Richardson / Greene Jr. / Malme Marine Mammals and Noise

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-0-08-057303-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 576 Seiten, Web PDF

Many marine mammals communicate by emitting sounds that pass through water. Such sounds can be received across great distances and can influence the behavior of these undersea creatures. In the past few decades, the oceans have become increasingly noisy, as underwater sounds from propellers, sonars, and other human activities make it difficult for marine mammals to communicate. This book discusses, among many other topics, just how well marine mammals hear, how noisy the oceans have become, and what effects these new sounds have on marine mammals. The baseline of ambient noise, the sounds produced by machines and mammals, the sensitivity of marine mammal hearing, and the reactions of marine mammals are also examined. An essential addition to any marine biologist's library, Marine Mammals and Noise will be especially appealing to marine mammalogists, researchers, policy makers and regulators, and marine biologists and oceanographers using sound in their research.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Richardson, W. John

Greene Jr., Charles R.

Malme, Charles I.

Thomson, Denis H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Marine Mammals and Noise;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;14
6;Chapter 1. Introduction;18
6.1;1.1 Types of Marine Mammals;19
6.2;1.2 Relevant Topics;21
6.3;1.3 Regulatory Aspects;25
6.4;1.4 Objectives and Scope of This Book;29
7;Chapter 2. Acoustic Concepts and Terminology;32
7.1;2.1 Introduction;32
7.2;2.2 Sound Measurement Units;33
7.3;2.3 Terms Describing Sound Sources;42
7.4;2.4 Terms Describing Sound Propagation;44
7.5;2.5 Terms Describing Ambient Noise;47
7.6;2.6 Terms Describing Sound Reception;48
8;Chapter 3. Measurement Procedures;50
8.1;3.1 Introduction;50
8.2;3.2 Sound Sensors;52
8.3;3.3 Sound Recording;58
8.4;3.4 Sound Analysis;60
8.5;3.5 Physical Measurements;64
8.6;3.6 Biological Measurements;71
9;Chapter 4. Sound Propagation;76
9.1;4.1 Introduction and Relevance;76
9.2;4.2 Theoretical Aspects;77
9.3;4.3 Deep Water Propagation;79
9.4;4.4 Shallow Water Propagation;85
9.5;4.5 Absorption and Factors Affecting Spreading Loss;89
9.6;4.6 Airborne Sound Transmission;93
9.7;4.7 Air-to-Water Transmission;97
9.8;4.8 Summary;100
10;Chapter 5. Ambient Noise;104
10.1;5.1 Introduction;104
10.2;5.2 Sources of Ambient Noise in the Sea;105
10.3;5.3 Deep Water Ambient Noise;112
10.4;5.4 Shallow Water Ambient Noise;113
10.5;5.5 Variability of Ambient Noise in the Sea;114
10.6;5.6 Airborne Ambient Noise;115
11;Chapter 6. Man-Made Noise;118
11.1;6.1 Introduction;118
11.2;6.2 Transportation;119
11.3;6.3 Marine Dredging and Construction;140
11.4;6.4 Oil and Gas Drilling and Production;144
11.5;6.5 Marine Geophysical Surveys;153
11.6;6.6 Sonars;163
11.7;6.7 Explosions;165
11.8;6.8 Ocean Science Studies;171
11.9;6.9 Comparison of Noise Sources;172
12;Chapter 7. Marine Mammal Sound;176
12.1;7.1 Baleen Whale Sounds;177
12.2;7.2 Toothed Whale Sounds and Echolocation Signals;187
12.3;7.3 Phocid Seal Sounds;206
12.4;7.4 Eared Seal Sounds;215
12.5;7.5 Walrus Sounds;217
12.6;7.6 Sea Otter Sounds;218
12.7;7.7 Sirenian Sounds;218
12.8;7.8 Summary;219
13;Chapter 8. Marine Mammal Hearing;222
13.1;8.1 Introduction;222
13.2;8.2 Audiograms: Frequency Range and Sensitivity;224
13.3;8.3 Frequency and Intensity Discrimination;235
13.4;8.4 Directional Hearing and Source Localization;239
13.5;8.5 Auditory Masking;243
13.6;8.6 Baleen Whale Hearing;253
13.7;8.7 Summary and Comparisons;255
14;Chapter 9. Documented Disturbance Reactions;258
14.1;9.1 Introduction;258
14.2;9.2 Reactions to Aircraft;259
14.3;9.3 Reactions to Ships and Boats;269
14.4;9.4 Reactions to Icebreaking;291
14.5;9.5 Reactions to Other Vehicles;293
14.6;9.6 Reactions to Dredging and Construction;295
14.7;9.7 Reactions to Offshore Drilling and Production;298
14.8;9.8 Reactions to Seismic Exploration;307
14.9;9.9 Reactions to Sonars;318
14.10;9.10 Reactions to Explosions;320
14.11;9.11 Reactions to Ocean Science Studies;326
14.12;9.12 Purposeful Scaring via Noise;328
14.13;9.13 Reactions to Human Presence;332
14.14;9.14 Tolerance, Habituation, and Sensitization;334
14.15;9.15 Summary and Comparisons;339
15;Chapter 10. Zones of Noise Influence;342
15.1;10.1 Introduction;342
15.2;10.2 Zone of Audibility;343
15.3;10.3 Zone of Responsiveness;351
15.4;10.4 Estimating Radii of Audibility and Responsiveness;359
15.5;10.5 Zone of Masking;376
15.6;10.6 Zone of Hearing Loss, Discomfort, and Injury;383
15.7;10.7 Summary;400
16;Chapter 11. Significance of Responses and Noise Impacts;404
16.1;11.1 Introduction;404
16.2;11.2 Area Affected verus Habitat Available;405
16.3;11.3 Auditory Interference by Masking;407
16.4;11.4 Behavioral Disruption;409
16.5;11.5 Habituation versus Continued Responsiveness;413
16.6;11.6 Long-Term Effects;414
16.7;11.7 Cumulative Effects;422
16.8;11.8 Parallels in Terrestrial Mammals;424
16.9;11.9 Methods by Which Marine Mammals May Mitigate Noise Effects;432
16.10;11.10 Methods by Which Humans Can Partially Mitigate Noise Effects;434
16.11;11.11 Role of Future Research;440
17;Chapter 12. Conclusions and Data Needs;442
17.1;12.1 Sound Propagation;442
17.2;12.2 Ambient Noise;444
17.3;12.3 Man-Made Noise;446
17.4;12.4 Marine Mammal Sounds;451
17.5;12.5 Marine-Mammal Hearing;454
17.6;12.6 Disturbance Reactions;457
17.7;12.7 Zones of Noise Influence;462
17.8;12.8 Significance of Responses and Impacts;466
18;Literature Cited;470
19;Appendix 1: Common and Scientific Names of Marine Mammals;550
20;Appendix 2: A Glossary of Acoustical Terms;554
21;Index;564