E-Book, Englisch, Band 26, 439 Seiten, Gewicht: 1 g
Reihe: Comparative Studies in Continental and Anglo-American Legal History
E-Book, Englisch, Band 26, 439 Seiten, Gewicht: 1 g
Reihe: Comparative Studies in Continental and Anglo-American Legal History
ISBN: 978-3-428-52720-5
Verlag: Duncker & Humblot
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
The authors of this volume focus on contracts in favour of third parties. They examine two distinct, but closely related topics: The unfolding and gradual withering away of the Roman law maxim Alteri stipulari non potest and (more general) the creation of contractual rights in favour of third parties. This too has its roots in Roman law, yet it developed a life of its own, remaining a highly controversial subject in modern European legal systems. Behind these themes arises the question of whether or not there is any rule restricting contracts to reciprocal relationship.
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Inhalt: D. J. Ibbetson / E. J. H. Schrage, Ius quaesitum tertio. A Comparative and Historical Introduction to the Concept of Third Party Contracts - Sir J. Baker, Privity of Contract in the Common Law before 1680 - J. Hallebeek, Ius Quaesitum Tertio in Medieval Roman Law - H. Dondorp, Ius Quaesitum Tertio in Medieval Canon Law - N. G. Jones, Aspects of Privity in England: Equity to 1680 - L. Waelkens, Ius Quaesitum Tertio, Dutch Influences on Grotius - D. J. Ibbetson / W. Swain, Third Party Beneficiaries in English Law: From Dutton v. Poole to Tweddle v. Atkinson - D. Deroussin, La stipulation pour autrui de l'ancien droit français au XIXème siècle, ou comment se débarrasser d'une tradition gênante - M. Pennitz, Ius quaesitum tertio: German Legal Doctrine and Practice in the 18th and 19th Century - M. J. Schermaier, Contracts for the Benefit of a Third Party in German Law - W. Swain, Third Party Beneficiaries in English Law, 1880-2004 - H. L. MacQueen / W. D. H. Sellar, Scots Law: Ius quaesitum tertio, Promise and Irrevocability - E. du Perron, Third Party Stipulations in Modern Dutch Law - D. Visser / S. Cook, Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties in South Africa. Investigating an Alternative Approach
1;Table of Contents;6
2;DAVID J. IBBETSON and ELTJO J. H. SCHRAGE: Ius quaesitum tertio. A Comparative and Historical Introduction to the Concept of Third Party Contracts;8
2.1;Roman Law;9
2.1.1;Refusal of a Right of Action to Third Parties;10
2.1.2;Refusal of a Right of Action to the Stipulator;13
2.2;The Foundations of Mediaval Law;14
2.2.1;The Medieval Ius Commune;14
2.2.2;Iura Propria in the Middle Ages;16
2.3;The Early Modern Synthesis of Theory and Practice;21
2.4;Post-Grotius;27
2.5;England;33
2.6;The Modern Law;36
2.7;Common Themes;39
2.7.1;Generality and Specificity;39
2.7.2;Third-Party Rights and Other Legal Rules;39
2.7.3;Practice and Theory;40
3;SIR JOHN BAKER: Privity of Contract in the Common Law before 1680;42
3.1;Formal contracts under seal;45
3.2;Accountability;47
3.3;Assumpsit;48
3.4;Appendix: Some cases summarised from the plea rolls;64
4;JAN HALLEBEEK: Ius Quaesitum Tertio in Medieval Roman Law;68
4.1;I. Introduction;68
4.2;II. Justinianic law;71
4.2.1;1. The maxims of Roman law;71
4.2.1.1;a) alteri stipulari nemo potest;71
4.2.1.2;b) per extraneam personam nihil adquiri posse;72
4.2.1.3;c) neque stipulari neque emere vendere contrahere, ut alter suo nomine recte agat, possumus;73
4.2.2;2. Exceptions to the basic rules;74
4.2.2.1;a) The promisee has an interest; the promisee has an action;74
4.2.2.2;b) Addition of a penalty clause; the promisee has an action;76
4.2.2.3;c) Specific exceptional cases where the third party has an action;76
4.3;III. The glossators;80
4.3.1;1. The scholarly approach in general;80
4.3.2;2. Listing the exceptions;81
4.3.3;3. The doctrine of Martinus;82
4.3.4;4. The mainstream glossators and the Accursian Gloss: Martinus’ doctrine rejected;84
4.3.5;5. A general rule for the pact to restore the dowry to a third party;86
4.3.6;6. The stipulatio mihi recipienti suo nomine;88
4.3.7;7. The servus publicus in medieval context;90
4.3.8;8. Conclusions;91
4.4;IV. The commentators;92
4.4.1;1. General approach and cocial context;92
4.4.2;2. Extending the number of cases where the third party beneficiary has an action;92
4.4.2.1;a) The son under paternal control and the curator in medieval context;93
4.4.2.2;b) The servus publicus in medieval context;93
4.4.2.3;c) The donatio sub modo;96
4.4.2.4;d) The pactum appositum in rei traditione;100
4.4.3;3. Extending the number of cases where the stipulatio alteri has effect for the parties themselves;104
4.4.3.1;a) Bartolus: the third party as procurator ad recipiendum and the interesse superveniens;104
4.4.3.2;b) The formula mihi recipienti suo nomine;106
4.4.3.3;c) A natural obligation confirmed by oath;108
4.5;V. Conclusions;111
5;HARRY DONDORP: Ius Quaesitum Tertio in Medieval Canon Law;116
5.1;I. Introduction;116
5.2;II. Agency acknowledged?;118
5.3;III. Agency rejected;119
5.4;IV. Contracts in favour of a third party acknowledged?;121
5.5;V. Three different interpretations of Laurentius’s gloss;122
5.6;VI. New law with regard to third party rights;123
5.7;VII. Contracts in favour of a third rejected;124
5.8;VIII. An Alternative: a promise under oath;126
5.9;IX. An alternative remedy: denuntiatio;129
5.10;X. Contracts in favour of a third party acknowledged?;131
5.11;XI. Promises directed to an absent promisee;134
5.12;XII. Conclusions;137
5.13;Epilogue;138
6;NEIL G. JONES: Aspects of Privity in England: Equity to 1680;142
6.1;I. The Dutton v. Poole-type cases;142
6.1.1;1. The cases;143
6.1.2;2. The basis for relief;149
6.1.2.1;a) Sambrooke v. Ramsey: a mixed approach;149
6.1.2.2;b) Lord Nottingham’s cases: agreement;151
6.1.2.3;c) Lord Nottingham’s cases: reliance;153
6.1.2.4;d) Lord Nottingham’s cases: trust;154
6.2;II. The marriage agreement cases;157
6.2.1;1. Fifteenth-century marriage agreements;157
6.2.2;2. Covenants to stand seised;158
6.2.3;3. Seventeenth-century marriage agreements;161
6.2.3.1;a) Agreement;161
6.2.3.2;b) Trust;165
6.3;III. The ‘Trust of a Promise’;166
6.4;IV. Trusts as contracts?;169
6.4.1;1. Unilateral trust;171
6.4.2;2. Consent;175
6.4.3;3. Conscience and justified reliance;177
6.5;V. Conclusion;179
7;LAURENT WAELKENS: Ius Quaesitum Tertio, Dutch Influences on Grotius;182
8;DAVID J. IBBETSON and WARREN SWAIN: Third Party Beneficiaries in English Law: From Dutton v. Poole to Tweddle v. Atkinson;198
8.1;Sealed Deeds and the Parties-only Rule;199
8.2;The Action of Assumpsit;203
8.3;The Law Merchant;207
8.4;Equity;208
8.5;The Rule under Pressure;212
9;DAVID DEROUSSIN: La stipulation pour autruide l’ancien droit français au XIXème siècle, ou comment se débarrasser d’une tradition gênante;222
9.1;I. Les actes pour autrui dans le droit coutumier médiéval français;226
9.2;II. Les hésitations tardives de l’ancien droit français;229
9.2.1;1. Le fondement de la prohibition;229
9.2.2;2. Les tempéraments à la prohibition;231
9.3;III. Audace jurisprudentielle et doctrinale sous l’empire du Code civil;235
9.4;1. Les dispositions du Code;235
9.5;2. Restrictions doctrinales et jurisprudentielles au principe de la prohibition (XIX–XXème s.);236
9.6;3. L’analyse de la nature juridique de la stipulation pour autrui;238
9.6.1;a) La prohibition de la stipulation pour autrui, entre protection du consentement et objet du contrat;238
9.6.1.1;aa) Le consentement et la présomption de porte fort;238
9.6.1.2;bb) La recherche d’un autre fondement;242
9.6.2;b) La situation juridique du tiers bénéficiaire de la stipulation;244
9.6.2.1;aa) La théorie de l’offre;244
9.6.2.2;bb) Le recours aux règles de la gestion d’affaires;247
9.7;4. La faveur envers la stipulation pour autrui;251
9.7.1;a) La recherche de moyens de validation des actes pour autrui;251
9.7.2;b) Quelques exemples de stipulations pour autrui valables;253
10;MARTIN PENNITZ: Ius quaesitum tertio: German Legal Doctrine and Practice in the 18th and 19th Century;258
10.1;I. Introduction;258
10.2;II. Attempts to establish rights of third parties from the late 17th century;261
10.3;III. „Case law” in the territories based on the ius commune and German customary law;270
10.4;IV. Territorial Law Codes and the legal practice based on these codifications;275
10.5;V. Legal doctrine and practice during the second half of the 19th century;282
10.6;VI. The formation of a “real” third party beneficiary contract in the course of the Drafting Process of the German Civil Code (BGB);290
10.7;VII. Conclusion;292
11;MARTIN J. SCHERMAIER: Contracts for the Benefit of a Third Party in German Law;296
11.1;I. The German approach;296
11.1.1;1. “. . . that the third party acquires the right directly”;296
11.1.2;2. Differences between agency, assignment and delegation;298
11.1.3;3. Agency and contracts for the benefit of third parties;299
11.2;II. Modern practice and its history;300
11.2.1;1. Cases of § 328 BGB;300
11.2.1.1;a) Insurance contracts;300
11.2.1.2;b) Maintenance contracts;302
11.2.1.3;c) Trusts;302
11.2.1.4;d) Savings accounts in the name of third parties;303
11.2.1.5;e) Quality assurance and product liability;305
11.2.1.6;f) Contract for the carriage of goods;306
11.2.1.7;g) Other contracts;307
11.2.2;2. The remnants of the Ius Commune tradition;308
11.2.2.1;a) Assignment theory;308
11.2.2.2;b) Affirmation theory;310
11.3;III. New horizons: the contract with protective effect for third parties;313
11.3.1;1. Obligation to perform and third party protection;313
11.3.2;2. The rise and fall of the “weal and woe” case law;316
11.3.3;3. The floodgates burst open . . .;318
11.3.4;4. The expert opinion cases;320
11.3.5;5. The theoretical basis of third party protection;321
11.3.5.1;a) Weaknesses of tort law;321
11.3.5.2;b) The expansion of contract law;322
11.3.5.3;c) A “third way” of imposing liability in German law?;324
11.3.6;6. Third party protection in the absence of third party rights: the realisation of third party loss;327
11.4;IV. Individual questions;329
11.4.1;1. Claims for breach of contract?;329
11.4.2;2. Rescission of a contract for the benefit of third parties;330
11.4.3;3. The effect on third parties of limitation clauses;333
11.5;V. Epilogue;336
11.6;Provisions on Third Party Rights in the BGB;336
12;WARREN SWAIN: Third Party Beneficiaries in English Law, 1880 – 2004;338
12.1;Dunlop v. Selfridge and the confirmation of the privity rule;339
12.2;The parties only rule and the law of contract;340
12.3;Privity of contract reasserted;343
12.4;The growing list of exceptions;346
12.5;The parties only rule and the law of tort;350
12.6;The parties only rule and the law of property;356
12.7;Reform of the privity rule;359
12.8;Concluding remarks;362
13;HECTOR L. MACQUEEN and W. DAVID H. SELLAR: Scots Law: Ius quaesitum tertio, Promise and Irrevocability;364
13.1;Stair and earlier developments;364
13.1.1;Stair’s Institutions;364
13.1.2;Canon law and Scots law before Stair;368
13.2;After Stair;376
13.2.1;Kames;376
13.2.2;The nineteenth century;379
13.2.3;The Sandeman analysis: irrevocability a condition of a third party right?;381
13.2.4;The view of Gloag in 1914;382
13.2.5;Carmichael v. Carmichael’s Executrix;383
13.2.5.1;a) The facts;383
13.2.5.2;b) The House of Lords: Dunedin v Stair;384
13.3;The neo-civilian counter-attack;387
13.4;Conclusion;390
14;EDGAR DU PERRON: Third Party Stipulations in Modern Dutch Law;392
14.1;Introduction;392
14.2;Burden on the third party;395
14.3;Legal basis;395
14.4;Agreement between the parties;396
14.5;Unknown and non-existent beneficiary;396
14.6;Acceptance;396
14.7;Revocation;398
14.8;Effects;399
15;DANIEL VISSER and SAMANTHA COOK: Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties in South Africa – Investigating an Alternative Approach;402
15.1;Introduction;402
15.2;I. The Nature of Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties;403
15.2.1;1. When Does the Right of the Third Party Arise?;405
15.2.2;2. How, When and by Whom can the Third Party’s Right be Enforced; and When and under What Circumstances can the Right be Revoked or Varied?;409
15.2.3;3. Do Corresponding Obligations Arise from the Contract for the Benefit of a Third Party and, if so, When do these Arise?;412
15.3;II. Evaluating the Current State of the Law;413
15.4;III. An Alternative Approach – Reasonable Expectations;414
15.5;IV. Typical Cases;417
15.5.1;1. Insurance;417
15.5.2;2. Himalaya Clauses;423
15.5.3;3. Pre-Incorporation Contracts;429
15.5.4;4. Trusts inter vivos;434
15.6;Conclusion;439
