Mendelson Metabolic Syndrome and Psychiatric Illness: Interactions, Pathophysiology, Assessment and Treatment

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-08-055652-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 224 Seiten

Metabolic syndrome is a set of risk factors that includes: abdominal obesity, a decreased ability to process glucose (insulin resistance), dyslipidemia (unhealthy lipid levels), and hypertension. Patients who have this syndrome have been shown to be at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and/or type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is a common condition that goes by many names (dysmetabolic syndrome, syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, obesity syndrome, and Reaven's syndrome).
This is the first book to fully explain the relationships between psychiatric illness, Metabolic Syndrome, diet, sleep, exercise, medications, and lifestyle choices. Metabolic Syndrome is a major risk factor in Major Depression, Alzheimer's Disease, Sleep Disorders, Sexual Dysfunction, Fibromyalgia, and several other illnesses of psychiatric significance. Conversely, some psychiatric illnesses tend to predispose patients to Metabolic Syndrome. Of further interest is the fact that some of the medications used in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses have been found to cause or exacerbate Metabolic Syndrome.
The author here provides basic information about what genetic predispositions, medical conditions, and lifestyle choices make Metabolic Syndrome more likely to occur. Among the contributing factors that are discussed are genetics, habitual intake of high glycemic index carbohydrates, fructose, saturated fats, trans fatty acids, vitamins, micronutrients, obesity, smoking, and lack of exercise.
The author describes the actual mechanisms by which Metabolic Syndrome progresses and causes damage in the body, including the action of insulin and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance. Details are provided on what occurs in the liver, pancreas, muscle, fat cells, and immune system as Metabolic Syndrome progresses. New findings are presented on fat cells, including the fact that they are beginning to be considered as endocrine cells. There is a substantive discussion of leptin, which is one of the important adipocytokines. Also carbohydrate, 'bad fats', inflammation, oxidative damage, over-stimulation of the 'fight or flight' system, and high levels of the stress hormone cortisol can actually cause the manifestations of Metabolic Syndrome. These explanations set the stage for an explanation of the inter-relationships between Metabolic Syndrome, psychiatric illness, dementia and effects of not only diet and life choices, but also the effects of psychiatric medications.
Finally, there is an important and unique section on the relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and various psychiatric illnesses, and how they exacerbate each other. The significance of Metabolic Syndrome in Major Depression, Bipolar Affective Disorder, Schizophrenia, fibromyalgia and Polycystic Ovary Disease is vast and it is important to realise the effects of psychiatric medications on Metabolic Syndrome. The author discusses antidepressants, mood stabilizers and the new atypical antipsychotics. There are dramatic differences among medications in the way they affect Metabolic Syndrome and pharmaceutical companies will want to promote patient awareness with this book.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mendelson, Scott D

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Metabolic Syndrome and Psychiatric Illness;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;12
6;FOREWORD;14
7;Chapter 1 Gerald Reaven and the Discovery of Syndrome X;18
7.1;References;26
8;Chapter 2 Factors that Contribute to Metabolic Syndrome;28
8.1;Genetics;28
8.2;Carbohydrates and the Glycemic Index;29
8.3;Fructose;31
8.4;Fiber;31
8.5;Fatty Acids and how they Differ;32
8.6;Saturated Fat;33
8.7;Omega-3 and Omega-6;33
8.8;Trans Fats;34
8.9;Micronutrients;35
8.10;Salt;37
8.11;Exercise;38
8.12;Smoking and Drinking;38
8.13;Obesity;39
8.14;References;40
9;Chapter 3 The Pathophysiology of Metabolic Syndrome;44
9.1;Insulin;44
9.2;Insulin Resistance and Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia;45
9.3;The Rise of the Adipocyte;46
9.4;Leptin;47
9.5;Adipocytes, Insulin, and Metabolic Syndrome;49
9.6;Muscle;50
9.7;The Liver;51
9.8;The Liver, Fat, and Insulin Resistance;52
9.9;Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease;53
9.10;Hormonal Interactions in the Liver;54
9.11;Peroxisome Proliferation Activating Receptors;54
9.12;Inflammation;55
9.13;Oxidative Stress;56
9.14;Lipotoxicity;58
9.15;Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine;59
9.16;Stress and Cortisol;60
9.17;References;61
10;Chapter 4 Metabolic Syndrome and Psychiatric Illness;66
10.1;Major Depression;66
10.2;Insulin Resistance and Major Depression;67
10.3;Stress;68
10.4;Inflammation;70
10.5;Obesity;71
10.6;The Liver, Metabolic Syndrome and Major Depression;72
10.7;Cholesterol and Suicide;73
10.8;Seasonal Affective Disorder;74
10.9;Bipolar Affective Disorder;76
10.10;Anxiety Disorders;77
10.11;Schizophrenia;80
10.12;Metabolic Syndrome, Schizophrenia, and the NMDA Receptor;81
10.13;Fibromyalgia;82
10.14;Polycystic Ovary Disease;83
10.15;References;83
11;Chapter 5 Psychiatric Medications and Metabolic Syndrome;90
11.1;Antidepressants;90
11.2;Mood Stabilizers;92
11.3;Atypical Antipsychotics;93
11.4;Atypical Antipsychotics and Weight Gain;94
11.5;Genetics and Atypical Antipsychotic-induced Weight Gain;94
11.6;Mechanisms of Atypical Antipsychotic-induced Weight Gain;95
11.6.1;Atypical Antipsychotics and Insulin Resistance;96
11.6.2;Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics on Serum Lipids;97
11.6.3;Atypical Antipsychotics and Diabetes;98
11.6.4;Hyperprolactinemia;99
11.7;Guidelines for Monitoring Patients on Atypical Antipsychotics;100
11.8;Add-on Treatments to Counter Weight Gain and Metabolic Syndrome;101
11.9;Difficult Choices Must be Made;103
11.10;References;103
12;Chapter 6 Depression, Metabolic Syndrome, and Heart Disease;110
12.1;Dysrhythmias;111
12.2;Heart Failure;112
12.3;Ischemic Heart Disease and Myocardial Infarction;112
12.4;Platelet Hyperactivity;113
12.5;Inflammation;114
12.6;Stress;115
12.7;Lipid Abnormalities;116
12.8;Does Treating Major Depression Reduce Cardiac Risk?;117
12.9;References;118
13;Chapter 7 Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin and Alzheimer’s Disease;122
13.1;The Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease;123
13.2;Plaques and Tangles;124
13.3;Insulin and Alzheimer’s Disease;124
13.4;Insulin-Degrading Enzyme and Amyloid;126
13.5;Insulin and Tangled Tau;127
13.6;Inflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease;128
13.7;References;130
14;Chapter 8 Metabolic Syndrome, Sleep, and Sex;132
14.1;Sleep Apnea;132
14.2;Hypoxia;133
14.3;Sleep Apnea, Stress, and Metabolic Syndrome;134
14.4;Smuggling, Snoring and the Velopharynx;135
14.5;Sleep, Mood and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3);136
14.6;Sleep Apnea and Alzheimer’s Disease;137
14.7;Inadequate Sleep and Altered Sleep Schedules;138
14.8;Metabolic Syndrome and Sex;139
14.9;References;142
15;Chapter 9 Diets for Weight Loss and Metabolic Syndrome;146
15.1;Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diets;147
15.2;A Few Words about Protein;148
15.3;Diet, Appetite, and Satiety;149
15.4;Thermic Effects of Food;151
15.5;The Atkins Diet;151
15.6;Other Low-Carbohydrate Diets;153
15.7;Gerald Reaven’s Syndrome X Diet;153
15.8;The Mediterranean Diet;154
15.9;The Bottom Line on Diet;155
15.10;References;156
16;Chapter 10 Nutritional Supplements and Metabolic Syndrome;158
16.1;Acetyl-Carnitine;158
16.2;Alpha-Lipoic Acid;160
16.3;Carnosine;161
16.4;Chocolate;163
16.5;Chromium;164
16.6;Coenzyme Q10;166
16.7;Curcumin;167
16.8;DHEA;168
16.9;Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, DHA);169
16.10;Ginseng;174
16.11;Leucine;176
16.12;Niacin (Nicotinic Acid, Vitamin B3);179
16.13;Resveratrol;181
16.14;S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe);183
16.15;Silymarin;188
16.16;Vanadium;189
16.17;Vitamin D;191
16.18;References;193
17;Chapter 11 Conclusion: Metabolic Syndrome and what to do about it;204
17.1;The First Step;205
17.2;Diet;205
17.3;Exercise;207
17.4;Sleep;207
17.5;Stress Reduction;208
17.6;Bad Habits;209
17.7;Treat Co-morbid Illness;209
17.8;Remember Hippocrates;209
17.9;References;210
18;INDEX;212