investigation;201
1.6.28.3;Treatment and prognosis;201
1.6.29;Dissection: overview;201
1.6.29.1;Clinical features;202
1.6.29.2;Investigation;202
1.6.29.3;Differential diagnosis;202
1.6.29.4;Treatment and prognosis;202
1.6.30;Distal myopathy: overview;203
1.6.31;Dolichoectasia;204
1.6.32;Dopamine-b-hydroxylase deficiency [OMIM#223360];204
1.6.33;Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) [OMIM#128230];205
1.6.33.1;Clinical features;205
1.6.33.2;Investigation;205
1.6.33.3;Differential diagnosis;205
1.6.33.4;Treatment and prognosis;206
1.6.34;Down syndrome [OMIM#190685];206
1.6.35;Dracunculiasis;207
1.6.36;Drop attacks: overview;207
1.6.36.1;Investigation;209
1.6.36.2;Treatment and prognosis;209
1.6.37;Dropped head syndrome;209
1.6.38;Duane’s syndrome;210
1.6.39;Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) [OMIM#310200];210
1.6.39.1;Clinical features;211
1.6.39.2;Investigation;211
1.6.39.3;Differential diagnosis;211
1.6.39.4;Treatment and prognosis;211
1.6.40;Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF);212
1.6.40.1;Clinical features;212
1.6.40.2;Investigation;212
1.6.40.3;Differential diagnosis;213
1.6.40.4;Treatment and prognosis;213
1.6.41;Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET);213
1.6.42;Dysferlinopathy;214
1.6.43;Dystonia: overview;214
1.6.43.1;Investigation;219
1.6.43.2;Differential diagnosis;220
1.6.43.3;Treatment and prognosis;220
1.6.43.4;Treatment and prognosis;220
1.6.44;Dystrophinopathy;222
1.7;E;223
1.7.1;Eating disorders;223
1.7.2;Echinococcosis;224
1.7.3;Eclampsia;224
1.7.3.1;Clinical features;225
1.7.3.2;Investigation;225
1.7.3.3;Differential diagnosis;225
1.7.3.4;Treatment and prognosis;225
1.7.4;Ehlers–Danlos syndrome;226
1.7.5;Ehrlichiosis;226
1.7.6;Eighteen q deletion syndrome [OMIM#601808];227
1.7.7;Electrical injuries and the nervous system;227
1.7.8;Elsberg syndrome;228
1.7.9;Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD);229
1.7.9.1;Clinical features;229
1.7.9.2;Investigation;229
1.7.9.3;Differential diagnosis;230
1.7.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;230
1.7.10;Empty sella syndrome;230
1.7.11;Encephalitis: overview;231
1.7.11.1;Clinical features;232
1.7.11.2;Investigation;233
1.7.11.3;Differential diagnosis;233
1.7.11.4;Treatment and prognosis;234
1.7.12;Encephalitis lethargica;234
1.7.13;Encephalopathies: overview;235
1.7.13.1;Clinical features;236
1.7.13.2;Investigation;236
1.7.13.3;Differential diagnosis;236
1.7.13.4;Treatment and prognosis;236
1.7.14;Endocarditis: overview;237
1.7.14.1;Clinical features;237
1.7.14.2;Investigation;238
1.7.14.3;Differential diagnosis;238
1.7.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;238
1.7.15;Endocrine disorders and neurology: overview;239
1.7.16;Entrapment neuropathies: overview;241
1.7.16.1;Investigation;242
1.7.16.2;Differential diagnosis;242
1.7.16.3;Treatment and prognosis;242
1.7.17;Eosinophilic syndromes: overview;243
1.7.18;Ependymoma;244
1.7.18.1;Clinical features;244
1.7.18.2;Investigation;245
1.7.18.3;Differential diagnosis;245
1.7.18.4;Treatment and prognosis;245
1.7.19;Epidermoid;245
1.7.20;Epilepsy: overview;246
1.7.20.1;Clinical features;247
1.7.20.2;Investigation;247
1.7.20.3;Differential diagnosis;248
1.7.20.4;Treatment and prognosis;248
1.7.21;Episodic ataxias;249
1.7.21.1;Clinical features;249
1.7.21.2;Investigation;250
1.7.21.3;Differential diagnosis;250
1.7.21.4;Treatment and prognosis;250
1.7.22;Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and the nervous system: overview;250
1.7.23;Erb’s palsy, Erb-Duchenne palsy;251
1.7.24;Erdheim-Chester disease;251
1.7.25;Essential tremor (ET);252
1.7.25.1;Clinical features;252
1.7.25.2;Investigation;253
1.7.25.3;Differential diagnosis;253
1.7.25.4;Treatment and prognosis;253
1.7.26;Exploding head syndrome;254
1.8;F;255
1.8.1;Fabry’s disease [OMIM#301500];255
1.8.1.1;Clinical features;255
1.8.1.2;Investigation;256
1.8.1.3;Differential diagnosis;257
1.8.1.4;Treatment and prognosis;257
1.8.2;Facial pain: overview;257
1.8.2.1;Clinical features;258
1.8.2.2;Investigation;258
1.8.3;Facioscapulohumeral (FSH) muscular dystrophy [OMIM#158900];258
1.8.3.1;Clinical features;259
1.8.3.2;Investigation;259
1.8.3.3;Differential diagnosis;259
1.8.3.4;Treatment and prognosis;260
1.8.4;Fahr’s disease;260
1.8.5;Familial amyloid polyneuropathies (FAP);261
1.8.5.1;Clinical features;261
1.8.5.2;Investigation;261
1.8.5.3;Differential diagnosis;262
1.8.5.4;Treatment and prognosis;262
1.8.6;Familial British dementia (FBD) [OMIM#176500];262
1.8.6.1;Clinical features;262
1.8.6.2;Investigations;263
1.8.6.3;Differential diagnosis;263
1.8.6.4;Treatment and prognosis;263
1.8.7;Familial Danish dementia (FDD) [OMIM#117300];263
1.8.8;Familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB) [OMIM#604218];264
1.8.9;Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) [OMIM#249100];264
1.8.10;Familial periventricular heterotopia [OMIM#300049];265
1.8.11;Fat embolism syndrome (FES);265
1.8.12;Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) [OMIM#600072];266
1.8.13;Fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAOD): overview;266
1.8.13.1;Clinical features;267
1.8.13.2;Investigation;267
1.8.13.3;Differential diagnosis;267
1.8.13.4;Treatment and prognosis;268
1.8.14;Febrile seizures;268
1.8.14.1;Clinical features;268
1.8.14.2;Investigation;269
1.8.14.3;Differential diagnosis;269
1.8.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;269
1.8.15;Femoral neuropathy;269
1.8.15.1;Clinical features;269
1.8.15.2;Investigation;270
1.8.15.3;Differential diagnosis;270
1.8.16;Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD);270
1.8.16.1;Clinical features;270
1.8.16.2;Investigation;270
1.8.16.3;Differential diagnosis;271
1.8.16.4;Treatment and prognosis;271
1.8.17;Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS);271
1.8.18;Fibrous dysplasia;272
1.8.19;Filariasis;272
1.8.20;Focal retrograde amnesia;272
1.8.21;Foix–Alajouanine syndrome;272
1.8.22;Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome;273
1.8.23;Foot drop: overview;273
1.8.23.1;Clinical features;274
1.8.23.2;Investigation;275
1.8.23.3;Differential diagnosis;275
1.8.23.4;Treatment and prognosis;275
1.8.24;Foramen magnum syndrome;275
1.8.24.1;Clinical features;276
1.8.24.2;Investigation;276
1.8.24.3;Treatment and prognosis;277
1.8.25;Fotopoulos syndrome;277
1.8.26;Fowler’s syndrome;277
1.8.27;Fragile X syndromes (FRAX, FRAXE) [OMIM#300624; #309548];2781.8.28;Fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) [OMIM#300623]279
1.8.29;Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) [OMIM#229300];279
1.8.29.1;Clinical features;280
1.8.29.2;Investigation;280
1.8.29.3;Differential diagnosis;281
1.8.29.4;Treatment and prognosis;281
1.8.30;Froin’s syndrome;282
1.8.31;Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD);282
1.8.31.1;Clinical features;283
1.8.31.2;Investigation;283
1.8.31.3;Differential diagnosis;283
1.8.31.4;Treatment and prognosis;283
1.8.32;Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) [OMIM#600274, #607485];284
1.8.33;Fucosidosis [OMIM#230000];285
1.9;G;287
1.9.1;Gait disorders: overview;287
1.9.2;Galloping tongue syndrome;289
1.9.3;Ganglioglioma;289
1.9.4;Gangliosidoses: overview;290
1.9.4.1;Clinical features;290
1.9.4.2;Investigation;291
1.9.4.3;Differential diagnosis;291
1.9.4.4;Treatment and prognosis;291
1.9.5;Garcin syndrome;292
1.9.6;Gardner’s syndrome;292
1.9.7;Gasperini’s syndrome;292
1.9.8;Gastrointestinal disease and the nervous system: overview;293
1.9.8.1;Clinical features;293
1.9.8.2;Treatment and prognosis;293
1.9.9;Gaucher’s disease;294
1.9.9.1;Clinical features;294
1.9.9.2;Investigation;295
1.9.9.3;Differential diagnosis;295
1.9.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;295
1.9.10;Gelastic epilepsy;296
1.9.11;Gelsolin amyloidosis [OMIM#105120];296
1.9.12;Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) [OMIM#604233];297
1.9.13;Geniculate neuralgia;297
1.9.14;Geniospasm;298
1.9.15;Genitofemoral neuropathy;298
1.9.16;Gerhardt syndrome;298
1.9.17;Germ cell tumors;298
1.9.18;Germinoma;299
1.9.19;Gerstmann syndrome;300
1.9.20;Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker disease (GSS) [OMIM#137440];300
1.9.21;Geschwind syndrome;300
1.9.22;Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) [OMIM#256850];301
1.9.23;Giant cell arteritis (GCA);301
1.9.23.1;Clinical features;302
1.9.23.2;Investigation;302
1.9.23.3;Differential diagnosis;303
1.9.23.4;Treatment and prognosis;303
1.9.24;Glioma;304
1.9.24.1;Clinical features;304
1.9.24.2;Investigation;304
1.9.24.3;Differential diagnosis;305
1.9.24.4;Treatment and prognosis;305
1.9.25;Gliomatosis cerebri;306
1.9.26;Glomus jugulare tumor;306
1.9.26.1;Clinical features;306
1.9.26.2;Investigation;307
1.9.26.3;Differential diagnosis;307
1.9.26.4;Treatment and prognosis;307
1.9.27;Glossopharyngeal neuralgia;307
1.9.28;Glutaric acidurias;308
1.9.28.1;Clinical features;308
1.9.28.2;Investigation;309
1.9.28.3;Differential diagnosis;309
1.9.28.4;Treatment and prognosis;309
1.9.29;Glycogen storage disorders: overview;310
1.9.30;Gnathostomiasis;312
1.9.31;Godot syndrome;312
1.9.32;Godtfredsen’s syndrome;313
1.9.33;Gonyalgia paresthetica;313
1.9.34;Gourmand syndrome;313
1.9.35;Gradenigo’s syndrome;314
1.9.36;Grisel syndrome;314
1.9.37;Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis parkinsonism–dementia complex (ALS/PDC);314
1.9.38;Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS);315
1.9.38.1;Clinical features;316
1.9.38.2;Investigation;317
1.9.38.3;Differential diagnosis;317
1.9.38.4;Treatment and prognosis;318
1.10;H;319
1.10.1;Hematoma: overview;319
1.10.2;Hemochromatosis;319
1.10.3;Harding’s syndrome;320
1.10.4;HARP syndrome [OMIM#607236];320
1.10.5;Hashimoto’s encephalopathy;321
1.10.6;Headache: overview;321
1.10.6.1;Clinical features;322
1.10.6.2;Investigation;323
1.10.6.3;Treatment and prognosis;323
1.10.7;Heatstroke;323
1.10.8;Heavy metal poisoning: overview;324
1.10.9;Helminthic diseases: overview;325
1.10.10;Hemifacial spasm (HFS);325
1.10.10.1;Clinical features;326
1.10.10.2;Investigation;326
1.10.10.3;Differential diagnosis;326
1.10.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;326
1.10.11;Hepatic encephalopathy;327
1.10.11.1;Portal-systemic encephalopathy;327
1.10.11.2;Clinical features;327
1.10.11.3;Investigation;327
1.10.11.4;Differential diagnosis;327
1.10.11.5;Treatment and prognosis;328
1.10.12;Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) [OMIM#229600];328
1.10.13;Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) [OMIM#187300];329
1.10.13.1;Familial telangiectasia, Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome;329
1.10.14;Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN);329
1.10.14.1;Clinical features;330
1.10.14.2;Investigation;330
1.10.14.3;Differential diagnosis;330
1.10.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;330
1.10.15;Hereditary motor neuropathy (HMN);331
1.10.16;Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNLPP) [OMIM#162500];332
1.10.17;Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN);332
1.10.18;Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP);333
1.10.18.1;Clinical features;335
1.10.18.2;Investigation;336
1.10.18.3;Differential diagnosis;336
1.10.18.4;Treatment and prognosis;336
1.10.19;HERNS;336
1.10.20;Heroin;337
1.10.21;Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE);337
1.10.21.1;Clinical features;338
1.10.21.2;Investigation;338
1.10.21.3;Differential diagnosis;339
1.10.21.4;Treatment and prognosis;339
1.10.22;Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia;340
1.10.22.1;Clinical features;340
1.10.22.2;Investigation;340
1.10.22.3;Differential diagnosis;341
1.10.22.4;Treatment and prognosis;341
1.10.23;Heterotopias;341
1.10.24;Histoplasmosis;342
1.10.25;HIV/AIDS: overview;342
1.10.25.1;Clinical features;342
1.10.25.2;Investigation;343
1.10.25.3;Differential diagnosis;343
1.10.25.4;Treatment and prognosis;344
1.10.26;Hoffman’s syndrome;344
1.10.27;Holmes–Adie syndrome;345
1.10.28;Homocystinuria [OMIM#236200];345
1.10.28.1;Clinical features;345
1.10.28.2;Investigation;346
1.10.28.3;Differential diagnosis;346
1.10.28.4;Treatment and prognosis;346
1.10.29;Hopkins’ syndrome;347
1.10.30;HTLV-1 myelopathy;347
1.10.30.1;Clinical features;347
1.10.30.2;Investigation;347
1.10.30.3;Differential diagnosis;348
1.10.30.4;Treatment and prognosis;348
1.10.31;Huntington’s disease (HD) [OMIM#143100];348
1.10.31.1;Clinical features;348
1.10.31.2;Investigation;349
1.10.31.3;Differential diagnosis;349
1.10.31.4;Treatment and prognosis;350
1.10.32;Hydrocephalus: overview;350
1.10.32.1;Clinical features;351
1.10.32.2;Investigation;351
1.10.32.3;Differential diagnosis;351
1.10.32.4;Treatment and prognosis;351
1.10.33;Hyperekplexia;352
1.10.34;Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES);352
1.10.35;Hyperostosis cranialis interna;353
1.10.36;Hypertension and the nervous system: overview;353
1.10.36.1;Clinical features;354
1.10.36.2;Investigation;354
1.10.36.3;Treatment and prognosis;354
1.10.37;Hypnic headache;355
1.10.38;Hypobetalipoproteinemia;355
1.10.39;Hypothalamic disease: overview;356
1.10.39.1;Clinical features;356
1.10.39.2;Investigation;356
1.10.39.3;Treatment and prognosis;356
1.11;I;357
1.11.1;Idiopathic hyperCKemia;357
1.11.2;Idiopathic hypersomnia;357
1.11.3;Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH);358
1.11.3.1;Clinical features;358
1.11.3.2;Investigation;359
1.11.3.3;Differential diagnosis;359
1.11.3.4;Treatment and prognosis;359
1.11.4;Ilioinguinal neuropathy;360
1.11.5;Imerslund–Gräsbeck syndrome;360
1.11.6;Inclusion body myositis (IBM);361
1.11.6.1;Clinical features;361
1.11.6.2;Investigation;361
1.11.6.3;Differential diagnosis;361
1.11.6.4;Treatment and prognosis;362
1.11.7;Incontinentia pigmenti (achromians);362
1.11.8;Intervertebral disc prolapse;363
1.11.8.1;Clinical features;363
1.11.8.2;Investigation;363
1.11.8.3;Differential diagnosis;364
1.11.8.4;Treatment and prognosis;364
1.11.9;Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH);364
1.11.9.1;Clinical features;365
1.11.9.2;Investigation;365
1.11.9.3;Differential diagnosis;365
1.11.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;366
1.11.10;Intravascular lymphoma;366
1.11.10.1;Clinical features;367
1.11.10.2;Investigation;367
1.11.10.3;Differential diagnosis;367
1.11.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;367
1.11.11;Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION);368
1.11.11.1;Clinical features;368
1.11.11.2;Investigation;369
1.11.11.3;Differential diagnosis;369
1.11.11.4;Treatment and prognosis;369
1.12;J;370
1.12.1;Japanese encephalitis;370
1.12.1.1;Clinical features;370
1.12.1.2;Investigation;370
1.12.1.3;Differential diagnosis;371
1.12.1.4;Treatment and prognosis;371
1.12.2;Jeavons syndrome;371
1.12.3;Jugular foramen syndrome;372
1.12.3.1;Clinical features;372
1.12.3.2;Investigation;372
1.12.3.3;Differential diagnosis;373
1.12.3.4;Treatment and prognosis;373
1.12.4;Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME);374
1.12.4.1;Clinical features;374
1.12.4.2;Investigation;374
1.12.4.3;Treatment and prognosis;374
1.13;K;375
1.13.1;Kallmann’s syndrome;375
1.13.2;Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS);375
1.13.2.1;Clinical features;376
1.13.2.2;Investigation;376
1.13.2.3;Differential diagnosis;376
1.13.2.4;Treatment and prognosis;376
1.13.3;Kernohan’s syndrome;377
1.13.4;Kjellin’s syndrome;377
1.13.5;Kleine–Levin syndrome;378
1.13.6;Klippel–Feil anomaly;378
1.13.7;Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome;379
1.13.8;Klumpke’s palsy;379
1.13.9;Klüver–Bucy syndrome;379
1.13.10;Konzo;380
1.13.11;Krabbe’s disease [OMIM#245200];381
1.13.11.1;Clinical features;381
1.13.11.2;Investigation;381
1.13.11.3;Differential diagnosis;381
1.13.11.4;Treatment and prognosis;382
1.13.12;Kufor-Rakeb disease [OMIM#606693];382
1.13.13;Kufs’ disease;382
1.13.13.1;Clinical features;383
1.13.13.2;Investigation;383
1.13.13.3;Differential diagnosis;383
1.13.13.4;Treatment and prognosis;383
1.13.14;Kugelberg–Welander disease;384
1.13.15;Kuru;384
1.14;L;385
1.14.1;l-2-Hydroxyglutaric acidemia [OMIM#236792];385
1.14.2;Lactic acidosis: overview;385
1.14.3;Lacunar syndromes (LACS);386
1.14.4;Lafora body disease [OMIM#254780];387
1.14.5;Laing myopathy [OMIM#160500];388
1.14.6;Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS);388
1.14.6.1;Clinical features;388
1.14.6.2;Investigation;389
1.14.6.3;Differential diagnosis;389
1.14.6.4;Treatment and prognosis;389
1.14.7;Lance–Adams syndrome;390
1.14.8;Landau–Kleffner syndrome;390
1.14.9;Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH);391
1.14.9.1;Clinical features;391
1.14.9.2;Investigation;391
1.14.9.3;Differential diagnosis;391
1.14.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;392
1.14.10;Lathyrism;392
1.14.11;Lead and the nervous system: Overview;392
1.14.11.1;Clinical features;392
1.14.11.2;Investigation;393
1.14.11.3;Differential diagnosis;393
1.14.11.4;Treatment and prognosis;393
1.14.12;Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON);393
1.14.12.1;Clinical features;394
1.14.12.2;Investigation;394
1.14.12.3;Differential diagnosis;394
1.14.12.4;Treatment and prognosis;394
1.14.13;Legionnaires’ disease;394
1.14.13.1;Clinical features;394
1.14.13.2;Investigation;395
1.14.14;Differential diagnosis;395
1.14.14.1;Treatment and prognosis;395
1.14.15;Leigh’s syndrome;395
1.14.15.1;Clinical features;396
1.14.15.2;Investigation;396
1.14.15.3;Differential diagnosis;396
1.14.15.4;Treatment and prognosis;397
1.14.16;Lemierre’s syndrome;397
1.14.17;Lemieux–Neemeh syndrome;397
1.14.18;Leprosy;397
1.14.18.1;Clinical features;398
1.14.18.2;Investigation;398
1.14.18.3;Differential diagnosis;398
1.14.18.4;Treatment and prognosis;399
1.14.19;Leptospirosis;399
1.14.20;Lesch-Nyhan disease;399
1.14.20.1;Clinical features;400
1.14.20.2;Investigation;400
1.14.20.3;Differential diagnosis;400
1.14.20.4;Treatment and prognosis;400
1.14.21;Leucoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids (LENAS);400
1.14.22;Leukodystrophies: overview;401
1.14.22.1;Differential diagnosis;401
1.14.23;Lewis Sumner syndrome;402
1.14.24;Lhermitte–Duclos disease;402
1.14.25;Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) [OMIM#161523];403
1.14.26;Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD): overview;403
1.14.26.1;Clinical features;406
1.14.26.2;Investigation;406
1.14.26.3;Differential diagnosis;406
1.14.26.4;Treatment and prognosis;406
1.14.27;Limbic encephalitis;406
1.14.28;Limb shaking;407
1.14.29;Locked-in syndrome;407
1.14.29.1;Clinical history;408
1.14.29.2;Investigation;408
1.14.29.3;Differential diagnosis;408
1.14.29.4;Treatment and prognosis;408
1.14.30;Long QT syndromes (LQTS);409
1.14.30.1;Clinical features;410
1.14.30.2;Investigation;410
1.14.30.3;Differential diagnosis;410
1.14.30.4;Treatment and prognosis;410
1.14.31;Long thoracic nerve palsy;410
1.14.32;Low back pain: overview;411
1.14.32.1;Clinical features;411
1.14.32.2;Investigation;412
1.14.32.3;Differential diagnosis;412
1.14.32.4;Treatment and prognosis;412
1.14.33;Luft disease;413
1.14.34;Lumbar cord and root disease: overview;413
1.14.34.1;Clinical features;413
1.14.34.2;Investigation;414
1.14.34.3;Differential diagnosis;414
1.14.34.4;Treatment and prognosis;414
1.14.35;Lumbosacral plexopathies;415
1.14.35.1;Clinical features;415
1.14.35.2;Investigation;415
1.14.35.3;Differential diagnosis;416
1.14.35.4;Treatment and prognosis;416
1.14.36;Lymphocytic hypophysitis;416
1.14.36.1;Clinical features;416
1.14.36.2;Investigation;416
1.14.36.3;Differential diagnosis;417
1.14.36.4;Treatment and prognosis;417
1.14.37;Lymphoma;417
1.14.37.1;Clinical features;417
1.14.37.2;Investigation;418
1.14.37.3;Differential diagnosis;418
1.14.37.4;Treatment and prognosis;418
1.14.38;Lysosomal storage disorders: overview;419
1.15;M;421
1.15.1;Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) [OMIM#109150];421
1.15.2;Malaria;421
1.15.2.1;Clinical features;422
1.15.2.2;Investigation;422
1.15.2.3;Differential diagnosis;422
1.15.2.4;Treatment and prognosis;422
1.15.3;Malignant hyperthermia [OMIM#145600];423
1.15.3.1;Clinical features;423
1.15.3.2;Investigation;423
1.15.3.3;Differential diagnosis;424
1.15.3.4;Treatment and prognosis;424
1.15.4;Malingering;424
1.15.5;Manganese poisoning, manganism;424
1.15.6;Marburg disease;425
1.15.7;Marchiafava–Bignami syndrome;425
1.15.8;Marfan syndrome [OMIM#154700];426
1.15.8.1;Clinical features;426
1.15.8.2;Investigation;426
1.15.8.3;Differential diagnosis;426
1.15.8.4;Treatment and prognosis;427
1.15.9;Marin-Amat syndrome;427
1.15.10;MASA syndrome [OMIM#303350];427
1.15.11;Mast syndrome [OMIM#248900];428
1.15.12;McArdle’s disease [OMIM#232600];428
1.15.12.1;Clinical features;428
1.15.12.2;Investigation;429
1.15.12.3;Differential diagnosis;429
1.15.12.4;Treatment and prognosis;429
1.15.13;McLeod’s syndrome;429
1.15.14;Median neuropathy;430
1.15.14.1;Clinical features;430
1.15.14.2;Investigation;430
1.15.14.3;Differential diagnosis;431
1.15.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;431
1.15.15;Medication-overuse headache;431
1.15.16;Medulloblastoma;431
1.15.17;Meige’s syndrome;432
1.15.17.1;Clinical features;432
1.15.17.2;Investigation;432
1.15.17.3;Differential diagnosis;432
1.15.17.4;Treatment and prognosis;433
1.15.18;Melanoma;433
1.15.19;MELAS syndrome;433
1.15.19.1;Clinical features;433
1.15.19.2;Investigation;434
1.15.19.3;Differential diagnosis;434
1.15.19.4;Treatment and prognosis;434
1.15.20;Melioidosis;435
1.15.21;Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome;435
1.15.22;Meningeal carcinomatosis;435
1.15.22.1;Clinical features;436
1.15.22.2;Investigation;436
1.15.22.3;Differential diagnosis;436
1.15.22.4;Treatment and prognosis;436
1.15.23;Meningioma;436
1.15.24;Meningitis: overview;437
1.15.24.1;Clinical features;438
1.15.24.2;Investigation;438
1.15.24.3;Differential diagnosis;438
1.15.24.4;Treatment and prognosis;439
1.15.25;Meningococcal disease;439
1.15.25.1;Clinical features;439
1.15.25.2;Investigation;440
1.15.25.3;Differential diagnosis;440
1.15.25.4;Treatment and prognosis;440
1.15.26;Meralgia paresthetica;441
1.15.26.1;Clinical features;441
1.15.26.2;Investigation;441
1.15.26.3;Differential diagnosis;441
1.15.26.4;Treatment and prognosis;441
1.15.27;MERRF syndrome;442
1.15.27.1;Clinical features;442
1.15.27.2;Investigation;442
1.15.27.3;Differential diagnosis;442
1.15.27.4;Treatment and prognosis;442
1.15.28;Metabolic storage disorders: overview;443
1.15.29;Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD);443
1.15.29.1;Clinical features;444
1.15.29.2;Investigation;444
1.15.29.3;Differential diagnosis;445
1.15.29.4;Treatment and prognosis;445
1.15.30;Metastatic disease and the nervous system: overview;445
1.15.30.1;Clinical features;446
1.15.30.2;Investigation;446
1.15.30.3;Differential diagnosis;446
1.15.30.4;Treatment and prognosis;446
1.15.31;Methanol poisoning;446
1.15.32;Migraine;447
1.15.32.1;Clinical features;447
1.15.32.2;Investigation;448
1.15.32.3;Differential diagnosis;448
1.15.32.4;Treatment and prognosis;449
1.15.33;Migralepsy;449
1.15.34;Mild cognitive impairment (MCI);450
1.15.34.1;Clinical features;450
1.15.34.2;Investigation;450
1.15.34.3;Differential diagnosis;450
1.15.34.4;Treatment and prognosis;450
1.15.35;Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS);451
1.15.35.1;Clinical features;451
1.15.35.2;Investigation;451
1.15.35.3;Differential diagnosis;451
1.15.35.4;Treatment and prognosis;452
1.15.36;Mills’ syndrome, Mills’ variant;452
1.15.37;Mitochondrial disease: overview;452
1.15.37.1;Clinical features;453
1.15.37.2;Investigation;454
1.15.37.3;Differential diagnosis;454
1.15.37.4;Treatment and prognosis;454
1.15.38;Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD);455
1.15.39;Miyoshi myopathy [OMIM#254130];455
1.15.40;MNGIE syndrome;456
1.15.41;Möbius syndrome;457
1.15.42;Mohr–Tranebjaerg syndrome [OMIM#304700];457
1.15.43;Mollaret meningitis;458
1.15.44;Monoclonal gammopathies;458
1.15.45;Monomelic amyotrophy;459
1.15.46;Mononeuritis multiplex: overview;459
1.15.47;Morton’s metatarsalgia;460
1.15.48;Morvan’s syndrome;460
1.15.49;Motor neurone disease (MND);461
1.15.49.1;Clinical features;461
1.15.49.2;Investigation;462
1.15.49.3;Differential diagnosis;462
1.15.49.4;Treatment and prognosis;463
1.15.50;Motor neurone diseases: overview;463
1.15.51;Moyamoya;464
1.15.52;Mucormycosis;465
1.15.53;Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN);465
1.15.53.1;Clinical features;466
1.15.53.2;Investigation;466
1.15.53.3;Differential diagnosis;466
1.15.53.4;Treatment and prognosis;467
1.15.54;Multi-minicore disease;467
1.15.55;Multiple sclerosis (MS);467
1.15.55.1;Clinical features;468
1.15.55.2;Investigation;468
1.15.55.3;Differential diagnosis;469
1.15.55.4;Treatment and prognosis;469
1.15.56;Multiple symmetric lipomatosis;470
1.15.57;Multiple system atrophy (MSA);470
1.15.57.1;Clinical features;471
1.15.57.2;Investigation;471
1.15.57.3;Differential diagnosis;472
1.15.57.4;Treatment and prognosis;472
1.15.58;Muscular dystrophies: overview;472
1.15.58.1;Investigation;473
1.15.59;Musculocutaneous neuropathy;473
1.15.59.1;Clinical features;474
1.15.59.2;Investigation;474
1.15.59.3;Differential diagnosis;474
1.15.60;Myasthenia gravis (MG);474
1.15.60.1;Clinical features;474
1.15.60.2;Investigation;475
1.15.60.3;Differential diagnosis;476
1.15.60.4;Treatment and prognosis;476
1.15.61;Mycoplasma;478
1.15.61.1;Clinical features;478
1.15.61.2;Investigation;478
1.15.61.3;Differential diagnosis;478
1.15.61.4;Treatment and prognosis;478
1.15.62;Myelopathy: overview;479
1.15.62.1;Clinical features;480
1.15.62.2;Investigation;480
1.15.63;Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency (MADD);481
1.15.64;Myoclonus-dystonia syndrome (MDS);481
1.15.65;Myopathy: overview;482
1.15.65.1;Clinical features;482
1.15.65.2;Investigation;482
1.15.65.3;Differential diagnosis;482
1.15.66;Myositis: overview;483
1.15.67;Myositis ossificans [OMIM#135100];484
1.15.68;Myotonia congenita;484
1.15.68.1;Clinical features;484
1.15.68.2;Investigation;485
1.15.68.3;Differential diagnosis;485
1.15.68.4;Treatment and prognosis;485
1.15.69;Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) [OMIM#160900];485
1.15.69.1;Clinical features;486
1.15.69.2;Investigation;486
1.15.69.3;Differential diagnosis;487
1.15.69.4;Treatment and prognosis;487
1.15.70;Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) [OMIM#602668];487
1.15.70.1;Clinical features;488
1.15.70.2;Investigation;488
1.15.70.3;Differential diagnosis;488
1.15.70.4;Treatment and prognosis;488
1.15.71;Myotonic syndromes: overview;488
1.15.71.1;Investigation;489
1.15.71.2;Differential diagnosis;489
1.15.72;Myotubular/Centronuclear myopathies;490
1.16;N;491
1.16.1;Naegleria;491
1.16.2;Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome;491
1.16.3;Narcolepsy;492
1.16.3.1;Clinical features;492
1.16.3.2;Investigation;493
1.16.3.3;Differential diagnosis;493
1.16.3.4;Treatment and prognosis;493
1.16.4;NARP syndrome;494
1.16.5;Nasu-Hakola disease;494
1.16.6;Nathalie syndrome;495
1.16.7;Neck-tongue syndrome;495
1.16.8;Necrotizing myelopathy;495
1.16.9;Nemaline myopathy;496
1.16.9.1;Clinical features;496
1.16.9.2;Investigation;496
1.16.9.3;Differential diagnosis;496
1.16.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;496
1.16.10;Neuralgic amyotrophy;497
1.16.10.1;Clinical features;497
1.16.10.2;Investigation;497
1.16.10.3;Differential diagnosis;498
1.16.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;498
1.16.11;Neuroacanthocytosis;498
1.16.11.1;Clinical features;499
1.16.11.2;Investigation;499
1.16.11.3;Differential diagnosis;500
1.16.11.4;Treatment and prognosis;500
1.16.12;Neuroblastoma;500
1.16.13;Neuroborreliosis;501
1.16.13.1;Clinical features;501
1.16.13.2;Investigation;502
1.16.13.3;Differential diagnosis;502
1.16.13.4;Treatment and prognosis;502
1.16.14;Neurobrucellosis;503
1.16.14.1;Clinical features;503
1.16.14.2;Investigation;503
1.16.14.3;Differential diagnosis;504
1.16.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;504
1.16.15;Neurocutaneous syndromes;504
1.16.16;Neurocysticercosis;505
1.16.16.1;Clinical features;506
1.16.16.2;Investigation;506
1.16.16.3;Differential diagnosis;506
1.16.16.4;Treatment and prognosis;506
1.16.17;Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA);507
1.16.17.1;Clinical features;507
1.16.17.2;Investigation;507
1.16.17.3;Differential diagnosis;507
1.16.17.4;Treatment and prognosis;507
1.16.18;Neuroferritinopathy;508
1.16.19;Neurofibromatosis (NF);508
1.16.19.1;Clinical features;509
1.16.19.2;Investigation;509
1.16.19.3;Differential diagnosis;510
1.16.19.4;Treatment and prognosis;510
1.16.20;Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS);510
1.16.20.1;Clinical features;511
1.16.20.2;Investigation;511
1.16.20.3;Differential diagnosis;511
1.16.20.4;Treatment and prognosis;511
1.16.21;Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) diseases: overview;512
1.16.22;Neuromyelitis optica (NMO);512
1.16.22.1;Clinical features;512
1.16.22.2;Investigation;513
1.16.22.3;Differential diagnosis;513
1.16.22.4;Treatment and prognosis;513
1.16.23;Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL): overview;514
1.16.24;Neuropathies: overview;514
1.16.24.1;Clinical features;517
1.16.24.2;Investigation;517
1.16.24.3;Differential diagnosis;518
1.16.24.4;Treatment and prognosis;518
1.16.25;Neurosarcoidosis;519
1.16.25.1;Clinical features;519
1.16.25.2;Investigation;520
1.16.25.3;Differential diagnosis;521
1.16.25.4;Treatment and prognosis;521
1.16.26;Neurosyphilis;522
1.16.26.1;Clinical features;522
1.16.26.2;Investigation;522
1.16.26.3;Differential diagnosis;523
1.16.26.4;Treatment and prognosis;523
1.16.27;Neurovascular compression syndromes: overview;523
1.16.28;Niemann–Pick disease (NPD) type C [OMIM#257220];524
1.16.28.1;Clinical features;524
1.16.28.2;Investigation;524
1.16.28.3;Differential diagnosis;525
1.16.28.4;Treatment and prognosis;525
1.16.29;NIFID;525
1.16.30;NMDA-receptor encephalitis;525
1.16.30.1;Clinical features;526
1.16.30.2;Investigation;526
1.16.30.3;Differential diagnosis;526
1.16.30.4;Treatment and prognosis;526
1.16.31;Nocardiosis;526
1.16.32;Nonaka myopathy [OMIM#605820];527
1.16.33;Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD);527
1.16.33.1;Clinical features;527
1.16.33.2;Investigation;528
1.16.33.3;Differential diagnosis;528
1.16.33.4;Treatment and prognosis;528
1.16.34;Non-Wilsonian hepatocerebral degeneration (NWHCD);529
1.16.35;Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH);529
1.16.35.1;Clinical features;530
1.16.35.2;Investigation;530
1.16.35.3;Differential diagnosis;531
1.16.35.4;Treatment and prognosis;531
1.16.36;Notalgia paresthetica;531
1.16.37;“Numb and clumsy hands” syndrome;532
1.16.38;Numb cheek syndrome, Numb chin syndrome;532
1.17;O;533
1.17.1;Obsessional slowness;533
1.17.2;Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS);533
1.17.2.1;Clinical features;534
1.17.2.2;Investigation;534
1.17.2.3;Differential diagnosis;534
1.17.2.4;Treatment and prognosis;535
1.17.3;Obturator neuropathy;535
1.17.3.1;Clinical features;535
1.17.3.2;Investigation;536
1.17.3.3;Differential diagnosis;536
1.17.4;Occipital neuralgia;536
1.17.5;Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD);536
1.17.5.1;Clinical features;537
1.17.5.2;Investigation;537
1.17.5.3;Differential diagnosis;537
1.17.5.4;Treatment and prognosis;537
1.17.6;Oligodendroglioma;537
1.17.7;Ophthalmoplegic migraine;538
1.17.8;Optic neuritis;538
1.17.8.1;Clinical features;538
1.17.8.2;Investigation;539
1.17.8.3;Differential diagnosis;539
1.17.8.4;Treatment and prognosis;539
1.17.9;Orbital apex syndrome;540
1.17.9.1;Superior orbital fissure syndrome;540
1.17.10;Orbital tumors: overview;540
1.17.10.1;Clinical features;540
1.17.10.2;Investigation;541
1.17.10.3;Differential diagnosis;541
1.17.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;541
1.17.11;Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) deficiency;541
1.17.12;Oromandibular dystonia;542
1.17.12.1;Lingual dystonia;542
1.17.13;Ortner syndrome;542
1.17.13.1;Cardiovocal syndrome;542
1.17.14;Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL);542
1.17.14.1;Clinical features;542
1.17.14.2;Investigation;542
1.17.14.3;Differential diagnosis;543
1.17.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;543
1.17.15;Osteogenesis imperfecta;543
1.17.16;Osteomalacia;544
1.17.17;O’Sullivan–McLeod syndrome;544
1.17.18;Overlap syndrome;544
1.18;P;545
1.18.1;Paget’s disease;545
1.18.1.1;Clinical features;545
1.18.1.2;Investigation;545
1.18.1.3;Differential diagnosis;546
1.18.1.4;Treatment and prognosis;546
1.18.2;Painful legs and moving toes (PLMT);546
1.18.2.1;Clinical features;546
1.18.2.2;Investigation;547
1.18.2.3;Differential diagnosis;547
1.18.2.4;Treatment and prognosis;547
1.18.3;Pallido-pyramidal syndrome;547
1.18.4;Pancoast syndrome;548
1.18.4.1;Clinical features;548
1.18.4.2;Investigation;548
1.18.4.3;Differential diagnosis;548
1.18.4.4;Treatment and prognosis;548
1.18.5;Paragonimiasis;549
1.18.6;Paraneoplastic syndromes: overview;549
1.18.6.1;Clinical features;550
1.18.6.2;Investigation;550
1.18.6.3;Differential diagnosis;551
1.18.6.4;Treatment and prognosis;552
1.18.7;Paraproteinemic demyelinating neuropathy (PDN);552
1.18.7.1;Clinical features;552
1.18.7.2;Investigation;553
1.18.7.3;Differential diagnosis;553
1.18.7.4;Treatment and prognosis;553
1.18.8;Parasomnias;554
1.18.8.1;Clinical features;554
1.18.8.2;Investigation;554
1.18.8.3;Differential diagnosis;554
1.18.8.4;Treatment and prognosis;555
1.18.9;Parkinsonian syndromes, parkinsonism;555
1.18.9.1;Clinical features;555
1.18.9.2;Investigation;556
1.18.9.3;Differential diagnosis;556
1.18.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;556
1.18.10;Parkinson’s disease (PD);557
1.18.10.1;Clinical features;557
1.18.10.2;Investigation;559
1.18.10.3;Differential diagnosis;559
1.18.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;559
1.18.11;Parkinson’s syndrome;561
1.18.12;Paroxysmal dyskinesias;561
1.18.12.1;Clinical features;561
1.18.12.2;Investigation;562
1.18.12.3;Differential diagnosis;562
1.18.12.4;Treatment and prognosis;563
1.18.13;Paroxysmal hemicrania;563
1.18.14;Parry-Romberg syndrome;564
1.18.14.1;Clinical features;564
1.18.14.2;Investigation;564
1.18.14.3;Differential diagnosis;564
1.18.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;564
1.18.15;Patent foramen ovale (PFO);565
1.18.16;Pavor nocturnus;565
1.18.17;Payne syndrome;566
1.18.18;Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) [OMIM#312080];566
1.18.18.1;Clinical features;566
1.18.18.2;Investigation;567
1.18.18.3;Differential diagnosis;567
1.18.18.4;Treatment and prognosis;567
1.18.19;Pellagra;567
1.18.19.1;Clinical features;568
1.18.19.2;Investigation;568
1.18.19.3;Differential diagnosis;568
1.18.19.4;Treatment and prognosis;568
1.18.20;Periodic paralysis (PP);569
1.18.20.1;Clinical features;569
1.18.20.2;Investigation;569
1.18.20.3;Differential diagnosis;570
1.18.20.4;Treatment and prognosis;570
1.18.21;Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH);570
1.18.21.1;Clinical features;571
1.18.21.2;Investigation;571
1.18.21.3;Differential diagnosis;571
1.18.21.4;Treatment and prognosis;572
1.18.22;Peroneal neuropathy;572
1.18.22.1;Clinical features;572
1.18.22.2;Investigation;573
1.18.22.3;Differential diagnosis;573
1.18.23;Pick’s disease;573
1.18.24;Pineal gland tumors;573
1.18.25;Piriformis syndrome;574
1.18.25.1;Clinical features;574
1.18.25.2;Investigation;574
1.18.25.3;Differential diagnosis;575
1.18.25.4;Treatment and prognosis;575
1.18.26;Pisa syndrome;575
1.18.27;Pituitary disease: overview;575
1.18.27.1;Clinical features;576
1.18.27.2;Investigation;577
1.18.27.3;Differential diagnosis;577
1.18.27.4;Treatment and prognosis;577
1.18.28;POEMS syndrome;577
1.18.28.1;Clinical features;578
1.18.28.2;Investigation;578
1.18.28.3;Differential diagnosis;578
1.18.28.4;Treatment and prognosis;578
1.18.29;Poliomyelitis;579
1.18.29.1;Clinical features;579
1.18.29.2;Investigation;580
1.18.29.3;Differential diagnosis;580
1.18.29.4;Treatment and prognosis;580
1.18.30;Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN);580
1.18.30.1;Clinical features;581
1.18.30.2;Investigation;581
1.18.30.3;Differential diagnosis;581
1.18.30.4;Treatment and prognosis;581
1.18.31;Polycythemia rubra vera (PRV);582
1.18.32;Polyglucosan body disease (PGB);582
1.18.32.1;Clinical features;582
1.18.32.2;Investigation;582
1.18.32.3;Differential diagnosis;583
1.18.32.4;Treatment and prognosis;583
1.18.33;Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR);583
1.18.33.1;Clinical features;583
1.18.33.2;Investigation;584
1.18.33.3;Differential diagnosis;584
1.18.33.4;Treatment and prognosis;584
1.18.34;Polymyositis;585
1.18.34.1;Clinical features;585
1.18.34.2;Investigation;585
1.18.34.3;Differential diagnosis;585
1.18.34.4;Treatment and prognosis;586
1.18.35;Pompe’s disease [OMIM#232300];586
1.18.35.1;Clinical features;587
1.18.35.2;Investigation;587
1.18.35.3;Differential diagnosis;587
1.18.35.4;Treatment and prognosis;588
1.18.36;Porphyria;588
1.18.36.1;Clinical features;588
1.18.36.2;Investigation;589
1.18.36.3;Differential diagnosis;589
1.18.36.4;Treatment and prognosis;590
1.18.37;Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA);590
1.18.38;Posterior interosseous syndrome;591
1.18.39;Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES);591
1.18.39.1;Clinical features;592
1.18.39.2;Investigation;592
1.18.39.3;Differential diagnosis;592
1.18.39.4;Treatment and prognosis;592
1.18.40;Posthypoxic syndromes;592
1.18.40.1;Clinical features;593
1.18.40.2;Investigation;593
1.18.40.3;Differential diagnosis;593
1.18.40.4;Treatment and prognosis;593
1.18.41;Postpolio syndrome;593
1.18.41.1;Investigation;594
1.18.41.2;Treatment and prognosis;594
1.18.42;Potassium-aggravated myotonia (PAM) [OMIM#608390];594
1.18.42.1;Clinical features;594
1.18.42.2;Investigation;595
1.18.42.3;Differential diagnosis;595
1.18.42.4;Treatment and prognosis;595
1.18.43;Pregnancy and the nervous system: overview;595
1.18.44;Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS);597
1.18.44.1;Clinical features;597
1.18.44.2;Investigation;597
1.18.44.3;Differential diagnosis;598
1.18.44.4;Treatment and prognosis;598
1.18.45;Primary headache associated with sexual activity (PHSA);599
1.18.45.1;Differential diagnosis and investigation;599
1.18.45.2;Treatment and prognosis;599
1.18.46;Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS);600
1.18.46.1;Clinical features;600
1.18.46.2;Investigation;600
1.18.46.3;Differential diagnosis;600
1.18.46.4;Treatment and prognosis;601
1.18.47;Primary orthostatic tremor (POT);601
1.18.47.1;Clinical features;601
1.18.47.2;Investigation;601
1.18.47.3;Differential diagnosis;602
1.18.47.4;Treatment and prognosis;602
1.18.48;Primary systemic amyloidosis;602
1.18.49;Prion disease: overview;603
1.18.49.1;Clinical features;603
1.18.49.2;Investigation;603
1.18.49.3;Differential diagnosis;604
1.18.49.4;Treatment and prognosis;604
1.18.50;Progeria [OMIM#176670];604
1.18.51;Progressive ataxia and palatal tremor (PAPT);605
1.18.52;Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM);605
1.18.53;Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML);606
1.18.53.1;Clinical features;606
1.18.53.2;Investigation;606
1.18.53.3;Differential diagnosis;607
1.18.53.4;Treatment and prognosis;607
1.18.54;Progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PME);607
1.18.55;Progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA);608
1.18.55.1;Clinical features;609
1.18.55.2;Investigation;609
1.18.55.3;Differential diagnosis;609
1.18.55.4;Treatment and prognosis;609
1.18.56;Progressive subcortical gliosis of Neumann (PSG);610
1.18.56.1;Clinical features;610
1.18.56.2;Investigation;610
1.18.56.3;Differential diagnosis;610
1.18.56.4;Treatment and prognosis;610
1.18.57;Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP);611
1.18.57.1;Clinical features;611
1.18.57.2;Investigation;611
1.18.57.3;Differential diagnosis;612
1.18.57.4;Treatment and prognosis;612
1.18.58;Pronator teres syndrome;613
1.18.58.1;Clinical features;613
1.18.59;Pseudomigraine;613
1.18.60;Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE);614
1.18.60.1;Clinical features;614
1.18.60.2;Investigation;614
1.18.60.3;Treatment and prognosis;614
1.18.61;Psittacosis;615
1.18.62;Psychiatric disorders and neurological disease: overview;615
1.18.62.1;Clinical features;615
1.18.62.2;Investigation;616
1.18.62.3;Differential diagnosis;616
1.18.62.4;Treatment and prognosis;616
1.18.63;Pure autonomic failure (PAF);617
1.18.63.1;Clinical features;617
1.18.63.2;Investigation;617
1.18.63.3;Differential diagnosis;618
1.18.63.4;Treatment and prognosis;618
1.19;Q;619
1.19.1;Q fever;619
1.19.2;Quail myopathy;620
1.20;R;621
1.20.1;Rabies;621
1.20.1.1;Clinical features;621
1.20.1.2;Investigation;621
1.20.1.3;Differential diagnosis;622
1.20.1.4;Treatment and prognosis;622
1.20.2;Radial neuropathy;622
1.20.2.1;Clinical features;623
1.20.2.2;Investigation;623
1.20.2.3;Differential diagnosis;623
1.20.3;Radiculopathies: overview;623
1.20.3.1;Clinical features;623
1.20.3.2;Investigation;624
1.20.3.3;Differential diagnosis;624
1.20.3.4;Treatment and prognosis;624
1.20.4;Radiotherapy-induced neurological disorders;624
1.20.4.1;Clinical features;624
1.20.4.2;Investigation;625
1.20.4.3;Differential diagnosis;625
1.20.4.4;Treatment and prognosis;625
1.20.5;Raeder’s paratrigeminal syndrome;625
1.20.5.1;Clinical features;626
1.20.5.2;Investigation;626
1.20.5.3;Differential diagnosis;626
1.20.5.4;Treatment and prognosis;626
1.20.6;Ramsay Hunt syndromes;627
1.20.7;Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE), Rasmussen’s syndrome;627
1.20.7.1;Clinical features;627
1.20.7.2;Investigation;628
1.20.7.3;Differential diagnosis;628
1.20.7.4;Treatment and prognosis;628
1.20.8;Rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism [OMIM#128235];628
1.20.9;Reflex epilepsies;629
1.20.10;Refsum’s disease;629
1.20.10.1;Clinical features;630
1.20.10.2;Investigation;630
1.20.10.3;Differential diagnosis;630
1.20.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;630
1.20.11;Relapsing polychondritis;631
1.20.12;REM sleep behavior disorder (REMBD);631
1.20.13;Renal disease and the nervous system: overview;632
1.20.13.1;Clinical features;632
1.20.13.2;Investigation;633
1.20.13.3;Differential diagnosis;634
1.20.13.4;Treatment and prognosis;634
1.20.14;Respiratory failure: overview;634
1.20.14.1;Clinical features;634
1.20.14.2;Investigation;635
1.20.14.3;Differential diagnosis;635
1.20.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;635
1.20.15;Restless legs syndrome (RLS);636
1.20.15.1;Clinical features;636
1.20.15.2;Investigation;636
1.20.15.3;Differential diagnosis;636
1.20.15.4;Treatment and prognosis;637
1.20.16;Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes (RCVS);637
1.20.16.1;Clinical features;638
1.20.16.2;Investigation;638
1.20.16.3;Differential diagnosis;638
1.20.16.4;Treatment and prognosis;638
1.20.17;Rhabdomyolysis;639
1.20.17.1;Clinical features;639
1.20.17.2;Investigation;639
1.20.17.3;Differential diagnosis;640
1.20.17.4;Treatment and prognosis;640
1.20.18;Rheumatoid arthritis;640
1.20.18.1;Clinical features;640
1.20.18.2;Investigation;641
1.20.18.3;Differential diagnosis;641
1.20.18.4;Treatment and prognosis;641
1.20.19;Rickettsial disease;642
1.20.19.1;Clinical features;642
1.20.19.2;Investigation;642
1.20.19.3;Differential diagnosis;642
1.20.19.4;Treatment and prognosis;642
1.20.20;Rigid spine syndrome [OMIM#602771];643
1.20.21;Riley–Day syndrome [OMIM#223900];643
1.20.21.1;Investigation;644
1.20.21.2;Differential diagnosis;644
1.20.21.3;Treatment and prognosis;644
1.20.22;Rippling muscle disease (RMD) [OMIM#606072];644
1.20.23;Rosai–Dorfman disease;645
1.20.23.1;Clinical features;645
1.20.23.2;Investigation;645
1.20.23.3;Differential diagnosis;646
1.20.23.4;Treatment and prognosis;646
1.20.24;Ross syndrome;646
1.20.25;Roussy–Lévy syndrome [OMIM#180800];647
1.20.25.1;Clinical features;647
1.20.25.2;Investigation;647
1.20.25.3;Differential diagnosis;647
1.20.25.4;Treatment and prognosis;647
1.20.26;Rubella;648
1.20.27;“Rucksack paralysis”;648
1.21;S;649
1.21.1;Sandhoff’s disease [OMIM#268800];649
1.21.2;Saphenous neuropathy;649
1.21.3;Sarcoglycanopathy;650
1.21.4;Satoyoshi syndrome;650
1.21.5;Scapuloperoneal syndrome;651
1.21.6;Scheuermann’s disease;651
1.21.7;Schilder’s disease;651
1.21.7.1;Clinical features;652
1.21.7.2;Investigation;652
1.21.7.3;Differential diagnosis;652
1.21.7.4;Treatment and prognosis;653
1.21.8;Schistosomiasis;653
1.21.8.1;Clinical features;653
1.21.8.2;Investigation;654
1.21.8.3;Differential diagnosis;654
1.21.8.4;Treatment and prognosis;654
1.21.9;Schnitzler’s syndrome;654
1.21.10;Schwartz–Jampel syndrome [OMIM#255800];654
1.21.10.1;Clinical features;655
1.21.10.2;Investigation;655
1.21.10.3;Differential diagnosis;655
1.21.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;655
1.21.11;Sciatic neuropathy;655
1.21.11.1;Clinical features;656
1.21.11.2;Investigation;656
1.21.11.3;Differential diagnosis;656
1.21.12;Sciatica;656
1.21.12.1;Clinical features;657
1.21.12.2;Investigation;657
1.21.12.3;Differential diagnosis;657
1.21.12.4;Treatment and prognosis;657
1.21.13;Scoliosis: overview;658
1.21.14;Semantic dementia (SD);658
1.21.14.1;Clinical features;659
1.21.14.2;Investigation;659
1.21.14.3;Differential diagnosis;659
1.21.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;659
1.21.15;Sengers syndrome;660
1.21.16;Septo-optic dysplasia;660
1.21.17;Serotonin syndrome;660
1.21.18;Shapiro syndrome;661
1.21.19;Shoulder–hand syndrome;661
1.21.20;Sialidosis;661
1.21.20.1;Clinical features;662
1.21.20.2;Investigation;662
1.21.20.3;Differential diagnosis;662
1.21.20.4;Treatment and prognosis;663
1.21.21;Sickle-cell disease;663
1.21.22;Silver syndrome [OMIM#270685];663
1.21.23;Sjögren’s syndrome;663
1.21.23.1;Clinical features;664
1.21.23.2;Investigation;664
1.21.23.3;Differential diagnosis;665
1.21.23.4;Treatment and prognosis;665
1.21.24;Sleep apnea syndromes: overview;665
1.21.25;Sleep disorders: overview;666
1.21.26;Sneddon’s syndrome;667
1.21.26.1;Clinical features;667
1.21.26.2;Investigation;667
1.21.26.3;Differential diagnosis;667
1.21.26.4;Treatment and prognosis;667
1.21.27;Solvent exposure;668
1.21.28;Somatoform disorders;668
1.21.29;Sparganosis;670
1.21.30;Spasmodic dysphonia;670
1.21.31;Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) [OMIM#313200];670
1.21.31.1;Clinical features;671
1.21.31.2;Investigation;671
1.21.31.3;Differential diagnosis;671
1.21.31.4;Treatment and prognosis;671
1.21.32;Spina bifida;672
1.21.32.1;Clinical features;672
1.21.32.2;Investigation;672
1.21.32.3;Differential diagnosis;673
1.21.32.4;Treatment and prognosis;673
1.21.33;Spinal cord disease: overview;673
1.21.33.1;Investigation;674
1.21.33.2;Differential diagnosis;674
1.21.34;Spinal cord vascular diseases;674
1.21.34.1;Clinical features;674
1.21.34.2;Investigation;675
1.21.34.3;Differential diagnosis;675
1.21.34.4;Treatment and prognosis;675
1.21.35;Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA);676
1.21.35.1;Clinical features;677
1.21.35.2;Investigation;677
1.21.35.3;Differential diagnosis;677
1.21.35.4;Treatment and prognosis;677
1.21.36;Spinal stenosis;678
1.21.36.1;Clinical features;678
1.21.36.2;Investigation;678
1.21.36.3;Differential diagnosis;679
1.21.36.4;Treatment and prognosis;679
1.21.37;Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA);679
1.21.37.1;Differential diagnosis;682
1.21.38;Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH);682
1.21.38.1;Clinical features;682
1.21.38.2;Investigation;682
1.21.38.3;Differential diagnosis;683
1.21.38.4;Treatment and prognosis;683
1.21.39;Spontaneous periodic hypothermia;683
1.21.40;Startle syndromes: overview;683
1.21.40.1;Clinical features;684
1.21.40.2;Investigation;684
1.21.40.3;Differential diagnosis;684
1.21.40.4;Treatment and prognosis;684
1.21.41;Status epilepticus;685
1.21.41.1;Clinical features;685
1.21.41.2;Investigation;685
1.21.41.3;Differential diagnosis;685
1.21.41.4;Treatment and prognosis;685
1.21.42;Stiffness: overview;686
1.21.42.1;Clinical features;687
1.21.42.2;Investigation;687
1.21.42.3;Differential diagnosis;688
1.21.42.4;Treatment and prognosis;688
1.21.43;Stroke: overview;688
1.21.43.1;Clinical features;689
1.21.43.2;Investigation;691
1.21.43.3;Differential diagnosis;691
1.21.43.4;Treatment and prognosis;691
1.21.44;Strongyloidiasis;692
1.21.44.1;Clinical features;692
1.21.44.2;Investigation;692
1.21.44.3;Differential diagnosis;693
1.21.44.4;Treatment and prognosis;693
1.21.45;Strychnine poisoning;693
1.21.45.1;Clinical features;693
1.21.45.2;Differential diagnosis;693
1.21.45.3;Treatment and prognosis;694
1.21.46;Sturge–Weber syndrome;694
1.21.46.1;Clinical features;694
1.21.46.2;Investigation;695
1.21.46.3;Differential diagnosis;695
1.21.46.4;Treatment and prognosis;695
1.21.47;Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (SACDOC);695
1.21.48;Subacute motor neuronopathy;696
1.21.49;Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON);697
1.21.50;Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE);697
1.21.50.1;Clinical features;697
1.21.50.2;Investigation;698
1.21.50.3;Differential diagnosis;698
1.21.50.4;Treatment and prognosis;698
1.21.51;Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH);698
1.21.51.1;Clinical features;699
1.21.51.2;Investigation;699
1.21.51.3;Differential diagnosis;700
1.21.51.4;Treatment and prognosis;700
1.21.52;Subclavian steal syndrome;701
1.21.53;Subdural empyema;702
1.21.53.1;Clinical features;702
1.21.53.2;Investigation;702
1.21.53.3;Differential diagnosis;702
1.21.53.4;Treatment and prognosis;702
1.21.54;Subdural hematoma (SDH);703
1.21.54.1;Clinical features;703
1.21.54.2;Investigation;703
1.21.54.3;Differential diagnosis;704
1.21.54.4;Treatment and prognosis;704
1.21.55;Subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma (SEGA);704
1.21.56;Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP);705
1.21.57;SUNCT syndrome, SUNA syndrome;705
1.21.57.1;Clinical features;705
1.21.57.2;Investigation;706
1.21.57.3;Differential diagnosis;706
1.21.57.4;Treatment and prognosis;706
1.21.58;Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system;706
1.21.58.1;Clinical features;706
1.21.58.2;Investigation;707
1.21.58.3;Differential diagnosis;707
1.21.58.4;Treatment and prognosis;707
1.21.59;Superior oblique myokymia;707
1.21.60;Susac syndrome;708
1.21.60.1;Clinical features;708
1.21.60.2;Investigation;708
1.21.60.3;Differential diagnosis;708
1.21.60.4;Treatment and prognosis;708
1.21.61;Sweet’s syndrome;709
1.21.62;Sydenham’s chorea;709
1.21.62.1;Clinical features;710
1.21.62.2;Investigation;710
1.21.62.3;Differential diagnosis;710
1.21.62.4;Treatment and prognosis;710
1.21.63;Syncope;711
1.21.63.1;Clinical features;711
1.21.63.2;Investigation;712
1.21.63.3;Differential diagnosis;712
1.21.63.4;Treatment and prognosis;712
1.21.64;Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH);713
1.21.64.1;Clinical features;713
1.21.64.2;Investigation;713
1.21.64.3;Differential diagnosis;714
1.21.64.4;Treatment and prognosis;714
1.21.65;Synucleinopathy;714
1.21.66;Syringomyelia and syringobulbia;715
1.21.66.1;Clinical features;715
1.21.66.2;Investigation;716
1.21.66.3;Differential diagnosis;716
1.21.66.4;Treatment and prognosis;716
1.21.67;Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE);716
1.21.67.1;Clinical features;717
1.21.67.2;Investigation;717
1.21.67.3;Differential diagnosis;718
1.21.67.4;Treatment and prognosis;718
1.21.68;Systemic sclerosis;718
1.21.68.1;Clinical features;719
1.21.68.2;Investigation;719
1.21.68.3;Differential diagnosis;719
1.21.68.4;Treatment and prognosis;719
1.22;T;720
1.22.1;Takayasu’s arteritis;720
1.22.1.1;Clinical features;720
1.22.1.2;Investigation;720
1.22.1.3;Differential diagnosis;720
1.22.1.4;Treatment and prognosis;721
1.22.2;Tangier disease [OMIM#205400];721
1.22.2.1;Clinical features;721
1.22.2.2;Investigation;721
1.22.2.3;Differential diagnosis;722
1.22.2.4;Treatment and prognosis;722
1.22.3;Tarlov cyst;722
1.22.4;Tauopathy;723
1.22.5;Tay–Sachs disease [OMIM#272800];723
1.22.5.1;Clinical features;724
1.22.5.2;Investigation;724
1.22.5.3;Differential diagnosis;724
1.22.5.4;Treatment and prognosis;725
1.22.6;Teratoma;725
1.22.7;Tetanus;725
1.22.7.1;Clinical features;725
1.22.7.2;Sec21_20;726
1.22.7.3;Investigation;726
1.22.7.4;Differential diagnosis;726
1.22.7.5;Treatment and prognosis;726
1.22.8;Tethered cord syndrome;726
1.22.8.1;Clinical features;726
1.22.8.2;Investigation;727
1.22.8.3;Differential diagnosis;727
1.22.8.4;Treatment and prognosis;727
1.22.9;Thalamic syndromes: overview;727
1.22.9.1;Clinical features;727
1.22.9.2;Investigation;728
1.22.9.3;Differential diagnosis;728
1.22.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;728
1.22.10;Thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS);728
1.22.10.1;Clinical features;729
1.22.10.2;Investigation;729
1.22.10.3;Differential diagnosis;729
1.22.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;729
1.22.11;Thunderclap headache;730
1.22.11.1;Clinical features;730
1.22.11.2;Investigation;730
1.22.11.3;Differential diagnosis;730
1.22.11.4;Treatment and prognosis;731
1.22.12;Thyroid disease and the nervous system: overview;731
1.22.12.1;Clinical features;731
1.22.12.2;Investigation;732
1.22.12.3;Differential diagnosis;732
1.22.12.4;Treatment and prognosis;732
1.22.13;Tibial muscular dystrophy [OMIM#600334];733
1.22.14;Tibial neuropathy;733
1.22.14.1;Clinical features;733
1.22.14.2;Investigation;734
1.22.14.3;Differential diagnosis;734
1.22.15;Tolosa–Hunt syndrome;734
1.22.16;Top of the basilar syndrome;735
1.22.16.1;Clinical features;735
1.22.16.2;Investigation;736
1.22.16.3;Differential diagnosis;736
1.22.16.4;Treatment and prognosis;736
1.22.17;Tourette syndrome (TS);736
1.22.17.1;Clinical features;737
1.22.17.2;Investigation;737
1.22.17.3;Differential diagnosis;737
1.22.17.4;Treatment and prognosis;737
1.22.18;Toxocariasis;738
1.22.19;Toxoplasmosis;738
1.22.19.1;Clinical features;738
1.22.19.2;Investigation;738
1.22.19.3;Differential diagnosis;739
1.22.19.4;Treatment and prognosis;739
1.22.20;Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA);739
1.22.20.1;Clinical features;739
1.22.20.2;Investigation;739
1.22.20.3;Differential diagnosis;740
1.22.20.4;Treatment and prognosis;740
1.22.21;Transient global amnesia (TGA);740
1.22.21.1;Clinical features;740
1.22.21.2;Investigation;740
1.22.21.3;Differential diagnosis;741
1.22.21.4;Treatment and prognosis;741
1.22.22;Transient ischemic attack (TIA);741
1.22.22.1;Clinical features;742
1.22.22.2;Investigation;742
1.22.22.3;Differential diagnosis;743
1.22.22.4;Treatment and prognosis;743
1.22.23;Transient unresponsiveness of the elderly;744
1.22.24;Transverse myelitis;744
1.22.24.1;Clinical features;745
1.22.24.2;Investigation;745
1.22.24.3;Differential diagnosis;745
1.22.24.4;Treatment and prognosis;745
1.22.25;Traumatic brain injury (TBI);746
1.22.25.1;Clinical features;746
1.22.25.2;Investigation;746
1.22.25.3;Differential diagnosis;747
1.22.25.4;Treatment and prognosis;747
1.22.26;Tremor: overview;748
1.22.26.1;Clinical features;748
1.22.26.2;Investigation;749
1.22.26.3;Differential diagnosis;749
1.22.26.4;Treatment and prognosis;749
1.22.27;Trichinosis;750
1.22.27.1;Clinical features;750
1.22.27.2;Investigation;750
1.22.27.3;Differential diagnosis;751
1.22.27.4;Treatment and prognosis;751
1.22.28;Trigeminal autonomic cephalalagias (TACS): overview;751
1.22.29;Trigeminal neuralgia (TN);752
1.22.29.1;Clinical features;752
1.22.29.2;Investigation;752
1.22.29.3;Differential diagnosis;753
1.22.29.4;Treatment and prognosis;753
1.22.30;Trigeminal sensory neuropathy (TSN);753
1.22.31;Trinucleotide repeat diseases: overview;754
1.22.31.1;Investigation;756
1.22.31.2;Treatment and prognosis;756
1.22.32;Troyer syndrome;756
1.22.33;Trypanosomiasis;757
1.22.33.1;Clinical features;757
1.22.33.2;Investigation;758
1.22.33.3;Differential diagnosis;758
1.22.33.4;Treatment and prognosis;758
1.22.34;Tuberculosis (TB) and the nervous system: overview;758
1.22.34.1;Clinical features;759
1.22.34.2;Investigation;759
1.22.34.3;Differential diagnosis;759
1.22.34.4;Treatment and prognosis;759
1.22.35;Tuberculous meningitis (TBM);760
1.22.35.1;Clinical features;760
1.22.35.2;Investigation;761
1.22.35.3;Differential diagnosis;761
1.22.35.4;Treatment and prognosis;761
1.22.36;Tuberous sclerosis [OMIM#191100, #613254];762
1.22.36.1;Clinical features;762
1.22.36.2;Investigation;763
1.22.36.3;Differential diagnosis;763
1.22.36.4;Treatment and prognosis;763
1.22.37;Tumors: overview;763
1.22.37.1;Clinical features;764
1.22.37.2;Investigation;765
1.22.37.3;Differential diagnosis;765
1.22.37.4;Treatment and prognosis;765
1.22.38;Typhus;766
1.22.38.1;Clinical features;766
1.22.38.2;Investigation;766
1.22.38.3;Differential diagnosis;767
1.22.38.4;Treatment and prognosis;767
1.23;U;768
1.23.1;Ullrich’s congenital muscular dystrophy [OMIM#254090];768
1.23.2;Ulnar neuropathy;768
1.23.2.1;Clinical features;769
1.23.2.2;Investigation;769
1.23.2.3;Differential diagnosis;769
1.23.2.4;Treatment and prognosis;770
1.23.3;Unverricht–Lundborg disease [OMIM#254800];770
1.23.3.1;Clinical features;770
1.23.3.2;Investigation;770
1.23.3.3;Differential diagnosis;771
1.23.3.4;Treatment and prognosis;771
1.23.4;Urbach–Wiethe disease [OMIM#247100];771
1.23.5;Urea cycle enzyme defects (UCED): overview;772
1.23.5.1;Clinical features;773
1.23.5.2;Investigation;773
1.23.5.3;Differential diagnosis;773
1.23.5.4;Treatment and prognosis;774
1.23.6;Usher’s syndromes;774
1.24;V;775
1.24.1;Van Buchem’s syndrome;775
1.24.2;Vanishing white matter disease (VWMD) [OMIM#603896];775
1.24.3;Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD);776
1.24.3.1;Clinical features;776
1.24.3.2;Investigation;776
1.24.3.3;Differential diagnosis;777
1.24.3.4;Treatment and prognosis;777
1.24.4;Varicella zoster virus (VZV) and the nervous system;777
1.24.5;Vascular dementia (VaD), vascular cognitive impairment (VCI);778
1.24.5.1;Clinical features;779
1.24.5.2;Investigation;779
1.24.5.3;Differential diagnosis;779
1.24.5.4;Treatment and prognosis;779
1.24.6;Vascular malformations: overview;780
1.24.7;Vasculitis;780
1.24.7.1;Clinical features;781
1.24.7.2;Investigation;781
1.24.7.3;Differential diagnosis;782
1.24.7.4;Treatment and prognosis;782
1.24.8;Vegetative states;782
1.24.8.1;Clinical features;783
1.24.8.2;Investigation;783
1.24.8.3;Differential diagnosis;783
1.24.8.4;Treatment and prognosis;783
1.24.9;Venous sinus thrombosis (VST);784
1.24.9.1;Clinical features;784
1.24.9.2;Investigation;784
1.24.9.3;Differential diagnosis;785
1.24.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;785
1.24.10;Verger–Déjerine syndrome;785
1.24.11;Vernant’s disease;786
1.24.12;Vestibular neuritis;786
1.24.12.1;Clinical features;786
1.24.12.2;Investigation;786
1.24.12.3;Differential diagnosis;787
1.24.12.4;Treatment and prognosis;787
1.24.13;Vestibular paroxysmia;787
1.24.14;Vestibular schwannoma;788
1.24.14.1;Clinical features;788
1.24.14.2;Investigation;789
1.24.14.3;Differential diagnosis;789
1.24.14.4;Treatment and prognosis;789
1.24.15;Visual loss: overview;790
1.24.16;Vitamin B12 deficiency;791
1.24.16.1;Clinical features;792
1.24.16.2;Investigation;792
1.24.16.3;Differential diagnosis;793
1.24.16.4;Treatment and prognosis;793
1.24.17;Vitamin deficiencies and the nervous system: overview;794
1.24.17.1;Clinical features;794
1.24.17.2;Investigation;794
1.24.17.3;Treatment and prognosis;795
1.24.18;Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) syndrome;795
1.24.18.1;Clinical features;795
1.24.18.2;Investigation;795
1.24.18.3;Differential diagnosis;796
1.24.18.4;Treatment and prognosis;796
1.24.19;Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease [OMIM#193300];796
1.24.19.1;Clinical features;796
1.24.19.2;Investigation;797
1.24.19.3;Differential diagnosis;797
1.24.19.4;Treatment and prognosis;797
1.24.20;Von Winiwarter–Buerger’s disease;797
1.24.20.1;Clinical features;798
1.24.20.2;Investigation;798
1.24.20.3;Differential diagnosis;798
1.24.20.4;Treatment and prognosis;798
1.25;W;799
1.25.1;Wartenberg’s neuropathy;799
1.25.1.1;Clinical features;799
1.25.1.2;Investigation;799
1.25.1.3;Differential diagnosis;799
1.25.1.4;Treatment and prognosis;799
1.25.2;Weber–Christian disease;800
1.25.3;Wegener’s granulomatosis;800
1.25.3.1;Clinical features;801
1.25.3.2;Investigation;801
1.25.3.3;Differential diagnosis;801
1.25.3.4;Treatment and prognosis;801
1.25.4;Welander’s myopathy;802
1.25.5;Werdnig–Hoffmann disease [OMOM#253300];802
1.25.5.1;Clinical features;802
1.25.5.2;Investigation;803
1.25.5.3;Differential diagnosis;803
1.25.5.4;Treatment and prognosis;803
1.25.6;Werner syndrome [OMIM#277700];803
1.25.7;Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS);804
1.25.7.1;Clinical features;804
1.25.7.2;Investigation;805
1.25.7.3;Differential diagnosis;805
1.25.7.4;Treatment and prognosis;805
1.25.8;Whipple’s disease;806
1.25.8.1;Clinical features;806
1.25.8.2;Investigation;806
1.25.8.3;Differential diagnosis;807
1.25.8.4;Treatment and prognosis;807
1.25.9;Wilson’s disease [OMIM#277900];807
1.25.9.1;Clinical features;807
1.25.9.2;Investigation;808
1.25.9.3;Differential diagnosis;808
1.25.9.4;Treatment and prognosis;808
1.25.10;Wolfram syndrome;809
1.25.10.1;Clinical features;809
1.25.10.2;Investigation;810
1.25.10.3;Differential diagnosis;810
1.25.10.4;Treatment and prognosis;810
1.25.11;Writing tremor;810
1.25.12;Wyburn-Mason disease;811
1.26;XYZ;812
1.26.1;Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP);812
1.26.1.1;Clinical features;812
1.26.1.2;Investigations;813
1.26.1.3;Treatment and prognosis;813
1.26.2;X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism syndrome [OMIM#314250];813
1.26.3;X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA);814
1.26.4;Zinc deficiency;814
