Oliphant / Wright | Medical Malpractice and Compensation in Global Perspective | E-Book | sack.de
E-Book

E-Book, Englisch, Band 32, 591 Seiten

Reihe: Tort and Insurance Law

Oliphant / Wright Medical Malpractice and Compensation in Global Perspective


E-Book, Englisch, Band 32, 591 Seiten

Reihe: Tort and Insurance Law

ISBN: 978-3-11-027023-5
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
 Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

The papers in this collection are drawn from a symposium held in Vienna in December 2010. Organised by the Institute for European Tort Law and the Chicago-Kent Law Review, in collaboration with the European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law, the conference drew together legal experts from 14 national or regional systems across six continents. Medical malpractice and compensation for medical injuries are issues which regularly create tension and innovation in national legal systems but the analysis of these areas is often limited to national audiences. This study examines the issues in a uniquely global context, demonstrating the breadth of approaches currently taken around the world and revealing key areas of tension and the likely direction of future developments. Wherever possible, the analysis is supported by reference to empirical data. The 14 legal systems covered in the collection are Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Scandinavia, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. A general comparative introduction completes the collection.
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Zielgruppe

Academic Lawyers, Legal Practitioners, Researchers, Medical and Healthcare Insurers, Healthcare Professionals

Autoren/Hrsg.

Oliphant, Ken
Wright, Richard W.

Fachgebiete

Weitere Infos & Material

1;Medical Malpractice and Compensation in Global Perspective: Introduction;19
1.1;I. Issues Addressed;20
1.1.1;A. Overall Scheme;20
1.1.2;B. Details of the Applicable Liability and Compensation Systems;21
1.1.3;C. Empirical Data;22
1.1.4;D. Attitudes, Concerns, and Prospects;22
1.2;II. Aims;22
2;Medical Malpractice in Austria;25
2.1;Introduction;25
2.2;I. The Insurance Framework;26
2.2.1;A. Social Insurance in Austria;26
2.2.2;B. The Role of Private Insurance;27
2.2.2.1;1. First-Party Insurance;27
2.2.2.2;2. Liability Insurance;28
2.3;II. The Regulatory Framework;28
2.3.1;A. Professional Law;28
2.3.2;B. Criminal Law;29
2.3.3;C. Contract Law;30
2.3.4;D. Tortious and Contractual Liability;31
2.3.4.1;1. Tortious and Contractual Liability Not Mutually Exclusive;31
2.3.4.2;2. Tort Law in General;32
2.3.4.3;3. Damage;32
2.3.4.4;4. Causation;32
2.3.4.5;5. Wrongfulness and Fault;35
2.3.4.6;6. Multiple Persons Involved;36
2.3.4.7;7. Informed Consent;39
2.3.4.8;8. Remedies;42
2.4;III. Compensation claims in practice;46
2.4.1;A. General Remarks;46
2.4.2;B. Patient Advocacies;47
2.4.3;C. Conciliation Bodies;48
2.4.4;D. Compensation Funds;49
2.4.5;E. Outlook;50
3;A Bridge over troubled Waters: The Development of Medical Malpractice Litigation in Brazil;53
3.1;Introduction;53
3.2;I. The Brazilian Legal System;57
3.3;II. The Structure of the Brazilian Legal System;58
3.4;III. The influence of the Consumer’s Defense Code;61
3.4.1;A. Informed Consent, the Duty to Inform, and Informed Choice;63
3.4.2;B. Moral Damages and the Inversion of the Burden of Proof As Patient’s Basic Rights;67
3.5;IV. The Changes Brought by the New Civil Code;68
3.6;Conclusion;70
4;Canadian Medical Malpractice Law in 2011: Missing the Mark on Patient Safety;73
4.1;Introduction;73
4.2;I. The Canadian Malpractice Context;75
4.2.1;rvice Delivery, Regulation and Liability Insurance;77
4.3;II. State and Quality of the Canadian Health Care System;78
4.3.1;A. Medical Malpractice in the Domain of Privately Financed Care;84
4.4;III. Redressing Adverse Events through the Courts;85
4.4.1;A. Canadian Medical Malpractice Liability in Context;87
4.4.2;B. Empirical Trends on Medical Liability Claims;88
4.4.3;C. Black Letter of Canadian Tort Law;90
4.4.3.1;1. Battery by Physicians;91
4.4.3.2;2. Negligence by Physicians;91
4.4.3.3;3. Hospital Liability;99
4.4.3.4;4. Government Liability;101
4.4.3.5;5. Damages;102
4.4.3.6;6. Ongoing Issues and Avenues of Reform;104
4.5;IV. Preventing Adverse Events: Professional and System Reform;105
4.5.1;A. Reforms at the Level of the Professions;106
4.5.1.1;1. Alternative Complaint Mechanisms;106
4.5.1.2;2. Revalidation/Recertification;107
4.5.1.3;3. Apology Legislation;108
4.5.2;B. Systemic Reforms;109
4.5.2.1;1. Accreditation of Facilities;109
4.5.2.2;2. Canadian Patient Safety Institute;110
4.5.2.3;3. Improved Information Gathering and Dissemination;110
4.6;Conclusion;112
5;Yangge Dance: the Rhythm of Liability for Medical Malpractice in the People’s Republic of China;115
5.1;Introduction;115
5.2;I. The Wider Healthcare Context;117
5.3;II. The Early P.R. China: Medical Services as Social Welfare (1949–1987);120
5.4;III. The Administrative Liability Regime;123
5.4.1;A. The Medical Accident Rules 1987;123
5.4.1.1;1. Context;123
5.4.1.2;2. Main Features of the Administrative Liability Regime, 1987–2002;124
5.4.2;B. The Medical Accident Regulations 2002;126
5.4.2.1;1. Context;126
5.4.2.2;2. Main Features of the Administrative Liability Regime, 2002 onwards;126
5.5;IV. The Tort Liability Regime;129
5.5.1;A. Recourse to the General Principles of Civil Liability;129
5.5.2;B. Elements of the Tort Liability Regime;131
5.5.2.1;1. Cause of Action;131
5.5.2.2;2. Burden of Proof;131
5.5.2.3;3. The Identification Process;132
5.5.2.4;4. Assessment of Damages;133
5.5.3;C. Effect on the Administrative Liability Regime;134
5.6;V. Reform of Medical Liability under the Tort Liability Law of 2009;135
5.6.1;A. Antecedents;135
5.6.1.1;1. Increasing Disputes between Doctors and Patients;135
5.6.1.2;2. Concerns about Defensive Medical Treatments;136
5.6.1.3;3. The Chaos Resulting from the Dual Dystem of Medical Liability;137
5.6.2;B. Legislative History;138
5.6.3;C. Four Dimensions of the TLL;139
5.6.3.1;1. Basis of the Cause of Action;139
5.6.3.2;2. Burden of Proof;142
5.6.3.3;3. The Identification Procedure;144
5.6.3.4;4. Assessment of Damages;144
5.7;VI. Another Step Backwards on Its Way?;145
5.8;Conclusion;148
6;Medical Malpractice and Compensation in France;149
6.1;Part I: The French Rules of Medical Liability since the Patients’ Rights Law of March 4, 2002;149
6.1.1;Introduction;149
6.1.2;I. General Conditions of Medical Liability;152
6.1.2.1;A. Facts Likely to Justify the Physician’s Responsibility;153
6.1.2.1.1;1. Liability Based on Fault;154
6.1.2.1.2;2. Strict Liability;161
6.1.2.2;B. The Causal Link;166
6.1.2.2.1;1. Causation Criterion;166
6.1.2.2.2;2. Causation Proof;167
6.1.2.3;C. The Victim’s Harm;172
6.1.3;II. Administration and Adjudication of claims based on liability rules;174
6.1.3.1;A. Adjudication Through Conciliation Commissions;175
6.1.3.2;B. Adjudication Through Courts;177
6.2;Part II: Compensation Based on National Solidarity;181
6.2.1;Introduction;181
6.2.2;I. Typology of Cases Covered by National Solidarity;182
6.2.2.1;A. Medical Hazards;182
6.2.2.2;B. Hospital-Acquired Infections;184
6.2.2.3;C. Blood Transfusions Infections;185
6.2.2.3.1;1. HIV Infection;185
6.2.2.3.2;2. Hepatitis C Infection;186
6.2.2.3.3;3. Additional Grounds;186
6.2.3;II. Administration and Adjudication of Claims Based on National Solidarity;187
6.2.3.1;A. Administrated Claims;187
6.2.3.2;B. Procedural Routes to ONIAM;189
6.2.3.3;C. Adjudication Proceedings in Front of ONIAM;191
6.2.3.4;D. Regulatory Principles Applying to Rights of Recourse;192
6.2.4;III. Awarded Compensation;193
7;Medical Malpractice and Compensation in Germany;197
7.1;Introduction;197
7.2;I. The Potential Legal Consequences of Medical Injury;199
7.2.1;A. Criminal Law;199
7.2.2;B. Professional and Disciplinary Sanctions;200
7.2.3;C. Fault-Based Compensation in Private Law;201
7.2.4;D. Strict Liability and No-Fault Compensation for Medical Product Injury;204
7.2.5;E. Social Security, Insurance, and Subrogation Issues;205
7.3;II. The System of Private Law Compensation;207
7.3.1;A. Treatment Malpractice Claims;207
7.3.1.1;1. Faulty Treatment;207
7.3.1.2;2. Causation;210
7.3.1.3;3. Proof Issues;211
7.3.2;B. Disclosure Malpractice Claims;214
7.3.2.1;1. Background;214
7.3.2.2;2. Standard of Disclosure;215
7.3.2.3;3. Causation;216
7.3.3;C. Damages and Liability Insurance Issues;217
7.3.4;D. The Medical Arbitration Boards;219
7.4;III. Assessment of the Current Situation;220
7.4.1;A. Empirical Data;220
7.4.2;B. Evaluation of the Private Law Redress Rules;223
7.4.3;C. Patient Safety Initiatives;225
7.5;Conclusion;226
7.6;Addendum;227
8;Medical Malpractice: The Italian Experience;229
8.1;Introduction;229
8.2;I. The Problematic Nature of Medical Liability;231
8.3;II. The Assignment of the Burden of Proof Between Parties;239
8.3.1;A. Proving Fault;239
8.3.2;B. Proving Causation-In-Fact;244
8.3.3;C. Proving Causation Under the Criminal Law and Under the Civil Law;247
8.3.4;D. The Role of Informed Consent;250
8.4;Conclusion;253
9;The Law of Medical Misadventure in Japan;257
9.1;Introduction;257
9.2;I. Prosecutions and Their Consequences;260
9.2.1;A. Prosecutions in Medical Cases;260
9.2.2;B. Response by the Health Ministry and the Medical Profession;264
9.2.3;C. One Prosecution Too Many: The Medical Professionals’ Counterattack and the String of Acquittals;267
9.3;II. Civil Liability;269
9.3.1;A. Substantive Law of Medical Malpractice;270
9.3.1.1;1. Theories of Recovery;270
9.3.1.2;2. Standard of Care;271
9.3.1.3;3. Level of Proof;272
9.3.1.4;4. Informed Consent and Related Actions;275
9.3.1.5;5. Damages;276
9.3.2;B. Key Aspects of Procedural Law and Practice;278
9.3.2.1;1. In General;278
9.3.2.2;2. Discovery of Peer Review Findings;279
9.3.2.3;3. Judicial Administration Reforms;280
9.3.2.4;4. Settlement Practices, Overall Claiming Levels, and Malpractice Insurance Premiums;281
9.3.2.5;5. Plaintiffs’ Attorney Fees and Court Filing Fees;285
9.4;III. The No-Fault Compensation System for Obstetrical Injury;286
9.5;Conclusion;289
9.6;Addendum;291
10;Treatment Injury in New Zealand;293
10.1;Introduction;293
10.2;I. The New Zealand Accident Compensation Scheme;294
10.2.1;A. The Woodhouse Report;294
10.2.2;B. Implementation;296
10.2.3;C. Developments to 2010;297
10.2.4;D. Relationship with the Common Law;301
10.2.5;E. Cover;303
10.2.5.1;1. Categories of Cover;303
10.2.5.2;2. Personal Injury;304
10.2.5.3;3. Residual Actions for Damages;305
10.2.6;F. Claimants;306
10.2.7;G. Benefits;306
10.2.8;H. Claims Process;308
10.2.9;I. Funding;309
10.2.10;J. Administration;310
10.3;II. Medical Injuries;310
10.3.1;A. Cover;313
10.3.2;B. Treatment Injury;314
10.3.2.1;1. Proof of Cause;314
10.3.2.1.1;a. Atkinson and Ambros;315
10.3.2.1.2;b. Modification of Ordinary Rules?;319
10.3.2.2;2. Nature of Treatment Injury;322
10.3.2.3;3. Treatment Injury in Operation;325
10.3.2.4;4. Costs;328
10.3.3;C. Professional Accountability;329
10.3.3.1;1. Reporting of Medical Risks;330
10.3.3.2;2. Complaints;331
10.3.3.3;3. Actions for Damages;332
10.3.3.3.1;a. Clinical Trials;332
10.3.3.3.2;b. Stillbirths;333
10.3.3.3.3;c. Pregnancy and Unwanted Births;334
10.3.3.3.4;d. Informed Consent Cases;335
10.3.3.3.5;e. Mental Injury;336
10.3.3.3.6;f. Miscellaneous;336
10.3.3.3.7;g. Exemplary Damages;336
10.3.4;Conclusion;337
10.3.4.1;A. Adequate Compensation?;337
10.3.4.2;B. Defensible Boundaries?;337
10.3.4.3;C. Administratively Efficient?;339
10.3.4.4;D. Disincentive to Safety-Conscious Behavior?;340
10.3.4.5;E. Overview;342
11;Medical Malpractice and Compensation in Poland;345
11.1;Introduction;345
11.2;I. Grounds for Civil Liability;349
11.3;II. Liability Based on Fault;362
11.4;III. Burden of Proof and Causation;369
11.5;IV. Compensation;374
11.6;V. Professional Liability of Doctors;388
11.7;Conclusion;390
11.8;Addendum;391
12;Malpractice in Scandinavia;395
12.1;Introduction;395
12.2;I. The Overall Scheme for Preventing and Redressing Medical Errors and Adverse Events;397
12.2.1;A. Regulatory Methods in the Nordic Health Care Systems;397
12.2.2;B. Compensation Systems;398
12.2.3;C. Liability Systems;399
12.2.4;D. The Relationship Between the Systems;400
12.3;II. The Details of the Applicable Liability and Compensation Systems;401
12.3.1;A. Patient Injury Compensation Systems;401
12.3.1.1;1. Introduction;401
12.3.1.2;2. Basis for Compensation;401
12.3.1.2.1;a. The Experienced Specialist Standard;401
12.3.1.2.2;b. The Failure of Apparatus;403
12.3.1.2.3;c. The Alternative Treatment Rule;404
12.3.1.2.4;d. The Reasonableness Rule;404
12.3.1.2.5;e. “Accidents”;405
12.3.1.2.6;f. Wrong Diagnosis;406
12.3.1.2.7;g. Infection;406
12.3.1.3;3. Causation;406
12.3.1.3.1;a. The Concept of Causation in Scandinavian Law;406
12.3.1.3.2;b. The Problems of Causation in Malpractice Law;410
12.3.1.3.3;c. Relaxation of Evidence;410
12.3.1.3.4;d. Assessment of Damages;411
12.4;III. Available Empirical Data;412
12.5;Conclusion;413
13;Medical Malpractice and Compensation in South Africa;415
13.1;I. The Overall Scheme for Preventing and Redressing Medical Errors and Adverse Events, Including Regulation, Criminal and Civil Liability, and Social and Private Insurance, and the Relationships Among These Various Systems;415
13.1.1;A. Regulatory Methods;415
13.1.1.1;1. Government Licensing Authorities for Doctors and Hospitals;415
13.1.1.2;2. Medico-Ethical Codes of Conduct;419
13.1.1.3;3. Reporting of Medical Errors and Adverse Events to the Health Profession Council of South Africa;420
13.1.2;B. Liability Systems;421
13.1.2.1;1. Contract;421
13.1.2.2;2. Delict (Tort);424
13.1.2.3;3. Criminal Law;424
13.1.2.4;4. Relationship Between the Liability Systems;426
13.1.3;C. Compensation Systems;427
13.1.3.1;1. Sufficient Insurance Cover To Be Required for Private Health Establishments;431
13.1.3.2;2. Private Indemnity (Medical Protection Society);432
13.1.4;D. Relationships Among the Compensation Systems, the Liability Systems, and the Regulatory Systems;433
13.2;II. The Details of the Applicable Liability and Compensation Systems;436
13.2.1;A. Criteria Defining Qualification for Compensation;436
13.2.1.1;1. Liability Based on Fault;436
13.2.1.2;2. The Role of the South African Constitution, 1996;438
13.2.1.3;3. Nature of Damages and Compensation;439
13.2.2;B. Causation and “Loss of Chance”;441
13.2.2.1;1. General Rules on Causation;441
13.2.2.2;2. “Loss of a Chance”;443
13.2.3;C. Liability for Failure to Obtain Informed Consent;444
13.2.4;D. Matters of Proof and Gathering of Evidence;445
13.2.4.1;1. Matters of Proof;445
13.2.4.2;a. General;445
13.2.4.3;b. Gathering of Evidence;449
13.3;III. Available Empirical Data on Medical Errors and Adverse Events, the Operation of the Systems Designed to Prevent and/or Redress such Errors and Events, and the Prevalence and Impact of Measures Designed to Reduce Medical Errors and Adverse Events, Im;450
13.4;IV. Attitudes and Concerns About the Liability and Compensation Systems;453
14;Medical Malpractice and Compensation in the UK;457
14.1;Introduction;457
14.2;I. The Context of Medical Malpractice Liability;458
14.3;II. Recent Empirical Evidence on the Numbers and Funding of Claims;460
14.3.1;A. England;460
14.3.2;B. Scotland;463
14.3.3;C. Summary;464
14.4;III. NHS Redress Act 2006;464
14.5;IV. Patients’ Rights Bill in Scotland: The No-Fault Compensation Review Group Report (McLean Report);466
14.6;V. Basis of Liability for Medical Injury;469
14.6.1;A. Contract, Tort, and Delict;469
14.6.2;B. The Requirements of Negligence;469
14.6.3;C. Duty of Care;470
14.6.4;D. Standard of Care;470
14.6.5;E. Causation;472
14.6.5.1;1. Difficulties in Proving Causation in Clinical Negligence Cases;473
14.6.5.2;2. The Burden of Proof;474
14.6.5.3;3. The “But For” Test;474
14.6.5.4;4. Cumulative Causation;475
14.6.5.5;5. Material Increase in Risk;475
14.6.5.6;6. Alternative Causation;475
14.6.5.7;7. Reinstating McGhee: Fairchild;476
14.6.5.8;8. The Scope of Fairchild and Clinical Negligence Cases;477
14.6.5.9;9. Loss of a Chance;480
14.7;VI. Reforming the Costs of Civil Litigation in England and Wales: Implications of the Jackson Report for the Costs of Clinical Negligence and the Ministry of Justice Reform of Legal Aid;484
14.7.1;A. Jackson Report;484
14.7.2;B. Reform of Legal Aid in England and Wales;487
14.8;Conclusion;488
15;Medical Malpractice and Compensation in Global Perspective: How Does the U.S. Do It?;491
15.1;Introduction;491
15.2;I. Details of the Applicable Regulatory and Liability/Compensation Systems;494
15.2.1;A. Regulating the Delivery of Medical Care;494
15.2.2;B. Liability/Compensation Systems;495
15.2.2.1;1. Fault-Based (Negligence);495
15.2.2.2;2. No-Fault Liability (Strict Liability);501
15.2.3;C. Limitations on Liability/Contracting out of Liability;501
15.2.4;D. Immunity from Liability;503
15.3;II. Empirical Data on Medical Errors/Adverse Events and Malpractice Litigation;504
15.3.1;A. How Common Are Medical Errors and Adverse Events?;504
15.3.2;B. Malpractice Litigation;505
15.3.2.1;1. Claiming Frequency (relative to rate of medical error/adverse events);506
15.3.2.2;2. Compensation Patterns and Time Trends;507
15.3.2.3;3. Impact of Caps on Non-Economic Damages;514
15.3.2.4;4. Accuracy of the Liability System;517
15.3.2.5;5. Frivolous Lawsuits;519
15.3.2.6;6. Cost of Medical Errors/Adverse Events;520
15.3.2.7;7. Cost of the Liability System;521
15.4;III. Attitudes and Concerns About the Liability and Compensation Systems;523
15.5;IV. Why Do Things Look the Way They Do?;524
15.6;V. What Have We Learned by Studying Texas?;525
15.6.1;A. Who Decides Malpractice Cases?;525
15.6.2;B. Does it Matter How Much the Jury Awards in a Malpractice Case?;526
15.6.3;C. How Much Coverage Do Physicians Have?;526
15.6.4;D. Do Changes in the Tort System (i.e., increases in the number of claims, or payouts per claim) Help Explain the Malpractice Crises that Hit the United States in 2000–2003?;527
15.6.5;E. Impact of Tort Reforms on Claim Frequency and Payouts;528
15.7;Conclusion;528
16;Medical Malpractice and Compensation: Comparative Observations;531
16.1;Introduction;531
16.2;I. Making Sense of Diversity;534
16.2.1;A. A Diversity of Legal Mechanisms;534
16.2.1.1;1. Liability systems;534
16.2.1.2;2. Alternative compensation systems;539
16.2.1.3;3. Other regulatory and complaints mechanisms;541
16.2.2;B. The Wider Context;544
16.2.2.1;1. The substantive legal context;544
16.2.2.2;2. The wider litigation process;545
16.2.2.3;3. The health care context;548
16.2.3;C. Comparative Functional Analysis;551
16.3;II. Assessment of Liability-Based Approaches;553
16.3.1;A. Compensation;553
16.3.1.1;1. Mechanisms for dealing with organizational complexity;554
16.3.1.2;2. Adaptation of the Requirements of Causation and Proof;557
16.3.1.3;3. Patients’ Rights and Disclosure Duties;560
16.3.2;B. Prevention;565
16.3.2.1;1. The deterrent effect of liability rules;565
16.3.2.2;2. Pushing prevention too far? Defensive medicine and related issues;567
16.3.3;C. Accountability;568
16.3.4;D. Weighing the Evidence;569
16.3.4.1;1. Public controversy and narratives of crisis;569
16.3.4.2;2. Empirical evidence;570
16.4;III. Assessment of No-Fault Alternatives;573
16.4.1;A. Introduction;573
16.4.2;B. New Zealand: an exclusive no-fault regime;573
16.4.3;C. The Nordic Patient Insurance Schemes;575
16.4.4;D. France: Compensation on the Basis of National Solidarity;576
16.4.5;E. Comparison and Evaluation;577
16.5;Conclusion;579
17;Publications;531

Ken Oliphant, Institute for European Tort Law, Vienna, Austria; Richard W. Wright, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Chicago, USA.

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