Letcher Thermodynamics, Solubility and Environmental Issues

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-08-048103-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 492 Seiten

Environmental problems are becoming an important aspect of our lives as industries grow apace with populations throughout the world. Thermodynamics, Solubility and Environmental Issues highlights some of the problems and shows how chemistry can help to reduce these them. The unifying theme is Solubility - the most basic and important of thermodynamic properties. This informative book looks at the importance and applications of solubility and thermodynamics, in understanding and in reducing chemical pollution in the environment.
Written by experts in their respective fields and representing the latest findings in this very important and broad area. A collection of twenty-five chapters cover a wide range of topics including; mining, polymer manufacture and applications, radioactive wastes, industries in general, agro-chemicals, soil pollution and biology, together with the basic theory and recent developments in the modelling of environmental pollutants.
* Latest research into solving some of the most important environmental problems
* Covering new technologies, new chemicals and new processes eg, biodegradable polymers, ionic liquids and green chemistry
* Contains the basic theories and underlying importance of solubility

Autoren/Hrsg.

Letcher, Trevor

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Copyright page;5
3;Preface;6
4;Foreword;8
5;List of Contributors;10
6;Table of Contents;16
7;Part I: Basic Theory and Modelling;24
7.1;Chapter 1. An Introduction to Modelling of Pollutants in the Environment;26
7.1.1;1. Introduction;26
7.1.2;2. Partition Coefficients;26
7.1.3;3. Model Environments;30
7.1.4;4. Equilibrium Partition;30
7.1.5;5. Environmental Distribution;32
7.1.6;6. Environmental Distribution Using a Flow Model ;34
7.1.7;7. Accumulation of Chemicals in the Food Chain;38
7.2;Chapter 2. Modeling the Solubility in Water of Environmentally Important Organic Compounds;40
7.2.1;1. Introduction;40
7.2.2;2. Quantum Chemistry Methods;42
7.2.3;3. Experiment-Based QSPR Modeling;43
7.2.4;4. Structure-Based QSPR Modeling;44
7.2.5;5. The Quantum-Connectivity Indices;46
7.2.6;6. Modeling Solubility with Quantum-Connectivity;48
7.2.7;7. Concluding Remarks;51
7.3;Chapter 3. Modeling of Contaminant Leaching;56
7.3.1;1. Overview of Significance;56
7.3.2;2. Geochemical Modeling;57
7.3.3;3. Summary;69
8;Part II: Industry and Mining;72
8.1;Chapter 4. Supercritical Fluids and Reductions in Environmental Pollution;74
8.1.1;1. Introduction;74
8.1.2;2. Supercritical Fluids;74
8.1.3;3. References for Thermodynamic Properties of Supercritical Fluids;78
8.1.4;4. Solubility of Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes in Supercritical Fluids;83
8.1.5;5. Structure of Supercritical Water;88
8.1.6;6. Application of Supercritical Fluids for Reducing Pollutants;99
8.1.7;7. Concluding Remarks;104
8.2;Chapter 5. Phase Equilibrium Studies on Ionic Liquid Systems for Industrial Separation Processes of Complex Organic Mixtures;108
8.2.1;1. Introduction;108
8.2.2;2. Solubility Studies on Ionic Liquid–Organic Mixtures and Application to Liquid–Liquid Extraction;111
8.2.3;3. The Determination of Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution for the Selection of Entrainers in Extractive Distillation;123
8.2.4;4. Assessment of the Potential of Ionic Liquids as Solvents in Separation Processes;128
8.2.5;5. Conclusion;130
8.2.6;Appendix I: List of Abbreviations for Ionic Liquid Nomenclature;130
8.3;Chapter 6. Environmental and Solubility Issues Related to Novel Corrosion Control;136
8.3.1;1. Introduction;136
8.3.2;2. Corrosion of Industrially Important Metals;138
8.3.3;3. The Layers Protecting the Base Metals;140
8.3.4;4. Superprimers on Metals;148
8.3.5;5. Summary/Conclusions;156
8.4;Chapter 7. The Behavior of Iron and Aluminum in Acid Mine Drainage: Speciation, Mineralogy, and Environmental Significance;160
8.4.1;1. Introduction;160
8.4.2;2. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Iron and Aluminum in AMD;161
8.4.3;3. Environmental Significance;167
8.4.4;4. Conclusions;171
9;Part III: Radioactive Wastes;174
9.1;Chapter 8. An Evaluation of Solubility Limits on Maximum Uranium Concentrations in Groundwater;176
9.1.1;1. Introduction;176
9.1.2;2. Geologic Setting of the Tono Uranium Deposit;177
9.1.3;3. Geochemical Constraints on Uranium Solubility;179
9.1.4;4. Evaluation of Uranium Solubility;183
9.1.5;5. Conclusions;189
9.2;Chapter 9. Leaching from Cementitious Materials Used in Radioactive Waste Disposal Sites;192
9.2.1;1. Introduction;192
9.2.2;2. Radioactive Waste Disposal Site and Concrete;192
9.2.3;3. Leaching from Cementitious Materials;193
9.2.4;4. Method for Predicting Durability of Concrete;195
9.2.5;5. Measures Against Leaching Degradation;202
9.2.6;6. Conclusions;207
10;Part IV: Air, Water, Soil and Remediation;210
10.1;Chapter 10. Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Natural Systems;212
10.1.1;1. Carbon Dioxide: A Natural Reagent;212
10.1.2;2. Aqueous Speciation of Co2;214
10.1.3;3. Multiphase Thermodynamic System;215
10.1.4;4. Modeling Natural Systems;219
10.1.5;5. Concluding Remarks;225
10.2;Chapter 11. Estimation of the Volatilization of Organic Chemicals from Soil;228
10.2.1;1. Introduction;228
10.2.2;2. Physicochemical Properties of Chemicals;230
10.2.3;3. Factors Influencing Volatilization;233
10.2.4;4. Estimation of Volatilization of Chemicals from Soil;237
10.2.5;5. Thermodynamics of Persistent Organic Chemicals: The Equilibrium Partitioning Approach;243
10.3;Chapter 12. Solubility and the Phytoextraction of Arsenic from Soils by Two Different Fern Species;252
10.3.1;1. Introduction;252
10.3.2;2. Materials and Methods;255
10.3.3;3. Results and Discussion;259
10.3.4;4. Conclusions;262
10.4;Chapter 13. Environmental Issues of Gasoline Additives – Aqueous Solubility and Spills;268
10.4.1;1. Introduction;268
10.4.2;2. Common Oxygenates and Octane Boosters;269
10.4.3;3. Releases to the Environment;274
10.4.4;4. Conclusions;280
10.5;Chapter 14. Ecotoxicity of Ionic Liquids in an Aquatic Environment;282
10.5.1;1. Introduction;282
10.5.2;2. Lipophilicity;283
10.5.3;3. Biodegradability;283
10.5.4;4. Aquatic Toxicity;285
10.5.5;5. Conclusions;299
10.6;Chapter 15. Rhamnolipid Biosurfactants: Solubility and Environmental Issues;302
10.6.1;1. Introduction;302
10.6.2;2. Background on Rhamnolipids;303
10.6.3;3. Enhanced Biodegradation of Recalcitrant Compounds;304
10.6.4;4. Ex Situ Washing;308
10.6.5;5. In Situ Flushing Applications;314
10.6.6;6. Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration of Contaminated Water;317
10.6.7;7. Conclusions;318
10.7;Chapter 16. Sorption, Lipophilicity and Partitioning Phenomena of Ionic Liquids in Environmental Systems;322
10.7.1;1. Introduction;322
10.7.2;2. Ionic Liquids;323
10.7.3;3. Sorption of Ionic Liquids in the Environment;324
10.7.4;4. Lipophilicity and the Partitioning of Ionic Liquids;330
10.7.5;5. Conclusions;334
10.8;Chapter 17. The Solubility of Hydroxyaluminosilicates and the Biological Availability of Aluminium;338
10.8.1;1. What are Hydroxyaluminosilicates?;338
10.8.2;2. A Summary of the Evidence;339
10.8.3;3. What Next for Hydroxyaluminosilicates?;343
10.8.4;4. Hydroxyaluminosilicates and the Biological Availability of Aluminium;344
10.9;Chapter 18. Apatite Group Minerals: Solubility and Environmental Remediation;350
10.9.1;1. Introduction;350
10.9.2;2. Apatite Group Minerals;350
10.9.3;3. Lead Phosphate Minerals;352
10.9.4;4. Arsenate Minerals;355
10.9.5;5. Conclusions;359
11;Part V: Polymer Related Issues;364
11.1;Chapter 19. Solubility of Gases and Vapors in Polylactide Polymers;366
11.1.1;1. Introduction;366
11.1.2;2. Polymer/Chemical Interactions;367
11.1.3;3. Theoretical Considerations;367
11.1.4;4. Factors Affecting Mass Transfer in Polymers;372
11.1.5;5. Polylactides;375
11.1.6;6. Polylactide Barrier Properties;377
11.1.7;7. Regular Solution Theory: Solubility Parameter Predictions;385
11.2;Chapter 20. Biodegradable Material Obtained from Renewable Resource: Plasticized Sodium Caseinate Films;392
11.2.1;1. Introduction;392
11.2.2;2. Experimental Section;394
11.2.3;3. Results and Discussion;397
11.2.4;4. Conclusion;403
11.3;Chapter 21. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as a Green Solvent for Polymer Synthesis;406
11.3.1;1. Introduction;406
11.3.2;2. Porous Materials and Supercritical Fluids;407
11.3.3;3. Co2 as a Pressure-Adjustable Template/Porogen;407
11.3.4;4. Templating of Supercritical Fluid Emulsions;409
11.3.5;5. Polymer Solubility in Co2;411
11.3.6;6. High-Throughput Solubility Measurements in Co2;413
11.3.7;7. Inexpensive and Biodegradable Co2-Philes;413
11.3.8;8. Conclusions;415
11.4;Chapter 22. Solubility of Plasticizers, Polymers and Environmental Pollution;420
11.4.1;1. Introduction;420
11.4.2;2. Solubility Parameters as a Guide for Plasticizer Selection;423
11.4.3;3. Environmental and Health Issues;426
11.4.4;4. Concluding Remarks;430
12;Part VI: Pesticides and Pollution Exposure in Humans;432
12.1;Chapter 23. Solubility Issues in Environmental Pollution;434
12.1.1;1. Solubility Issues in Environmental Pollution;434
12.1.2;2. Absorption of So2 by Seawater;435
12.1.3;3. Replacement of MTBE by Other Tertiary Ethers;439
12.1.4;4. Desulphurization of Fuel Oils with Ionic Liquids;443
12.2;Chapter 24. Hazard Identification and Human Exposure to Pesticides;452
12.2.1;1. Introduction;452
12.2.2;2. Priority Properties Affecting the Hazards of Pesticides;454
12.2.3;3. Hazard Identification and Mechanisms of Toxicity;456
12.2.4;4. Human Exposure Assessment;458
12.2.5;5. Conclusions;463
12.3;Chapter 25. Solubility and Body Fluids;468
12.3.1;1. Introduction;468
12.3.2;2. Body Fluids;469
12.3.3;3. Solubility Phenomena in Body Fluids;471
12.3.4;4. Conclusion;480
13;Index;486