Lourtioz / Lahmani / Dupas-Haeberlin Nanosciences and Nanotechnology

Evolution or Revolution?
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-19360-1
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 447 Seiten, eBook

This book provides information to the state of art of research in nanotechnology and nano medicine and risks of nano technology. It covers an interdisciplinary and very wide scope of the latest fundamental research status and industrial applications of nano technologies ranging from nano physics, nano chemistry to biotechnology and toxicology. It provides information to last legislation of nano usage and potential social impact too. The book contains also a reference list of major European research centers and associated universities offering licences and master of nano matter. For clarity and attractivity, the book has many illustrations and specific inserts to complete the understanding of the scientific texts.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lourtioz, Jean-Michel

Lahmani, Marcel

Dupas-Haeberlin, Claire

Hesto, Patrice

Weitere Mitwirkende

Lyle, Stephen N.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword to the French Edition;5
2;Preface to the French Edition;8
3;Contents;11
4;Contributors;20
5;1 Introduction;22
5.1;1.1 There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom;22
5.2;1.2 A Short History;23
5.3;1.3 The Nanoworld;25
5.3.1;1.3.1 Matter on the Scale of a Few Atoms;25
5.3.2;1.3.2 Electricity;27
5.4;1.4 How Can We Make Such Tiny Objects?;28
5.4.1;1.4.1 Self-Assembly;30
5.4.2;1.4.2 Nanofabrication;31
5.4.3;1.4.3 Mimicking Nature;32
5.5;1.5 What's It All For?;32
5.5.1;1.5.1 Nanomaterials;33
5.5.2;1.5.2 Nanoelectronics;33
5.5.3;1.5.3 Biology, Nanomedicine, and Health;34
5.6;1.6 The Debate;34
5.7;1.7 Prospects;38
6;Part I Nanophysics, Nanoelectronics, and Nanophotonics;41
7;2 Overview of the Field;42
7.1;2.1 Is There a Road Map for Nanophysics? The Example of Nanoelectronics;43
7.2;2.2 Higher Performance and More Versatile Nanotechnologies;47
7.2.1;2.2.1 Two Complementary Approaches;47
7.2.2;2.2.2 General Features of Fabrication Processes;48
7.2.3;2.2.3 High-Resolution Lithography;49
7.2.4;2.2.4 Etching;50
7.2.5;2.2.5 Atomic Scale Deposition and Surface Treatments;51
7.2.6;2.2.6 Nanoimprinting: Cheap Nanometers per Square Meter;53
7.2.7;2.2.7 Nano `Lego' and New Methods for 3D Assembly;55
7.3;2.3 Gaining in Length: From Clusters and Quantum Dots to Nanotubes, Nanowires, and Nanoribbons;56
7.3.1;2.3.1 Fabrication of Nano-Objects;57
7.3.2;2.3.2 Physical Properties of Nano-Objects;63
7.3.3;2.3.3 Lycurgus Cup;65
7.4;2.4 Viewing and Manipulating Nanostructures: A Diversity of Microscopes;67
7.4.1;2.4.1 Very High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy;68
7.4.2;2.4.2 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy: Imaging and Manipulation;69
7.4.3;2.4.3 Atomic Force Microscopy;71
7.4.4;2.4.4 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy: Observation and Manipulation;72
7.4.5;2.4.5 A Few Remarks;75
7.5;2.5 Tomorrow's Nanoelectronics. The Challenge of Zero Consumption;75
7.5.1;2.5.1 MOS Transistors and Current Technology;76
7.5.2;2.5.2 Spin Electronics and Nanomagnetism;80
7.5.3;2.5.3 Quantum Components;86
7.5.4;2.5.4 Components Involving Few Electrons;87
7.5.5;2.5.5 Molecular Electronics;88
7.5.6;2.5.6 Memristors and Neurally-Inspired Architectures;89
7.5.7;2.5.7 Conclusion;90
7.6;2.6 Is Nanophotonics an Exact Parallel of Nanoelectronics?;91
7.6.1;2.6.1 Optical Micro- and Nanosources, Lasers, and Controlled Photon Sources;92
7.6.2;2.6.2 Photonic Crystals and Metamaterials;95
7.6.3;2.6.3 Plasmonics for Photovoltaics or Biosensing;97
7.6.4;2.6.4 Telecommunications and Optical Interconnects: Links Between Photonics and Electronics;99
7.6.5;2.6.5 Photonics at Extreme Wavelengths: Ultraviolet and Terahertz;100
7.7;2.7 Nanophysics: Genuinely Cross-Disciplinary Physics;102
7.7.1;2.7.1 Nanowires in Electromechanical Microsystems;102
7.7.2;2.7.2 Nanobiotechnology: Convergence Between the Physical Sciences and the Life Sciences;104
7.8;2.8 Nanophysics: What Future?;107
7.9;References;109
8;3 Applications I. From Nanometers to Megawatts: Photovoltaic Applications;113
9;4 Applications II: The Secret Revolution of Magnetic Sensors;120
9.1;4.1 Spin Valves and Magnetic Sensors;121
9.2;4.2 A First Application: Angle Sensors;122
9.3;4.3 An Essential Application for the Automobile;122
9.4;4.4 Detecting Very Weak Magnetic Fields;123
9.5;4.5 Measuring Currents;124
9.6;4.6 Biomagnetism and Ultralow Field MRI;124
9.7;4.7 Prospects;126
9.8;Reference;126
10;Part II Nanomaterials and Nanochemistry;127
11;5 Overview of the Field;128
11.1;5.1 Introduction: Nanochemistry;128
11.2;5.2 Carbon and Its Nanostates;131
11.2.1;5.2.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: Zero-Dimensional Structures or Nanoparticles;132
11.2.2;5.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials. One-Dimensional Structures: Carbon Nanotubes;138
11.2.3;5.2.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials. Two-Dimensional Structures: Graphene;141
11.2.4;5.2.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials. Three-Dimensional Structures;147
11.3;5.3 Nanochemistry in the Service of Nanomaterials: From Molecular to Supramolecular Chemistry;152
11.3.1;5.3.1 Click Chemistry: Molecular Methods;153
11.3.2;5.3.2 Self-Assembly and Supramolecular Chemistry;156
11.4;5.4 Functionalisation of Materials;163
11.4.1;5.4.1 The Many Roads to Functionalisation by Chemical Methods in Gas Phase or in Solution;164
11.4.2;5.4.2 Example of Chemical Functionalisation: Self-Assembled Monolayers;165
11.4.3;5.4.3 Electrochemical Functionalisation: Electrografting by Reduction of Diazonium Salts;166
11.5;5.5 Different Approaches to Chemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials;168
11.5.1;5.5.1 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Colloidal Solutions of Transition Metals;169
11.5.2;5.5.2 Molecular Imprinting for Nanostructured Materials;177
11.5.3;5.5.3 Multifunctional Hybrid Nanomaterials Produced by Soft Chemistry;178
11.6;5.6 Conclusion;186
11.7;References;187
12;6 Applications I: Nanolubricants;190
12.1;6.1 Why Nano?;191
12.2;6.2 Tribological Properties of Nanoparticles;192
12.3;6.3 Mechanism of Lubrication by IF-MeS2 Nanoparticles;193
12.4;6.4 Conclusion;196
12.5;References;196
13;7 Applications II: Nanocrystallites in Cement: What Future After Two Thousand Years?;197
13.1;7.1 A Material Full of Surprises;197
13.2;7.2 The Roman's Were Here;198
13.3;7.3 Late Rediscovery and a Burst of Development;199
13.4;7.4 Ultra-High Performance Concretes;200
13.5;7.5 Toward Nanometric Sizes;201
13.6;7.6 More Rigid Nanocrystallites;202
13.7;7.7 Progress in Nanocrystallite Thermodynamics;202
13.8;7.8 Better Resistance to Wear and Tear;202
13.9;7.9 The Beginning of the Twenty-First Century: A Clear Future;203
13.10;7.10 The Scientific Challenge;206
13.11;7.11 The Industrial Challenge;208
13.12;7.12 The Many Remaining Obstacles;209
13.13;References;211
14;8 Applications III. Nano-TiO2;213
14.1;8.1 Applications of 250--350nm TiO2 Particles: From Paints to Foods;214
14.2;8.2 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (<100nm): From Anti-UV Films to Elimination of Pollutants;214
14.2.1;8.2.1 Anti-UV Films;215
14.2.2;8.2.2 Application to Photocatalysis;216
14.2.3;8.2.3 Application to Photovoltaics;216
14.3;8.3 Toxicity of Nano-TiO2;218
14.4;References;219
15;Part III Nanobioscience, Nanomedicine, and Nanotoxicology;220
16;9 Nanobiosciences: New Ideas and Tools for Investigating and Manipulating Living Systems;221
16.1;9.1 Nano-Objects as Functional Probes for Nanoscale Exploration of Living Systems;222
16.2;9.2 Tracking Single Biomolecules in the Cell;223
16.3;9.3 Manipulating Living Systems on the Molecular and Cellular Scales;226
16.4;9.4 Nano-Objects for Diagnosis and Therapy: The Prospect of Nanomedicine;228
16.5;9.5 Conclusion and Prospects;229
16.6;References;230
17;10 Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology for Medicine;231
17.1;10.1 Nanomedicine or Nanotechnology for Medicine?;233
17.2;10.2 The Ideal Length Scale in Medicine;234
17.3;10.3 The Nanoscale: A Medical Eldorado?;236
17.4;10.4 Medical Diagnostics;238
17.4.1;10.4.1 Medical Laboratories;238
17.4.2;10.4.2 Medical Imaging Revisited;241
17.4.3;10.4.3 Smaller and Smaller Implants and Sensors;243
17.4.4;10.4.4 Personalised Medicine;245
17.5;10.5 Therapy;246
17.5.1;10.5.1 Drug Nanodroplets and Nanocarriers;247
17.5.2;10.5.2 Drug Pumps;249
17.5.3;10.5.3 Physical Destruction of Tumours;250
17.6;10.6 Combining Diagnosis and Therapy: Theranostics;252
17.7;10.7 Regenerative Medicine;254
17.7.1;10.7.1 Stem Cells and Cell Therapy;255
17.7.2;10.7.2 Biomaterials;256
17.8;10.8 Is Nanotechnology Essential to Medicine?;258
17.9;10.9 Nanomedicine and Ethical Questions;259
17.10;10.10 Regulating Nanodrugs;260
17.11;10.11 A Newly Emerging Industry;261
17.12;10.12 The Situation in France Today;262
17.13;10.13 Nanomedicine: Evolution or Revolution?;263
17.14;References;264
18;11 Squalenoylation: A Novel Technology for Anticancer and Antibiotic Drugs with Enhanced Activity;265
18.1;11.1 Origin of the Concept of Squalenoylation;267
18.2;11.2 Coupling Squalene with Drug Molecules;268
18.3;11.3 Characteristics and Morphology of the Main Squalene Derivatives;269
18.4;11.4 Applications to Cancer Treatment;269
18.4.1;11.4.1 Nanoparticles of Gemcitabine Coupled with Squalene;269
18.4.2;11.4.2 Nanoparticles of Doxorubicin Coupled with Squalene;275
18.4.3;11.4.3 Nanoparticles of SiRNA Coupled with Squalene (SQsiRNA);276
18.5;11.5 Application to Treatment of Infectious Diseases;276
18.5.1;11.5.1 Antiretroviral Nucleoside Analogues;276
18.5.2;11.5.2 Intracellular Antibiotherapy;277
18.6;11.6 Application to the Treatment of Neurological Disorders;278
18.7;11.7 Magnet Guidance, Imaging, and Theranostics;279
18.8;11.8 From Squalenoylation to Terpenoylation;281
18.9;11.9 Conclusion;283
18.10;References;283
19;12 Health Impacts of Nanomaterials;285
19.1;12.1 Comparing the Health Risks of Ultrafine Atmospheric Particles and Nanoparticles;288
19.2;12.2 Nanoparticle Exposure Routes and Potential Health Effects;289
19.2.1;12.2.1 Exposure by the Respiratory Route;289
19.2.2;12.2.2 Exposure by the Cutaneous Route;294
19.2.3;12.2.3 Exposure by the Oral Route;295
19.3;12.3 Effects of Nanoparticles on the Cardiovascular System;296
19.4;12.4 Effects of Nanoparticles on the Nervous System;296
19.5;12.5 Conclusion;297
19.6;References;298
20;13 Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology: A New Challenge?;299
20.1;13.1 From Naturally Occurring Nanoparticles to Manufactured Nanoparticles;300
20.1.1;13.1.1 Naturally Occurring Nanoparticles;300
20.1.2;13.1.2 Nanoparticle By-Products of Human and Industrial Activities;301
20.1.3;13.1.3 Manufactured Nanoparticles;301
20.2;13.2 The Importance of Contact with Water;303
20.2.1;13.2.1 Do Nanoparticles Solubilise According to the Same Laws as Microparticles?;303
20.2.2;13.2.2 Transition from Hydrophobic to Hydrophilic Properties;304
20.2.3;13.2.3 A Possible Trojan Horse Effect;304
20.2.4;13.2.4 Aggregation Properties Associated with Reactivity at the Water or Solvent Interface;305
20.3;13.3 Nanoparticle Transport in Porous Media;309
20.4;13.4 Main Nanoparticle Toxicity Mechanisms: Experiments on Living Organisms;312
20.5;13.5 Assessing the Risks of Nanomaterials: Toward Predictive Models?;315
20.5.1;13.5.1 Difficulties Inherent in Risk Assessment;315
20.5.2;13.5.2 Experimental Approach to Risk Assessment Integrating Collateral Damage;317
20.5.3;13.5.3 Risk Forecasting Models for Nanomaterials;318
20.6;13.6 Concluding Remarks;321
20.7;References;321
21;Part IV Nanotechnology and Society;324
22;14 Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: The French Research System;325
22.1;14.1 Upstream Research in France;325
22.2;14.2 Research and Development in France;328
22.2.1;14.2.1 Organising the Nano Community;328
22.2.2;14.2.2 French Programs and Financing;329
22.3;14.3 International Programs;330
22.4;14.4 Conclusion;334
23;15 Training in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology;335
23.1;15.1 Opportunities for Cross-Disciplinary Training;335
23.2;15.2 BMD and the Role of Nano Teaching in France and Worldwide;338
23.3;15.3 Professional Opportunites After Nano Training;344
23.4;15.4 Outreach: Nanoscience at School;344
23.5;15.5 Outreach: From Pupils to the General Public;346
23.6;15.6 Prospects;347
23.7;References;348
24;16 Nanotechnology and Industry;349
24.1;16.1 The French Industrial Landscape;350
24.1.1;16.1.1 Multisector Applications;350
24.1.2;16.1.2 Some Key Industrial Sectors;353
24.1.3;16.1.3 Industrial Actors in France;355
24.1.4;16.1.4 Zoom on Start-Up Companies;356
24.1.5;16.1.5 But What About the Risks?;357
24.2;16.2 The Industrial Situation Worldwide;358
24.2.1;16.2.1 A Growth Market;358
24.2.2;16.2.2 State Involvement;359
24.2.3;16.2.3 French Provisions for the Development of Nanotechnology;362
24.3;16.3 By Way of Conclusion;364
24.4;References;366
25;17 Societal Approach to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: When Technology Reflects and Shapes Society;367
25.1;17.1 Making the Nanoworld Accessible, Informing, and Regulating: An Ethical, Legal, and Societal Imperative;369
25.1.1;17.1.1 Informing;370
25.1.2;17.1.2 Regulating;374
25.2;17.2 The Scope of Social Disruption Induced by Nanotechnology;377
25.2.1;17.2.1 Manipulating the Genome;377
25.2.2;17.2.2 Toward the New Green Deal?;381
25.2.3;17.2.3 Developing Responsible Innovation Upstream of Supply;383
25.2.4;17.2.4 Potential Risks and Gains of Nanotechnology Through Biogenetics;383
25.3;17.3 The Systemic Nature of Risks Induced by Nanotechnology;388
25.3.1;17.3.1 The Effects;388
25.3.2;17.3.2 Consequences of the Systemic Nature of Risk on the Assessment of Changes Induced by Nanotechnology;390
25.4;17.4 Legal Problems Raised by Nanotechnology;393
25.5;17.5 Ethical Questions;394
25.5.1;17.5.1 Need for an International Normative Framework Applicable to Nanotechnology;395
25.5.2;17.5.2 Labelling: Helping the Consumer to Choose in a Complex and Uncertain Situation;396
25.6;17.6 The Key Role of Databases and a Better Understanding of Technology;397
25.7;17.7 Religion, French Transhumanism, and the Question of Ends;402
25.7.1;17.7.1 Hybrid Immersive Systems, the C Factor of NBIC Convergence, and Freedom of Thought;403
25.7.2;17.7.2 Societal Questions Arising from Potential Uses of Nanoscale Technologies;406
25.8;17.8 The Fragile Beginnings of World Governance in the Field of Nanotechnology;407
25.8.1;17.8.1 The Long and Yet Unlikely Path Toward Diplomatic Action;407
25.8.2;17.8.2 When Different Interests Can Coexist on Harmonised Prerequisites;408
25.8.3;17.8.3 What Has Been Achieved by Intergovernmental Relations?;408
25.8.4;17.8.4 A More Mature and More Assertive European Impetus;410
25.9;References;413
26; Glossary;415
27;Index;426

From the Contents: Introduction : The Nanoscale.- Part I Nanophysics – Nanoelectronics & Nanophotonics.- Part II Nanomaterials and Nanochemistry.- General Overview.-  Part III Nanobiosciences, Nanomedicine & Nanotoxicology.- New Tools and Concepts for Investigation and Manipulation in Life Sciences.-  Part IV Nanotechnology and Society.- Overview of Fundamental Research, Educational Structures, Industrial Development of Nanotechnologies in France and Worldwide.