Loos Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites

CNT Polymer Science and Technology
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4557-3196-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 304 Seiten

Reihe: Plastics Design Library

Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites introduces a wide audience of engineers, scientists and product designers to this important and rapidly expanding class of high performance composites. Dr Loos provides readers with the scientific fundamentals of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), CNT composites and nanotechnology in a way which will enable them to understand the performance, capability and potential of the materials under discussion. He also investigates how CNT reinforcement can be used to enhance the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of polymer composites. Production methods, processing technologies and applications are fully examined, with reference to relevant patents. Finally, health and safety issues related to the use of CNTs are investigated. Dr. Loos compares the theoretical expectations of using CNTs to the results obtained in labs, and explains the reasons for the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results. This approach makes the book an essential reference and practical guide for engineers and product developers working with reinforced polymers - as well as researchers and students in polymer science, materials and nanotechnology. A wealth of applications information is included, taken from the wide range of industry sectors utilizing CNT reinforced composites, such as energy, coatings, defense, electronics, medical devices, and high performance sports equipment. - Introduces a wide range of readers involved in plastics engineering, product design and manufacturing to the relevant topics in nano-science, nanotechnology, nanotubes and composites. - Assesses effects of CNTs as reinforcing agents, both in a materials context and an applications setting. - Focuses on applications aspects - performance, cost, health and safety, etc - for a wide range of industry sectors, e.g. energy, coatings, defense, electronics, medical devices, high performance sports equipment, etc.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Loos, Marcio

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites;2
3;Front Matter;3
4;Carbon Nanotube Reinforced CompositesMarcio Loos?Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London New York • Oxford • Paris • San D ...;4
5;Contents;8
6;Foreword;12
7;Preface;14
8;Chapter 1 - Nanoscience and Nanotechnology;16
8.1;1.1 Introduction to the nanoscale;16
8.2;1.2 What makes the nanoscale important?;19
8.3;1.3 Properties of nanoparticles and effect of size;23
8.4;1.4 N&N history;25
8.5;1.5 Nano in history;28
8.6;1.6 Moore's Law;30
8.7;1.7 Applications of nanotechnology;37
8.8;1.8 Nanoscience and nanotechnology: A look to the future;45
8.9;To learn more…;48
8.10;References;48
9;Chapter 2 - Composites;52
9.1;2.1 Conventional engineering materials;53
9.2;2.2 The concept of composites;60
9.3;2.3 Raw material for manufacture of composites;68
9.4;2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of composites;76
9.5;2.5 Influence of fiber length in fiber composites;77
9.6;2.6 Applications of composites;78
9.7;To learn more…;86
9.8;References;86
10;Chapter 3 - Allotropes of Carbon and Carbon Nanotubes;88
10.1;3.1 Allotropes of carbon;89
10.2;3.2 Carbon nanotubes;90
10.3;3.3 Treatment of CNTs;104
10.4;To learn more…;112
10.5;References;113
11;Chapter 4 - Production of CNTs and Risks to Health;118
11.1;4.1 Production methods of carbon nanotubes;118
11.2;4.2 Cost and production capacity of CNTs;121
11.3;4.3 CNTs: risks to health, safe disposal, and environmental concerns;123
11.4;4.4 Commercially available CNTs;134
11.5;To learn more…;135
11.6;References;135
12;Chapter 5 - Fundamentals of Polymer Matrix Composites Containing CNTs;140
12.1;5.1 Use of CNTs for improvement of polymer properties;141
12.2;5.2 Mechanical properties of composites containing CNTs;143
12.3;5.3 Thermal conductivity of composites containing CNTs;167
12.4;5.4 Electrical conductivity of composites containing CNTs;176
12.5;To learn more…;183
12.6;References;183
13;Chapter 6 - Processing of Polymer Matrix Composites Containing CNTs;186
13.1;6.1 Processing of polymer matrix composites containing CNTs;187
13.2;6.2 Technologies applied for the preparation of polymeric matrix nanocomposites;190
13.3;To learn more…;202
13.4;References;203
14;Chapter 7 - Applications of CNTs;204
14.1;7.1 Carbon nanotubes: present and future applications;205
14.2;To learn more…;217
14.3;References;217
15;Chapter 8 - Is It Worth the Effort to Reinforce Polymers with Carbon Nanotubes?;222
15.1;8.1 Introduction;223
15.2;8.2 Theories;232
15.3;8.3 CONCLUSION;243
15.4;Acknowledgments;243
15.5;References;244
16;Chapter 9 - Reinforcement Efficiency of Carbon Nanotubes—Myth and Reality;248
16.1;9.1 Introduction;249
16.2;9.2 Models development;250
16.3;9.3 Application;255
16.4;9.4 Conclusion;259
16.5;Acknowledgments;259
16.6;References;260
17;Appendix A - Richard Feynman's Talk;262
17.1;There's plenty of room at the bottom;262
18;Appendix B - Periodic Table of Elements;276
19;Appendix C - Graphene Sheet;278
20;Appendix D - Simulations Using Matlab®;280
20.1;Code rule of mixtures;280
20.2;Code Halpin-Tsai;280
21;Appendix E - Questions and Exercises;284
21.1;Chapter 1;284
21.2;Chapter 2;286
21.3;Chapter 3;287
21.4;Chapter 4;288
21.5;Chapter 5;289
21.6;Chapter 6;294
21.7;Answers for the questions and exercises;295
22;Index;300

Leseproben

Chapter 2

Composites

Abstract

In our daily life, we are surrounded by products, utensils, and equipment. To manufacture these things, materials are required. These materials have to withstand loads, insulate or conduct heat and electricity, accept or reject magnetic flux, transmit or reflect light, be stable in hostile environments, and perform all these functions without damaging the environment or costing too much. Moreover, after choosing the right material, there is a need to choose the best process for manufacture. The correct choice of materials but an incorrect selection of the process can cause a wide range of disasters. There is a need for compatibility between materials and processes.

Much of the structure of the Boeing 787 is constructed with composite materials. The previous version of the aircraft, the Boeing 777, uses only 12% composites and 50% aluminum. The replacement of all the metals used in airplanes by composites can reduce fuel consumption by 25%. Furthermore, the reduction in the duration of flight by only 1min can prevent the emission of 4.8 million tons of CO2 per year.

Keywords

Applications of composites; Carbon fiber; Ceramics; Composites; Glass fiber; Materials; Matrix phase; Metals; Polymers; Reinforcement phase

Chapter Outline

2.1 Conventional engineering materials?38

2.1.1 Metals?38

2.1.2 Polymers?41

2.1.3 Ceramics?41

2.1.4 Composites?41

2.2 The concept of composites?45

2.2.1 Functions of the reinforcement and matrix?48

2.2.2 Classification of composites?49

2.3 Raw material for manufacture of composites?53

2.3.1 Resins?53

2.3.1.1 Polyester?54

2.3.1.2 Epoxy?54

2.3.1.3 Vinyl ester?55

2.3.1.4 Other resins used in composites?56

2.3.2 Reinforcements?57

2.3.2.1 Glass fibers?57

2.3.2.2 Carbon fibers?58

2.3.2.3 Aramid fibers?58

2.3.2.4 Other fibers used in composites?59

2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of composites?61

2.5 Influence of fiber length in fiber composites?62

2.6 Applications of composites?63

To learn more…?71

References?71

2.1. Conventional engineering materials

In our daily life, we are surrounded by products, utensils, and equipment. To manufacture these things, materials are required. These materials have to withstand loads, insulate or conduct heat and electricity, accept or reject magnetic flux, transmit or reflect light, be stable in hostile environments, and perform all these functions without damaging the environment or costing too much. Moreover, after choosing the right material, there is a need to choose the best process for manufacture. The correct choice of materials but an incorrect selection of process can cause a wide range of disasters. There is a need for compatibility between materials and processes.

Around 1890, only a few hundred materials were available in the market. There were no synthetic polymers available, like today, where we have more than 45,000 different choices. In fact, engineers and designers currently have more than 60,000 different types of materials available [1]. It is difficult to study all these materials and their properties individually, so a general classification is needed to enable simplification and characterization [2].

Engineering materials, depending on their main characteristics such as strength, stiffness, density, and melt temperature, may be conveniently divided into four main categories: (1) metal, (2) polymers, (3) ceramic, and (4) composites [2]. Some authors still divide the materials into additional groups such as semiconductors and biomaterials [3]. In this book, we will adopt the division based on four main categories. Table 2.1 shows the properties of some materials selected from each class.

2.1.1. Metals

Metallic materials are formed by atoms with metallic characteristics in which the valence shell electrons flow freely. Metals have been the dominant material for structural applications in the past. They are extremely good conductors of heat and electricity, are not transparent to visible light, and have high stiffness, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. Some common metals are aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, zinc, nickel, and titanium. Alloys are more commonly used in structural applications than pure metals due to their superior properties. Alloys are materials with metallic properties that contain two or more chemical elements, of which at least one is metal. For example, steel is an alloy of iron and 0.008–2.11% carbon. The iron becomes tougher with the addition of carbon and even the addition of less than 1% of chromium makes it resistant to corrosion. Other common examples of alloys are the brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) and bronze (an alloy of copper and tin).

Table 2.1

Typical Properties of Engineering Materials

Metals

Aluminum 2124-T851

2.78

73

483

8

26

174

Steel 1020

7.87

200

450

36

25

57

Steel 4340

7.87

207

1280

12.2

26

163

Ceramics

Aluminum oxide

3.98

380

282–551

–

95

71–138

Tungsten carbide

15.7

696

344

–

44

22

Silicon carbide

3.3

207–483

230–825

–

63–146

70–250

Polymers

Epoxy

1.26

2.41

28–90

3–6

1.9

22–71

Nayon 6,6

1.14

1.6–3.8

95

15–80

1.4–3.3

83

Polycarbonate (PC)

1.20

2.38

63–72

110–150

2

52–60

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

1.35

2.8–4.1

48–72

30–300

2–3

36–53

Polypropylene (PP)

0.9

1.1–1.6

31–41

100–600

1.2–1.8

34–46

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

1.45

2.4–4,1

41–52

40–80

1.7–2.8

28-36

Polystyrene (PS)

1.05

2.3–3.3

36–52

1,2-2,5

2.2–3.1

34–50

Table Continued

Composites

Aluminum 2124+silicon carbide (25vol%)

2.88

115

659

4.0

40

229

Epoxy+graphite (60vol%)

Longitudinal

1.6

145

1240

0.9

91

775

Transversal

10

41

0.4

6

26

Epoxy+glass fibers (60vol%)

Longitudinal

2.1

45

1020

2.3

21

486

Transversal

12

40

0.4

0.2

19

Epoxy+aramid (60vol%)

Longitudinal

1.4

76

1380

1.8

1.3

986

Transversal

5.5

30

0.5

4

21

Epoxy+boro (60vol%)

Longitudinal

2.0

207

1320

0.6

104

660

Transversal

19

72

0.4

10

36

?: Density; E: Young's modulus; ?: elongation at break; ?m: Tensile strength.

The density of the metal is generally much greater than plastics and composites; exceptions are aluminum and magnesium. Metals may also be employed in applications requiring operating temperatures higher than those tolerable by polymers. In addition, metals exhibit a strong tendency not to form compounds with each other but have affinity for...