Malina Extreme Ultraviolet Astronomy

A Selection of Papers Presented at the First Berkeley Colloquium on Extreme Ultraviolet Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley January 19-20, 1989
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8718-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 532 Seiten, Web PDF

The field of extreme ultraviolet astronomy will see two major satellite observatories to be launched in 1991, one by ESA (ROSAT mission), one by NASA (EUVE mission). These Proceedings discuss the potential for EUV Astronomy, results from recent missions, approved and possible future missions and new developments in EUV technology.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Malina, Roger F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Extreme Ultraviolet Astronomy;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;BERKELEY COLLOQUIUM ONEXTREME ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY;10
6;ABBREVIATIONS;11
7;PREFACE;12
8;PART I: OVERVIEW OF EUV OBSERVATIONS;14
8.1;CHAPTER 1. EUV ASTRONOMY ON THE APOLLO-SOYUZ MISSION:THE FIRST DETECTION OF STELLAR EUV SOURCESAND OTHER ASTROPHYSICAL RESULTS;16
8.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;16
8.1.2;2. RESULTS;17
8.1.3;3. SUMMARY;20
8.2;CHAPTER 2. EUV RESULTS FROM VOYAGER;21
8.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;21
8.2.2;2. HOT WHITE DWARFS;22
8.2.3;3. EUV LIMITS FOR OTHER OBJECTS;23
8.2.4;4. INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM;25
8.2.5;5. THE EUV SKY BACKGROUND;25
8.2.6;6. VERY LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM;26
8.3;CHAPTER 3. EXOSAT EUV OBSERVATIONS;28
8.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;28
8.3.2;2. THE INSTRUMENTATION;28
8.3.3;3. THE DETECTION OF EUV SOURCES WITH EXOSAT;30
8.3.4;4. ISOLATED HOT WHITE DWARFS;31
8.3.5;5. WHITE DWARFS IN BINARIES;33
8.3.6;6. STELLAR CORONAE;38
8.3.7;7. ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI;40
8.4;CHAPTER 4. AN ULTRASOFT EINSTEIN X-RAY SURVEY;43
8.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SURVEY;43
8.4.2;2. SELECTION OF SOFT SOURCES;43
8.4.3;3. IDENTIFICATIONS;48
8.4.4;4. THE X-RAY SPECTRA OF THE SURVEY SOURCES;48
9;PART II: SOURCES OF EUV RADIATION;54
9.1;CHAPTER 5. WHITE DWARF STARS;56
9.1.1;1. WHITE DWARF STARS AND EUV ASTRONOMY IN PERSPECTIVE;56
9.1.2;2. THE NUMBER OF LIKELY WHITE DWARF EUV SOURCES;57
9.1.3;3. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE EUV;57
9.1.4;4. FUTURE WHITE DWARF SCIENCE FROM EINE;58
9.2;CHAPTER 6. RESULTS OF HIGH-RESOLUTIONSOFT X-RAY/EUV SPECTROSCOPY OFHOT WHITE DWARFS WITH EXOSAT;60
9.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;60
9.2.2;2. X-RAY AND EUV EMISSION FROM HOT DA WHITE DWARFS;61
9.2.3;3. SXR/EUV SPECTROSCOPY WITH EXOSAT;62
9.3;CHAPTER 7. METAL ABUNDANCES IN THEATMOSPHERES OF HOT HELIUM-RICHWHITE DWARFS;68
9.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;68
9.3.2;2. HELIUM-RICH DEGENERATE STARS;68
9.3.3;3. MODEL ATMOSPHERES AND THE NEED FOR EUV DATA;71
9.3.4;4. EXOSAT TARGETS AND OBSERVATIONS;72
9.3.5;5. DATA ANALYSIS;74
9.3.6;6. DISCUSSION;76
9.3.7;7. CONCLUSION;80
9.4;CHAPTER 8. EUV EMISSION FROM COOL STARSAND STELLAR SYSTEMS;82
9.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;82
9.4.2;2. EMISSION MEASURE ANALYSIS;82
9.4.3;3. FLARE STARS;85
9.4.4;4. SYMBIOTIC STARS;87
9.4.5;5. "EXTENDED" CORONAE;88
9.5;CHAPTER 9. EUV EMISSION FROMCOOL STAR CORONAE: A REVIEW;93
9.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;93
9.5.2;2. STARS OBSERVABLE IN THE EUV;95
9.5.3;3. STUDIES OF INDIVIDUAL STARS;97
9.5.4;4. FLUX-FLUX, FLUX-PERIOD, AND CORONAL PARAMETER RELATIONS;104
9.5.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;106
9.6;CHAPTER 10. EUV SPECTROSCOPY AS A PROBE OF ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMAS–LEARNING FROM THE SUN;107
9.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;107
9.6.2;2. PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS;110
9.6.3;3. PLASMA DYNAMICS;121
9.6.4;4. CONCLUDING COMMENTS;125
9.7;CHAPTER 11. AN OPTICAL SEARCH FORCORONAL LINES IN ACTIVE M DWARFS:IMPLICATIONS FOR EUV OBSERVATIONS;126
9.7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;126
9.7.2;2. DISCUSSION;129
9.8;CHAPTER 12. STELLAR CORONA ANDSTELLAR FLARE OBSERVATIONSWITH THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER;133
9.8.1;l. INTRODUCTION;133
9.8.2;2. LATE-TYPE STARS IN THE EUVE SURVEY;134
9.8.3;3. FLARE STARS IN THE EUVE SURVEY;138
9.8.4;4. SPECTROSCOPY OF LATE-TYPE STARS WITH EUVE;140
9.8.5;5. SUMMARY;140
9.9;CHAPTER 13. HOT STARS—WHAT CAN BELEARNED FROM EUV SPECTROSCOPY?;143
9.9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;143
9.9.2;2. THE PHYSICS OF HOT STAR ATMOSPHERES;144
9.9.3;3. WHAT CAN BE OBSERVED WITH EUVE?;153
9.9.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;164
9.10;CHAPTER 14. EUV LINE FLUXES FROMSHOCKED WIND MODELS OF B STARS;166
9.10.1;1. INTRODUCTION;166
9.10.2;2. A SHOCKED MODEL FORT SCO;166
9.10.3;3. EUV LINE FLUXCALCULATIONS;169
9.10.4;4. SUMMARY;170
9.11;CHAPTER 15. UPPER LIMITS TO THE EUV FLUX INEARLY B STARS FROM VOYAGER 1/2AND PIONEER 10/11 OBSERVATIONS;172
9.11.1;1. INTRODUCTION;172
9.11.2;2. VOYAGER 1/2 OBSERVATIONS OF BE STARS;173
9.11.3;3. a ERIDANI;174
9.11.4;4. PIONEER 10 AND 11 DATABASE;175
9.12;CHAPTER 16. THE EUV EMISSION OF CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES;176
9.12.1;1. INTRODUCTION;176
9.12.2;2. WHITE DWARF TEMPERATURES;176
9.12.3;3. BOUNDARY LAYER EMISSION;177
9.12.4;4. WINDS;178
9.13;CHAPTER 17. OBSERVATIONS AND PREDICTIONS OFEUV EMISSION FROM CLASSICAL NOVAE;181
9.13.1;1. INTRODUCTION;181
9.13.2;2. THEORETICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE OUTBURST;182
9.13.3;3. THE EARLY EUV EMISSION OF A NOVA;182
9.13.4;4. THE POST-MAXIMUM EUV EMISSION FROM NOVAE IN OUTBURST;185
9.13.5;5. OBSERVATIONS OF NOVAE;187
9.13.6;6. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION;188
9.14;CHAPTER 18. A SEARCH FOR EUV EMISSION FROM CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES;190
9.14.1;1. INTRODUCTION;190
9.14.2;2. OBSERVATIONS;191
9.14.3;3. RESULTS;194
9.14.4;4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;195
9.15;CHAPTER 19. EUV RADIATION FROM PRE-CATACLYSMIC,HOT WHITE DWARF-RED DWARF CLOSEBINARIES: V471 TAURI AND RELATED OBJECTS;196
9.15.1;1. INTRODUCTION;196
9.15.2;2. PRE-CATACLYSMIC BINARIES AS EUV SOURCES;196
9.15.3;3. EUV OBSERVATIONS OF V471 TAURI;197
9.16;CHAPTER 20. EUV CONSTRAINTS ON BOUNDARY LAYERMODELS FOR CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES;199
9.16.1;1. INTRODUCTION;199
9.16.2;2. MODEL COMPUTATIONS;200
9.16.3;3. RESULTS;201
9.17;CHAPTER 21. EUV EMISSION FROMMAGNETIC CATACLYSMIC BINARIES;206
9.17.1;1. INTRODUCTION;206
9.17.2;2. ACCRETION FLOW;208
9.17.3;3. THE EMISSION REGION AND THE SPECTRUM;210
9.17.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;225
9.18;CHAPTER 22. EUV EMISSION FROM GAMMA-RAY-BURST SOURCES;226
9.18.1;1. INTRODUCTION;226
9.18.2;2. GALACTIC NEUTRON STARS;227
9.18.3;3. QUIESCENT EUV EMISSION FROM NEUTRON STARS;228
9.18.4;4. TRANSIENT EUV EMISSION FROM NEUTRON STARS;230
9.19;CHAPTER 23. PROSPECTS FOR OBSERVING EUVRADIATION FROM NEUTRON STARS;234
9.19.1;1. THERMAL EMISSION FROM NEUTRON STARS;234
9.19.2;2. X-RAY PULSARS AND LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARIES;235
9.19.3;3. ACCRETION DISKS SURROUNDING NEUTRON STARS;236
9.19.4;4. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;240
9.19.5;5. PROSPECTS FOR EUV OBSERVATIONS;240
9.20;CHAPTER 24. EUV RADIATION FROMACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI AND QUASARS;241
9.20.1;1. INTRODUCTION;241
9.20.2;2. QUASAR SPECTRA;241
9.20.3;3. DISTRIBUTION OF COLUMN DENSITIES;243
9.20.4;4. PREDICTED QUASAR COUNT RATES;244
9.20.5;5. DETECTABILITY OF QUASARS;246
9.20.6;6. SPECTROSCOPY OF QUASARS;248
9.20.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;249
9.21;CHAPTER 25. EUV EXCESSES IN QUASARS;251
9.21.1;1. EUV EXCESSES—ACCRETION DISK SIGNATURES?;251
9.21.2;2. OTHER KINDS OF SOFT EXCESS;251
9.21.3;3. COMMON AND PERSISTENT;252
9.21.4;4. VARIABLE, OPTICALLY THICK;254
9.21.5;5. STEEP SPECTRA;255
9.21.6;6. CONNECTION TO THE REST OF THE QUASAR CONTINUUM?;256
9.21.7;7. VISIBLE AT 100 Ä?;256
9.22;CHAPTER 26. EUV OBSERVATIONS AS ADIAGNOSTIC OF POSSIBLE AGN SOURCESOF THE COSMIC X-RAY BACKGROUND;258
9.22.1;1. INTRODUCTION;258
9.22.2;2. A RESIDUAL BACKGROUND?;258
9.22.3;3. ALTERNATE VIEWS;261
9.22.4;4. SPECTRAL EVIDENCE REVISITED;262
9.22.5;5. OUTLOOK;264
9.23;CHAPTER 27. EUV PLANETARY ASTRONOMY;265
9.23.1;1. INTRODUCTION;265
9.23.2;2. JOVIAN PLANETS;266
9.23.3;3. SATELLITES;270
9.23.4;4. TERRESTRIAL PLANETS;271
9.23.5;5. COMETS;272
9.23.6;6. CONCLUSION;272
9.24;CHAPTER 28. MODELED EUV SPECTRUM OF JUPITER'S AURORA;274
9.24.1;1. INTRODUCTION;274
9.24.2;2. NATURE OF THE EXCITING CHARGED PARTICLES;274
9.24.3;3. THE EUV EMISSION SPECTRUM OF PRECIPITATING S AND O IONS;277
9.24.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;280
9.25;CHAPTER29. UV CHARACTERISTICS OFCOOLING BUBBLES OF HOT GAS IN THE ISM;281
9.25.1;1. BACKGROUND;281
9.25.2;2. REMNANT EVOLUTION AND SUPERNOVA BUBBLE FORMATION;285
9.25.3;3. EUV CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCH BUBBLES;286
9.25.4;4. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS;289
9.25.5;5. RELATED PHENOMENA;292
9.26;CHAPTER 30. EUV EMISSION FROM THELOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM;294
9.26.1;1. INTRODUCTION;294
9.26.2;2. OBSERVATIONS;294
9.26.3;3. THINGS TO COME;304
9.27;CHAPTER 30. THE EUV SPECTRUM OF THIN PLASMAS;305
9.27.1;l. INTRODUCTION;305
9.27.2;2. THE SPECTRAL CODE;305
9.27.3;3. RESULTS;306
9.27.4;4. COMPARISON OF CALCULATIONS;306
9.27.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;306
9.28;CHAPTER 31. THE ALEXIS PROJECT ANDTHE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM;311
9.28.1;1. INTRODUCTION;311
9.28.2;2. ALEXIS AS A TOOL FOR ABUNDANCE ANDTEMPERATURE DIAGNOSTICS;311
9.28.3;3. SPATIAL STUDIES OF THE SXRB WITH ALEXIS;314
9.28.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;316
9.29;CHAPTER 32. SPECTROSCOPY OF THE ISM IN EMISSION USINGTHE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER SATELLITE;317
9.29.1;1. INTRODUCTION;317
9.29.2;2. BROAD-BAND EUV SURVEYS;317
9.29.3;3. PREVIOUS EUV SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS;318
9.29.4;4. DIFFUSE OBSERVATIONS WITH THE EUVE SPECTROMETERS;319
9.29.5;5. SIMULATIONS OF EUVE SPECTROMETER DIFFUSE OBSERVATIONS;321
10;PART III: INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION;324
10.1;CHAPTER 33. EUV OPACITY OF THE ISM;326
10.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;326
10.1.2;2. THE EUV OPACITY OF DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE ISM;326
10.1.3;3. WINDOWS TO EXTRAGALACTIC SPACE?;328
10.1.4;4. TUNNELS TO LARGE DISTANCES?;332
10.2;CHAPTER 34. THE DISTRIBUTION OF NEARBY H I AND H . GAS;335
10.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;335
10.2.2;2. DETERMINING NH;335
10.2.3;3. NEUTRAL GAS AT d < 60 PC;336
10.2.4;4. NEUTRAL GAS AT d > 60 PC;339
10.2.5;5. NEARBY IONIZED GAS;339
10.2.6;6. PATCHINESS OF NEARBY GAS TO 50 PC;341
10.2.7;7. KINEMATICS OF NEARBY GAS;342
10.2.8;8. LOCATION OF NEARBY CLOUDS;343
10.2.9;9. CONCLUSIONS;343
10.3;CHAPTER 35. EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXTINCTIONCROSS SECTIONS OF FRACTAL DUST GRAINS;346
10.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;346
10.3.2;2. FRACTAL CONSTRUCTION;348
10.3.3;3. RESULTS;349
10.3.4;4. SUMMARY;351
10.4;CHAPTER 36. EUV OPACITY WITH INTERSTELLAR DUST;354
10.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;354
10.4.2;2. OPACITY OF THE GAS PHASE;354
10.4.3;3. OPTICAL CONSTANTS FOR GENERIC DUST CARRIERS;355
10.4.4;4. ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING CALCULATIONS;356
10.4.5;5. ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING BY DUST IN THE EUV;360
11;PART IV: INNOVATIVE EUV INSTRUMENTATION;364
11.1;CHAPTER 37. RECENT ADVANCES IN DETECTORS FOR THE EUV;366
11.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;366
11.1.2;2. MICROCHANNEL PLATES;366
11.1.3;3. MCP EVENT READOUT BY OPTICAL MEANS;368
11.1.4;4. MCP EVENT READOUT BY ELECTRICAL MEANS;368
11.1.5;5. MCP ALTERNATIVES;374
11.1.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;376
11.2;CHAPTER 38. CHARACTEWZATION OF MULTILAYER-COATEDCONCAVE DIFFRACTION GRATINGS IN THE EUV;377
11.2.1;1. A BRIEF REVIEW OF MULTILAYER TECHNOLOGY;377
11.2.2;2. PERFORMANCE OF TWO MULTILAYER-COATED CONCAVE GRATINGS;378
11.2.3;3. WAVELENGTH SELECTION AND MULTILAYER DESIGN;382
11.2.4;4. DEPOSITION OF THE MULTILAYERS;382
11.2.5;5. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MIRROR;384
11.2.6;6. PERFORMANCE OF THE MIRROR;388
11.2.7;7. A MULTILAYER-COATED GRATING FOR SPECTROSCOPY OF THE 175 Ä BAND;389
11.2.8;8. FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES;391
11.3;CHAPTER 39. A HIGH EFFICIENCY IMAGINGEXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER;393
11.3.1;l. INTRODUCTION;393
11.3.2;2. SPECTROMETER CONFIGURATION;394
11.3.3;3. TEST RESULTS;396
11.4;CHAPTER 40. IN-ORBIT, EUV RADIOMETRICCALIBRATION OF SATELLITE INSTRUMENTATION;403
11.4.1;l. INTRODUCTION;403
11.4.2;2. CALIBRATION OF SPECTROSCOPIC TELESCOPES;403
11.4.3;3. EUV CALIBRATION L407
12;PART V: FUTURE EUV MISSIONS;408
12.1;CHAPTER 41. THE EINE MISSION;410
12.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;410
12.1.2;2. OVERVIEW OF THE MISSION;410
12.1.3;3. INSTRUMENTATION;411
12.1.4;4. END-TO-END SYSTEMMODELING;419
12.2;CHAPTER 42. THE XUV WIDE HELD CAMERA FOR ROSAT;422
12.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;422
12.2.2;2. DESIGN;423
12.2.3;3. THE OBSERVING PROGRAM;429
12.2.4;4. BACKGROUND;431
12.2.5;5. SCIENTIFIC CAPABILITY OF THE WFC;432
12.2.6;6. PREDICTED NUMBERS OF SOURCES;437
12.3;CHAPTER 43. THE EUV CAPABILITIES OF THEHOPKINS ULTRAVIOLET TELESCOPE;440
12.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;440
12.3.2;2. INSTRUMENTATION;440
12.3.3;3. CALIBRATION;443
12.3.4;4. EUV Observations with HUT;445
12.3.5;5. SUMMARY;449
12.4;CHAPTER 44. THE ORFEUS MISSION;450
12.4.1;1. INTRODUC¹ON;450
12.4.2;2. THE ASTRO-SPAS PLATFORM;450
12.4.3;3. THE SCIENTIFICPAYLOAD;451
12.4.4;4. MISSION ASPECTS;453
12.5;CHAPTER 45. THE BERKELEY EUV SPECTROMETERFOR THE ORFEUS MISSION;455
12.5.1;l. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND;455
12.5.2;2. THE BERKELEY SPECTROMETER;455
12.5.3;3. SPECTRAL RESOLUTION ERROR BUDGET;457
12.5.4;4. INSTRUMENT SENSITIVITY AND PERFORMANCE;458
12.6;CHAPTER 46. A HIGH-RESOLUTION,USSR-USA EUV TELESCOPE-SPECTROMETER;461
12.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;461
12.6.2;2. SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE;461
12.6.3;3. THE INSTRUMENT;465
12.6.4;4. INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE;467
12.6.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;468
12.7;CHAPTER 47. THE LYMAN FARULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPIC EXPLORER;470
12.7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;470
12.7.2;2. SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW;470
12.7.3;3. INSTRUMENTATION;473
12.7.4;4. MISSION OPERATIONS;475
12.7.5;5. SUMMARY;475
12.8;CHAPTER 48. ALEXIS: A NARROW-BANDSURVEY/MONITOR OF THE ULTRASOFT X-RAY SKY;477
12.8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;477
12.8.2;2. OPTICAL DESIGN;478
12.8.3;3. MICROCHANNEL PLATE DETECTORS;482
12.8.4;4. BACKGROUND CONSIDERATIONS;484
12.8.5;5. COMPATIBILITY WITH MINISATELLITE CARRIER:EXPERIMENT ENVELOPE;485
12.8.6;6. GROUND SUPPORT HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE;485
12.8.7;7. SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES AND SENSITIVITY;486
12.9;CHAPTER 49. SANTA MARIA: AN INTERNATIONALORBITING OBSERVATORY FORMULTISPECTRAL (200-7000 Ä) OBSERVATIONSOF ASTROPHYSICAL AND SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS;491
12.9.1;1. EXPERIMENT CONCEPT;491
12.9.2;2. SOME ASPECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM;494
13;REFERENCES;498
14;INDEX;530