Martini / Chesworth Weathering, Soils & Paleosols

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9127-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 2, 641 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Developments in Earth Surface Processes

For the past 200 years, geological scientists have used the present as a key to unlocking the past. This volume continues the tradition by exploring the processes of weathering and soil formation as indicators of the present environment of the Earth's land surface. Examined are the various ways in which this information can be used to interpret past environments which have produced the soils now preserved as paleosols. Because the surface environment of the earth may now be undergoing rapid change (the greenhouse effect), the book is a timely one for those researchers looking for evidence of analogous changes in the Earth's past. The work is divided into three major sections. The first deals with fundamental considerations of weathering, clay mineralogy and diagenesis. The second deals with the formation of soils from various starting materials and in various surficial environments. And the final section is an interpretation of paleosols. This volume provides valuable reading material for graduate and senior-undergraduate courses.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Martini, I. P.

Chesworth, W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Weathering, Soils & Paleosols;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Preface and Acknowledgements;6
6;List of Contributors;8
7;PART A: INTRODUCTION;24
7.1;Chapter 1. Reflections on soils and paleosols;26
7.1.1;Introduction;26
7.1.2;Definition of soils;27
7.1.3;Soil and energy;28
7.1.4;Zonality of soils;29
7.1.5;Mineral concentrations in soils;32
7.1.6;Sedimentary facies and soil catenas;33
7.1.7;Paleosols and time;34
7.1.8;Paleosols and life forms;36
7.1.9;Classification;36
7.1.10;Future research trends;37
7.1.11;References;38
8;PART B: PROCESSES ON AND NEAR THE PLANETARY LAND SURFACE;40
8.1;Chapter 2. Weathering systems;42
8.1.1;Conceptual view of weathering systems;42
8.1.2;The inorganic solids;44
8.1.3;The aqueous environment;45
8.1.4;Major weathering trends in a pe–pH framework;48
8.1.5;A pedogenic grid;54
8.1.6;Weathering rates;55
8.1.7;Geographical distribution;56
8.1.8;Conclusions: the soil–sediment connection;58
8.1.9;References;61
8.2;Chapter 3. Extraterrestrial soils — the lunar experience;64
8.2.1;Introduction;64
8.2.2;The moon;65
8.2.3;Other worlds;89
8.2.4;References;91
8.3;Chapter 4. Incipient weathering: some new concepts on weathering, clay formation and organization;94
8.3.1;Introduction;94
8.3.2;Weathering processes in relation to mineral structure;94
8.3.3;Microsystems and microsites;98
8.3.4;The nanoscale: characterization of weathering primary stages;102
8.3.5;The nanoscale: characterization of clay texture and its variability;111
8.3.6;Kaolinites, halloysites, illites and vermiculites;113
8.3.7;Conclusion;122
8.3.8;References;123
8.4;Chapter 5. Alteration products at the earth's surface — the clay minerals;130
8.4.1;Introduction;130
8.4.2;The structures of clay minerals;131
8.4.3;Occurrence of clay minerals;137
8.4.4;Formation of clay minerals;141
8.4.5;Future research;145
8.4.6;References;145
8.5;Chapter 6. Diagenesis and metasomatism of weathering profiles, with emphasis on Precambrian paleosols;150
8.5.1;Introduction;150
8.5.2;Methodology;151
8.5.3;Predicted trends using mass balances;155
8.5.4;Predicted trends using kinetic data;160
8.5.5;Predicted and observed trends in A–CN–K diagrams;162
8.5.6;Predicted and observed trends in A–CNK–FM diagrams;163
8.5.7;Interpretation of a Paleozoic paleosol;164
8.5.8;Interpretation of three Precambrian (Huronian) paleosols;167
8.5.9;Summary;173
8.5.10;References;174
9;PART C: THE PRESENT LAND SURFACE OF THE EARTH;176
9.1;Chapter 7. Soils of Alpine mountains;178
9.1.1;Introduction;178
9.1.2;Altitude belts according to climate, vegetation and soils;179
9.1.3;Pedological processes in mountainous terrain;184
9.1.4;Principal geo-morpho-pedological systems;188
9.1.5;Conclusion;199
9.1.6;References;199
9.2;Chapter 8. Soils of cold climate regions;206
9.2.1;Introduction;206
9.2.2;Definition of cold climate lands;206
9.2.3;Characteristic processes of cold climate lands;207
9.2.4;Zonation of cold climate lands;208
9.2.5;Soils of the Subarctic zone;212
9.2.6;Soils of the Tundra zone;213
9.2.7;Soils of the Subpolar Desert;215
9.2.8;Soils of the Polar Desert zone;215
9.2.9;Soils of the Cold Desert zone;217
9.2.10;Pedogenic gradients in cold climate regions;221
9.2.11;Summary and conclusions;223
9.2.12;References;223
9.3;Chapter 9. Organic soils;226
9.3.1;Introduction;226
9.3.2;Classification of organic soil materials;227
9.3.3;Classification of organic soils;231
9.3.4;Formation of organic soils;233
9.3.5;Summary of the geochemistry of peatlands;236
9.3.6;Environmental geochemistry of peatlands;238
9.3.7;Summary;242
9.3.8;References;242
9.4;Chapter 10. Desert soils;248
9.4.1;Introduction;248
9.4.2;Classification of desert soils;250
9.4.3;Parent materials;256
9.4.4;Extrinsic materials;259
9.4.5;Clastic and clayey soils;260
9.4.6;Saline and sodic soils;262
9.4.7;Soil crusts;264
9.4.8;Diagenetic features of desert soils;268
9.4.9;Desert soils and geomorphology;270
9.4.10;Desert palaeosols;272
9.4.11;Summary;274
9.4.12;References;276
9.5;Chapter 11. Quaternary soil chronosequences in various environments — extremely arid to humid tropical;284
9.5.1;Introduction;284
9.5.2;Extremely arid to semi-arid soils with salt accumulations;286
9.5.3;Soil in temperate regions (< 100 cm MAP);291
9.5.4;Chronosequences in humid areas (> 100 cm MAP);295
9.5.5;Comparative data on clay and iron buildup and PDI in soils in different climates;296
9.5.6;Soil development, steady state and thresholds;298
9.5.7;Applications;300
9.5.8;References;301
9.6;Chapter 12. Weathering in humid regions, with emphasis on igneous rocks and their metamorphic equivalents;306
9.6.1;Introduction;306
9.6.2;The geological factor;307
9.6.3;Rock-water interactions in the soil zone;311
9.6.4;Weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks in humid regions;317
9.6.5;Discussion;323
9.6.6;Conclusions;324
9.6.7;References;325
10;PART D: ADVANCED WEATHERING STAGES ON LANDSCAPES NOT RECENTLY AFFECTED BY TECTONIC OR GLACIAL ACTIVITY;330
10.1;Chapter 13. Calerete;332
10.1.1;Introduction;332
10.1.2;Character and distribution of calcretes;333
10.1.3;Development of concepts of the origin of calcretes;335
10.1.4;Characteristics of selected calerete profiles in South Australia;346
10.1.5;Discussion;366
10.1.6;References;367
10.2;Chapter 14. Silcretes;372
10.2.1;Introduction;372
10.2.2;The nature of silcretes;373
10.2.3;The French experience;374
10.2.4;Australian examples;387
10.2.5;Discussion;395
10.2.6;References;397
10.3;Chapter 15. Diversity and terminology of lateritic profiles;402
10.3.1;Introduction: definition of latérites;402
10.3.2;The three domains of common lateritic profiles;403
10.3.3;Saprolites and the so called alteration domain;405
10.3.4;Glaebular domains and the ferricrete profile;410
10.3.5;The soft zone;416
10.3.6;Concretion and pisolite formation in Ultisols or Oxisols;416
10.3.7;Oxisols with no glaebular development;418
10.3.8;Lateritic bauxites;419
10.3.9;Conclusion;422
10.3.10;References;424
10.4;Chapter 16. Geochemistry and evolution of lateritic landscapes;430
10.4.1;Introduction;430
10.4.2;Autochthony, allochthony and lithodependence of ferricretes;430
10.4.3;Remobilization of surficial material by termite activity;438
10.4.4;Vertical lowering of lateritic landscapes;440
10.4.5;Successions of hydrated and dehydrated minerals in lateritic profiles;444
10.4.6;Climatic and hydrostatic factors governing the thermodynamic activity of water in lateritic profiles;446
10.4.7;Chemical composition and climatic distribution of goethite and hematite in soil profiles and landscapes;449
10.4.8;Thermodynamic stability field of Al-goethite and Al-hematite;451
10.4.9;Periatlantic climates and paleoclimates; the role of temperature and water activity in the distribution and mineralogical composition of bauxites and ferricretes;455
10.4.10;References;460
10.5;Chapter 17. Metallogeny of weathering: an introduction;468
10.5.1;Introduction;468
10.5.2;Lateritic weathering profiles;468
10.5.3;Concentrations of gold;470
10.5.4;Bauxitic concentrations;476
10.5.5;Concentrations of oxides and hydroxides of manganese;480
10.5.6;Nickeliferous concentrations;483
10.5.7;Cupriferous concentrations;487
10.5.8;Conclusions;489
10.5.9;References;490
11;PART E: THE ROLE OF PALEOSOLS IN INTERPRETING ANCIENT LANDSCAPES;496
11.1;Chapter 18. Paleopedology: stratigraphie relationships and empirical models;498
11.1.1;Introduction;498
11.1.2;Paleosol recognition;499
11.1.3;Stratigraphy terminology and concepts;499
11.1.4;Paleosol–landscape relationships;502
11.1.5;Summary;517
11.1.6;References;518
11.2;Chapter 19. Underclays and related paleosols associated with coals;524
11.2.1;Introduction;524
11.2.2;Methods of investigation;528
11.2.3;Current knowledge and interpretations;530
11.2.4;Future research needs;543
11.2.5;Summary;543
11.2.6;References;544
11.3;Chapter 20. Mesozoic and Tertiary paleosols;548
11.3.1;Introduction;548
11.3.2;Paleosols and the Mesozoic-Tertiary stratigraphie record;549
11.3.3;Paleosols in alluvial rocks;553
11.3.4;Future trends;559
11.3.5;Summary;562
11.3.6;References;563
11.4;Chapter 21. Paleozoic paleosols;566
11.4.1;Introduction;566
11.4.2;Entisols;567
11.4.3;Inceptisols;569
11.4.4;Histosols;572
11.4.5;Aridisols;573
11.4.6;Vertisols;574
11.4.7;Alfisols;574
11.4.8;Spodosols;576
11.4.9;Ultisols;579
11.4.10;Oxisols;580
11.4.11;Coordinated evolution of soil and life;581
11.4.12;References;584
12;PART F: CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIOUS EARTH MATERIALS;588
12.1;Chapter 22. Classification of earth materials: a brief examination of examples;590
12.1.1;Introduction;590
12.1.2;Classification of earth materials;591
12.1.3;Classification of minerals;594
12.1.4;Classification of rocks;594
12.1.5;Classification of soils;602
12.1.6;Discussion;604
12.1.7;Conclusion;607
12.1.8;References;609
13;References Index;610
14;Subject Index;632