Levine Introductory Statistics for Psychology

The Logic and the Methods
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-5786-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 512 Seiten, Web PDF

Introductory Statistics for Psychology: The Logic and the Methods presents the concepts of experimental design that are carefully interwoven with the statistical material. This book emphasizes the verbalization of conclusions to experiments, which is another means of communicating the reasons for statistical analyses. Organized into 17 chapters, this book begins with an overview of alternative ways of stating the conclusions from a significant interaction. This text then presents the analysis of variance and introduces the summation sign and its use. Other chapters consider frequency distribution as any presentation of data that offers the frequency with which each score occurs. This book discusses as well the differences in and among people, which are a constant source of variability in test scores, and in most other measurements of people. The final chapter deals with the working knowledge of arithmetic and elementary algebra. This book is a valuable resource for students and psychologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Levine, Gustav

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Introductory Statistics for Psychology: The Logic and the Methods;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;PREFACE;14
6;CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION;17
6.1;Relationships Between Variables;18
6.2;The Place of Statistics in Psychology;23
6.3;Descriptive Statistics;26
6.4;Inferential Statistics;27
7;CHAPTER TWO. THE AVERAGE;29
7.1;The Mean;31
7.2;The Median;32
7.3;Choosing Between the Mean and the Median;33
7.4;The Mode;36
7.5;Summary Comparison;37
7.6;The Symbols in Statistical Formulas;37
7.7;The Rules of Summation;40
8;CHAPTER THREE. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS;51
8.1;Advantages of Frequency Distributions;53
8.2;Graphs;55
8.3;Grouped Data;63
8.4;Cumulative Frequency Distributions;72
9;CHAPTER FOUR. PERCENTILES;81
9.1;Computing Percentile Ranks of Raw Scores;83
9.2;Deciles;89
9.3;Quartiles;89
9.4;Computing Percentiles;89
10;CHAPTER FIVE. VARIABILITY;97
10.1;Populations versus Samples;98
10.2;Measures of Variability from the Complete Population;104
10.3;Sample Estimates of Variability;107
10.4;Computational Formulas for Variance and Standard Deviation;111
11;CHAPTER SIX. z SCORES AND EFFECTS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS;121
11.1;Adding a Constant Value to the Scores of a Distribution;124
11.2;Multiplying the Scores of a Distribution by a Constant;127
11.3;Effects of z Score Transformations;129
12;CHAPTER SEVEN. PROBABILITY;133
12.1;The Sample Space;134
12.2;The Axioms of Probability;135
12.3;Comparing Theoretical and Empirical Probabilities;141
12.4;Empirical Basis of Probability;141
13;CHAPTER EIGHT. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION;147
13.1;Reaching Conclusions from Unlikely Events;148
13.2;A Theoretical Probability Distribution for Coin Tossing;151
13.3;Theoretical Analysis of the Binomial Distribution;157
13.4;The Binomial Distribution as a Model of Survival in Illness;159
13.5;Critical Values;161
14;CHAPTER ...E. THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION;177
14.1;Defining Probabilities in Continuous Distributions;179
14.2;Sample Means as Estimates of Population Means;192
14.3;The Normal Distribution of Sample Means;195
14.4;Using the Normal Distribution for Statistical Inference;197
14.5;Directional versus Nondirectional Hypotheses;200
15;CHAPTER TEN. THE t DISTRIBUTION;213
15.1;Using the t Distribution for Statistical Inference;220
15.2;Matched-Pair t Tests;223
15.3;t Test for the Difference Between Two Means;227
15.4;The Power of t
Tests;233
15.5;A Note on Assumptions;238
16;CHAPTER ELEVEN. CORRELATION;245
16.1;Degree of Relationship;246
16.2;Linear Relationships;248
16.3;The Correlation Coefficient and Its Values;254
16.4;Correlation with z Scores;258
16.5;An Interpretation of Correlation;259
16.6;The Point Biserial Correlation Coefficient;263
16.7;Statistical Inference in Correlation;265
16.8;Prediction from Regression Lines;269
16.9;Regression Toward the Mean;276
16.10;ANOTE ABOUT ASSUMPTIONS;278
17;CHAPTER TWELVE. CORRELATION AND TESTS;285
17.1;Reliability;286
17.2;Validity;293
17.3;Reliability versus Validity;295
18;CHAPTER THIRTEEN. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE;299
18.1;Experimental Manipulation versus Classification;302
18.2;Summary of When to Use Analysis of Variance;303
18.3;The Group Mean as an Index of Treatment Effects;305
18.4;The Null Hypothesis in Analysis of Variance;305
18.5;Random Variability Within a Group;306
18.6;Random Variability Between Means;307
18.7;Using Variability to Detect Treatment Effects;307
18.8;Two Different Variance Estimates as Measures of Variability;308
18.9;The F Distribution;311
18.10;Double Subscript Notation in Analysis of Variance;312
18.11;The Within-Groups Variance;314
18.12;The Between-Groups Variance;319
18.13;The F Ratio and Mean Squares;321
18.14;The Total Sum of Squares and Total Degrees of Freedom;323
18.15;A Summary Table for Analysis of Variance;324
18.16;Computations with Unequal
n;326
18.17;A Note on Assumptions;329
18.18;A Note on the Importance of This Chapter;330
19;CHAPTER FOURTEEN. STATISTICS FOLLOWING SIGNIFICANCE;335
19.1;Degree of Relationship in Analysis of Variance;336
19.2;Multiple Comparisons;344
20;CHAPTER FIFTEEN. TWO-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE;359
20.1;Subscript Notation in Multifactor Analysis of Variance;360
20.2;Main Effects;364
20.3;Simple Effects;365
20.4;Interactions;367
20.5;MSW in the Two-Factor Design;370
20.6;F Tests in the Two-Factor Design;372
20.7;Computation in the Two-Factor Design;373
20.8;Designs with More than Two Factors;377
20.9;Repeated Measures;377
20.10;Statistical Models in Analysis of Variance;378
20.11;Multiple Comparisons in the Two-Factor Design;381
21;CHAPTER SIXTEEN. CHI-SQUARE;389
21.1;The Chi-Square Statistic and the Null Hypothesis;391
21.2;Restrictions on the Use of Chi-Square;12
21.3;Single Subject Chi-Square;12
21.4;Degree of Relationship in Chi-Square;12
22;CHAPTER SEVENTEEN. POSTSCRIPT (CHOOSING A STATISTIC);421
22.1;APPENDIX A: Some Useful Principles of Elementary Algebra;421
22.2;APPENDIX B: Tables;431
22.3;APPENDIX C: Answers to Chapter Problems;477
23;GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS;496
24;INDEX;502