Neumann The Duty to Cooperate in International Sales
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-86653-962-4
Verlag: Otto Schmidt
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
The Scope and Role of Article 80 CISG
E-Book, Englisch, 291 Seiten
Reihe: ISSN
ISBN: 978-3-86653-962-4
Verlag: Otto Schmidt
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
This book is the first ever comprehensive analysis of the scope and role of the exemption clause in Article 80 of the International Sales Convention (CISG). The book accounts for the historical background of Article 80, the relation to other provisions (Articles 77 and 79), the underlying principles and the connection to good faith, and argues that the provision is an expression of the duty to cooperate. Furthermore, the conditions for applying the exemption rule and the legal consequences of application are clarified to the benefit of any practitioner. A chapter on homeward trends points out some of the challenges that Article 80 poses to international uniformity. Extensive comparisons to UPICC and PECL are carried out. The book is relevant to scholars, adjudicators and practitioners alike.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;5
2;Chapter;7
3;Abbreviations and Terminology;15
4;1. Introduction;19
4.1;1.1 Article 80 and the Goal of Uniformity;20
4.2;1.2 Purpose and Relevance;22
4.3;1.3 Delimitation;24
4.4;1.4 Outline of Presentation;24
5;2. Methodology Considerations;27
5.1;2.1 The General Rules of Interpretation;27
5.1.1;2.1.1 Application as Customary Law;28
5.1.2;2.1.2 Relevance of State to State Regulation;29
5.1.3;2.1.3 Purpose and Political Nature of the CISG;31
5.2;2.2 The Specific Rule of Autonomous Interpretation;35
5.2.1;2.2.1 Considering the International Character of CISG;37
5.2.2;2.2.2 Promoting Uniform Application;40
5.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 Accessibility of Case Law;43
5.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 Scholarly Works;44
5.2.3;2.2.3 Interpreting in Good Faith;45
5.3;2.3 Litteral Interpretation as the Starting Point;48
5.3.1;2.3.1 Discrepancies Between the Convention Texts;50
5.4;2.4 Supplementing the Convention Text;53
5.4.1;2.4.1 How to Identify Underlying Principles;54
5.4.2;2.4.2 Implications of Having Identified Underlying Principles;56
5.4.2.1;2.4.2.1 Expansion of Scope of the CISG;56
5.4.2.2;2.4.2.2 Expansion of Interpretation Aids;57
5.5;2.5 The Use of Soft Law as Interpretation Aid;58
5.5.1;2.5.1 Sources of Lex Mercatoria;60
5.5.2;2.5.2 Value of Soft Law and Interpretation Aid;63
5.5.3;2.5.3 Temporal Issue;64
5.5.4;2.5.4 Limits to the Use of Soft Law;65
5.6;2.6 Sources Superseding the Convention Text;66
5.6.1;2.6.1 The Unequivocal Agreement by the Parties;66
5.6.2;2.6.2 Interpretation of the Parties’ Agreement;67
5.6.3;2.6.3 Relevance of Practice and Usages;70
5.7;2.7 The Methodology and Sources Summarised;73
6;3. Development;77
6.1;3.1 ULIS and ULF;78
6.2;3.2 The Drafting of CISG and Article 80;80
6.2.1;3.2.1 Wording and Placement;81
6.2.2;3.2.2 Motivation to Maximise Adoption;84
6.2.3;3.2.3 A Last-Minute Inclusion;85
6.2.4;3.2.4 An Expression of an Underlying Principle;86
6.2.5;3.2.5 Broad Interpretation Appropriate;87
6.3;3.3 Developments Compared to the Pre-CISG Rule;88
6.4;3.4 Latest Developments in Other Instruments;91
6.5;3.5 Concluding Argument;93
7;4. Comparison to Other Provisions;95
7.1;4.1 A Unique Concept of Contribution to Failure to Perform;95
7.1.1;4.1.1 Systematic Context;96
7.1.2;4.1.2 The Cause of the Detriment;97
7.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Impediments Beyond Control;98
7.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Mitigation of Loss;99
7.1.2.3;4.1.2.3 The Promisee’s Contribution to Promisor’s Non-Performance;100
7.1.3;4.1.3 Foreseeability and Duty to Avoid/Overcome the Cause of Detriment;103
7.1.3.1;4.1.3.1 Strict Conditions under Article 79;104
7.1.3.2;4.1.3.2 Less Strict Conditions under Article 77;105
7.1.3.3;4.1.3.3 Lowest Restriction under Article 80;106
7.1.4;4.1.4 Burden of Proof;108
7.1.5;4.1.5 Duty to Give Notice;110
7.1.6;4.1.6 Remedies Affected;111
7.2;4.2 A Supplementary Rule;112
7.2.1;4.2.1 Conformity, Article 35;113
7.2.2;4.2.2 Price Reduction, Article 50;117
7.2.3;4.2.3 Third Party Rights, Article 42;118
7.3;4.3 Lex Specialis;120
7.4;4.4 Concluding Argument;121
8;5. Underlying Principles and Good Faith;125
8.1;5.1 Principles Underlying Article 80;127
8.1.1;5.1.1 Positively Phrased Duties;128
8.1.2;5.1.2 Negatively Phrased Duties;131
8.2;5.2 A General Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing;134
8.2.1;5.2.1 Article 80’s Connection to Good Faith;137
8.2.2;5.2.2 Controversy During the Drafting;140
8.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Arguments Contrary to a General Duty;141
8.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 Arguments in Favour of a General Duty;142
8.2.2.3;5.2.2.3 Subsequent Development;143
8.2.2.4;5.2.2.4 Common Law Development;145
8.2.2.5;5.2.2.5 A Common Core;149
8.3;5.3 Article 80 as a Solution to the Dangers of Good Faith;151
8.3.1;5.3.1 Definition and Dangers of Good Faith;152
8.3.2;5.3.2 Overlap in Application of Article 80, Underlying Principles and Good Faith;155
8.4;5.4 Concluding Argument;159
9;6. Conditions for Exemption;161
9.1;6.1 Non-performance by the Promisor;161
9.1.1;6.1.1 Non-performance Imputable to Both Parties;163
9.1.2;6.1.2 Suspension of Performance as Breach of Contract;164
9.2;6.2 Causal Link to the Promisee;165
9.2.1;6.2.1 Sole Causation and Competing Causes;165
9.2.1.1;6.2.1.1 Promisee’s Sole Interference;166
9.2.1.2;6.2.1.2 Mixed Causation;168
9.2.1.3;6.2.1.3 Shared Responsibility;170
9.2.2;6.2.2 Requirements to the Strength of the Causal Link;175
9.3;6.3 Act or Omission by the Promisee;180
9.3.1;6.3.1 Direct Interference and Breach of Duties;181
9.3.2;6.3.2 Indirect Interference;182
9.3.3;6.3.3 Breaking the Synallagma of Contract and Lack of Cooperation;184
9.3.4;6.3.4 Omissions;186
9.3.5;6.3.5 Conduct by Employees, Third Parties and Agents;187
9.3.6;6.3.6 Contractual Behaviour and Conditions;189
9.4;6.4 Burden of Proof;190
9.4.1;6.4.1 Burden of Proof Governed by Presumptions and Principles;191
9.4.2;6.4.2 Failing Promisor’s Burden to Prove Interference;193
9.5;6.5 Duty to Give Notice;195
9.6;6.6 Concluding Argument;197
10;7. Legal Consequences;199
10.1;7.1 The Promisee’s Position;199
10.1.1;7.1.1 Remedies Following from the Convention;200
10.1.2;7.1.2 Remedies Following from the Contract;201
10.1.3;7.1.3 Remedies Following from Domestic Contract Law;202
10.1.4;7.1.4 Remedies Following from Domestic Tort Law;204
10.1.4.1;7.1.4.1 The Non-cumul and the Pre-emption Approach;206
10.1.4.2;7.1.4.2 The Cumulative and the Merging Approach;207
10.1.4.3;7.1.4.3 The Functional Equivalent and the Protected Interests Approaches;210
10.1.5;7.1.5 The Temporal Effect of Article 80 - Excused in Total or in Part;213
10.1.5.1;7.1.5.1 Total Exemption;213
10.1.5.2;7.1.5.2 Partial Exemption and Pro Rata Apportionment;214
10.2;7.2 The Promisor’s Position;218
10.2.1;7.2.1 The Right to Counter-Performance;218
10.2.2;7.2.2 Supplementary Claims;219
10.2.3;7.2.3 Consequential Costs and Benefits;220
10.3;7.3 Concluding Argument;221
11;8. Domestic Law and Homeward Trends;223
11.1;8.1 Comparing Legal Systems;224
11.1.1;8.1.1 Criteria Selected;225
11.1.2;8.1.2 Selection of Countries;226
11.2;8.2 The Three Legal Families;228
11.3;8.3 Ignorance in Transformation;229
11.3.1;8.3.1 Norway and Iceland;230
11.3.1.1;8.3.1.1 Article 80 in NSGA;231
11.3.1.2;8.3.1.2 Systematic Placement;232
11.3.1.3;8.3.1.3 Already in Existence;232
11.3.2;8.3.2 Denmark;233
11.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 Article 80 Equivalent in DSGA;233
11.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 Systematic Placement;234
11.3.3;8.3.3 Finland and Sweden;235
11.3.3.1;8.3.3.1 Article 80 Equivalent;236
11.3.3.2;8.3.3.2 Systematic Placement;236
11.3.4;8.3.4 Comparison and Effect;237
11.4;8.4 Possible Ethnocentric Application by China and Russia;241
11.4.1;8.4.1 Article 80 Equivalent in CCRF and CCL;242
11.4.1.1;8.4.1.1 Russia;243
11.4.1.2;8.4.1.2 China;247
11.4.2;8.4.2 Systematic Placement and Style;252
11.4.3;8.4.3 Effect;253
11.5;8.5 Concluding Argument;254
12;9. Conclusions;257
12.1;9.1 Conclusion;257
12.2;9.2 The Goal of Uniformity;259
12.3;9.3 Perspective and Future;260
13;Bibliography;265
14;Case Law and Arbitral Awards;278
15;Other Materials;285
16;Index;289
