Royakkers / van Est Just Ordinary Robots

Automation from Love to War
Erscheinungsjahr 2015
ISBN: 978-1-4822-6015-1
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 370 Seiten

A social robot is a robot that interacts and communicates with humans or other autonomous physical agents by following social behaviors and rules attached to its role. We seem to accept the use of robots that perform dull, dirty, and dangerous jobs. But how far do we want to go with the automation of care for children and the elderly, or the killing of terrorists? Would we be setting humanity aside if we accepted such automation?

Just Ordinary Robots: Automation from Love to War provides a socially involved, yet sober, view into the new age of robots. It supplies a cutting-edge look at robot technologies, including what these technologies are capable of and the ethical and regulatory questions they raise.

The book surveys the various types of social robots and examines their social significance in homes, health care, traffic, the police, and the military. Considering the technical characteristics and societal expectations of robots in these areas, it explores what is possible right now in terms of robot technologies. It also looks into the social, ethical, and regulatory issues future robot technologies will create.

The text provides authoritative insights into the social significance of robots for the medium and long term. Illustrating the political, administrative, and regulatory consequences related to each area, it highlights key points that need to be publicly discussed or put on the agenda by today’s politicians and policy makers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Royakkers, Lamber

van Est, Rinie

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Elektronik | Nachrichtentechnik Elektronik Robotik
• Sozialwissenschaften Politikwissenschaft Regierungspolitik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Robots Everywhere

With Vision

Technically Speaking

From Automata to Robots

Robot-Friendly Environments

Robot Body
Robot Brain
Networked Robots and Human-Based Computing

Seen Socially

Information Technology
Lifelike Appearance
Level of Autonomy

Robotization as Rationalization
More Explorations

Interview with Luciano Floridi (Philosopher and Ethicist of Information at Oxford University)

References

Home Is Where the Robot Is: Mechanoids, Humanoids, and Androids

Introduction

Mechanoid Robots: The Vacuum Cleaner

Experiences of Early Adaptors: Roombarization

Reducing Complexity of Household Tasks

Liability of Home Robots

Humanoid Robots: The Companion
Robot Body

Human–Robot Interaction

Social De-Skilling

Android Robots: The Sex Robot

Roxxxy

Benefits of Sex Robots

Social and Ethical Issues
Observational Conclusions

Household Robots

Companion and Sex Robots
Interview with Kerstin Dautenhahn (Professor of Artificial Intelligence, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom)
References

Taking Care of Our Parents: The Role of Domotics and Robots

Introduction
Domotics for Care for the Elderly
Paradigmatic Shift in Care

Ethical Issues
From Home Robotics to Robots in the Home
Increasing the Pace of the Paradigmatic Shift in Care
General Ethical Issues Relating to Care Robots
Specific Ethical Issues with Regard to the Role of Care Robots

Robot as Companion
Robot as Cognitive Assistant of the Care Recipient
Robot as (Supporter of the) Caregiver
Observational Conclusions: The Long Term

Interview with Hans Rietman (Professor of Physical
Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Twente)

References

Drones in the City: Toward a Floating Robotic Panopticon?

Introduction: Amazon PrimeAir

Civil Applications of Drones

Recreational Use

Drone Journalism
Precision Farming

Drones for Law Enforcement

Robocop

Tasks of Police Drones

Examples of Police Drones

Legal and Ethical Issues
Safety

Aerial Safety

Improper Operations

Hacking of Drones

Drone Hunting

Privacy

Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
Voyeurism

Big Brother Drone Is Watching You

Chilling Effect

Regulations of Drones

Regulations in the United States Governments

Regulations in the European Union
Proliferation of Drone Regulations

Concluding Observations: Drones Create a Floating Robotic Panopticon

Interview with Mark Wiebes (Innovation Manager with the Dutch National Police)

References

Who Drives the Car?

Introduction

Problems for Modern Road Traffic and Their Costs

Traffic Victims

Traffic Congestion

Pollution

Driver Assistance Systems (Levels 1 and 2)

ABS and ESC

Adaptive Cruise Control System and Stop-and-Go Systems
Pedestrians’ and Cyclists’ Airbag

Pre crash System

Limited Self-Driving Automation (Level 3)

Traffic Management
Cooperative Systems
Cooperative Driving

Autonomous Car (Level 4)

Google

AutoNOMOS and the Remotely Controlled Community Taxi

Social and Ethical Issues Surrounding Car Robotization
Acceptance

Privacy

Security and Safety
Better Driver

Liability
Legislation for Limited and Full Self-Driving

Concluding Observations
Short Term: Driver Assistance Systems (Levels 1 and 2)
Medium Term: Cooperative Systems (Level 3)
Long Term: Autonomous Car (Level 4)
Interview with Bryant Walker Smith (Assistant Professor of
Law, University of South Carolina)

References

Armed Military Drones: The Ethics behind Various Degrees of Autonomy

Focus on Teleoperated and Autonomous Armed
Military Robots
Unarmed Military Robots
Armed Military Robots

Autonomy of Military Robots Is High on the Agenda
Military Robots and International Humanitarian Law
Tele-Led Drones
Autonomous Drones

Question of Responsibility

Responsibility of Manufacturers
Responsibility of Human Operators
Responsibility of the Commanding Officer

Proliferation and Security

Concluding Remarks
Social and Ethical Issues

Regulation
Interview with Jürgen Altmann (Physicist and Peace Researcher at TU Dortmund University)

References

Automation from Love to War
Future Expectations and Technical Possibilities

Influential Strong AI Pipe Dream

Successful and Pragmatic Weak AI Approach
Exploring Artificial Social Intelligence

Exploring Artificial Moral Intelligence

Expected Social Gains
Robots as Information Technology

Monitoring and Privacy

Safety, Cyber Security, and Misuse
Lifelike Appearance of Social Robots
Degree of Autonomy of Robots
Systems View on Responsibility and Liability

Man in the Loop

Man on the Loop
Man Out of the Loop

Robot Systems as Dehumanizing Systems
Undermining Human Dignity

Undermining Human Sustainability

Current Relevance

Governance of Robotics in Society
Putting Users at the Center

Political and Regulatory Issues

Balancing Precaution and Proaction
Epilogue
References

Index

Über Autor(innen)

Lambèr Royakkers is an associate professor in ethics and technology at the Department School of Innovation Sciences of the Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands. He has studied mathematics, philosophy, and law. In 1996, he obtained his PhD on the logic of legal norms. During the past few years, he has done research and published in the following areas: military ethics, robo-ethics, deontic logic, and the moral responsibility in research networks. He was project leader of the research program "Moral Fitness of Military Personnel in a Networked Operational Environment" (2009–2014) from The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). His research has an interdisciplinary character and is on the interface between ethics, law, and technology.

He is also involved in a European project, as chairman of the Ethics Advisory Board of the FP7-project SUBCOP (SUicide Bomber COunteraction and Prevention, 2013–2016). He has authored and coauthored more than 10 books, including Ethics, Engineering and Technology (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) and Moral Responsibility and the Problem of Many Hands (Taylor & Francis Group 2015).

Rinie van Est is a research coordinator and "trendcatcher" with the Rathenau Institute’s Technology Assessment division. He has a background in applied physics and political science. At the Rathenau Institute, he is primarily concerned with emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, cognitive sciences, persuasive technology, robotics, and synthetic biology. In addition to his work for the Rathenau Institute, he lectures on technology assessment and foresight at the School of Innovation Sciences of the Eindhoven University of Technology. He has contributed to some recent studies: Check In/ Check Out: The Public Space as an Internet of Things (2011), European Governance Challenges in Bio-Engineering – Making Perfect Life: Bio-Engineering (in) the 21st Century (2012), Energy in 2030 (2013), Intimate Technology: The Battle for Our Body and Behavior (2014).