Sheets / Grayson Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-6318-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 662 Seiten, Web PDF

Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology deals with dating, chronology, stratigraphy, volcanic activity, and with the impacts of volcanism on animals, plants, human populations, and the environment. Some of the chapters explain how such findings must be weighed against other causes that influence human behavior and survival, such as factors of social customs, climatic change, shifting biogeographic patterns, disease, and the ability to adapt. Each of the chapters that assess the possible human response to volcanism does so by searching for multiple explanations of the archaeological record, avoiding the simple argument that people were dramatically and inevitably overcome by catastrophic geologic events. The book begins with discussions of volcanism as seen by geologists and pedologists. These include s a general overview of volcanoes and volcanism; a review of the production, dispersal, and properties of tephra and of the geologic methods used to study tephra; and the nature of volcanic soils and their economic impact. Subsequent chapters use the geologic and modern records to examine volcanoes as hazards to people. The final series of papers deals with the interrelationships between volcanism and human occupations as seen through the archaeological, paleobotanical, and paleozoological records.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sheets, Payson D.

Grayson, Donald K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;6
6;List of Contributors;14
7;Foreword;16
8;Chapter 1. Introduction;20
8.1;The Study of Natural Disasters;20
8.2;Volcanic Phenomena;21
8.3;The Study of Modern Volcanic Hazards and Disasters;23
8.4;An Overview of the Contributions;25
8.5;References;27
9;Chapter 2. Volcanoes and Their Activity;28
9.1;Introduction;28
9.2;What Is a Volcano?;30
9.3;Products of Volcanoes;30
9.4;Cones, Craters, and Caldera;36
9.5;Types of Volcanic Eruptions;39
9.6;Distribution and Geologic Relationships of Volcanoes;58
9.7;References;64
10;Chapter 3. Geologic Methods in Studies of Quaternary Tephra;68
10.1;Introduction;68
10.2;Production and Dispersal of Tephra;70
10.3;Properties of Tephra;82
10.4;Discrimination among Tephras;94
10.5;Summary;95
10.6;References;97
11;Chapter 4. Soils Derived from Tephra;102
11.1;Introduction;102
11.2;Geographical Distribution;103
11.3;Morphology;103
11.4;Chemical and Physical Properties;106
11.5;Soil Genesis and Weathering;119
11.6;Soil Classification;126
11.7;Soil Fertility;129
11.8;Land Use;132
11.9;References;133
12;Chapter 5. On the Damage Caused by Volcanic Eruptions with Special Reference to Tephra and Gases;144
12.1;The Ranges of Volcanic Damage;144
12.2;Tephra Fall;150
12.3;Volcanic Gases;160
12.4;The Lakagígar Eruption of 1783;169
12.5;References;175
13;Chapter 6. Volcanoes as Hazard: An Overview;180
13.1;Introduction;180
13.2;Three Volcanic Hazard Situations in the United States;181
13.3;Risk Assessment of Volcanic Hazard;184
13.4;Volcanic Hazard Identification;187
13.5;Risk Estimation;191
13.6;Social Evaluation;198
13.7;Summary and Conclusion: Toward a More Balanced Approach to Volcanic Hazard;206
13.8;References;208
14;Chapter 7. Volcanic-Hazards Studies in the Cascade Range of the Western United States;214
14.1;Introduction;214
14.2;Method of Volcanic-Hazards Assessments;217
14.3;Recent Eruptive Histories of Five Cascade Volcanoes;220
14.4;Examples of Volcanic-Hazards Assessments;230
14.5;Discussion;235
14.6;References;237
15;Chapter 8. Contemporary Responses to Volcanism: Case Studies from the Cascades and Hawaii;240
15.1;Mount Baker Experience;242
15.2;Hawaiian Experience;250
15.3;Summary Comment;265
15.4;References;266
16;Chapter 9. Effects of the Eruption of Paricutin Volcano on Landforms, Vegetation, and Human Occupancy;268
16.1;Introduction;268
16.2;Summary History of the Paricutin Eruption;270
16.3;Review of Literature Dealing with Parícutin;273
16.4;Pre-Eruption Settlement and Economy;274
16.5;Impact of Airborne and Water-Transported Ash on the Rural Economy from 1943 to 1945;277
16.6;Changes in Human Settlement Caused by Ashfall and Lava Invasion;279
16.7;Changes in Drainage and Groundwater Caused by the Lava Field;281
16.8;Ash Deposition and Removal up to 1965;283
16.9;Pre-Eruption Vegetation;286
16.10;Vegetation Destruction and Recovery;289
16.11;Recovery of Grazing following Return of Vegetation;296
16.12;Recovery of Agriculture;299
16.13;Posteruption Forestry Activities;305
16.14;Summary and Conclusion;308
16.15;References;310
17;Chapter 10. Impact of Parícutin on Five Communities;312
17.1;Community Life before the Volcano;316
17.2;The Time of the Eruptions;319
17.3;Community Life after the Eruptions;332
17.4;The Paricutin Eruption as a Hazard Event;347
17.5;Discussion and Conclusions;352
17.6;References;354
18;Chapter 11. The Significance of Volcanism in the Prehistory of Subarctic Northwest North America;358
18.1;Introduction;358
18.2;History of Research;359
18.3;General Characteristics and Consequences of Alaskan Volcanism;360
18.4;Volcanism in the Boreal Interior: The White River Ash;367
18.5;Volcanism in a Mixed Terrestrial and Marine Economic Setting: The Western Alaska Peninsula;372
18.6;Volcanism in a Maritime Zone: The Eastern Aleutians;373
18.7;Summary;382
18.8;Suggestions for Further Work in the Subarctic;384
18.9;References;386
19;Chapter 12. People and Pumice on the Alaska Peninsula;392
19.1;The Ashes and Their Recognition;393
19.2;The Human Impact of the Eruptions;396
19.3;Summary Conclusions;408
19.4;References;409
20;Chapter 13. Pollen Influx and the Deposition of Mazama and Glacier Peak Tephra;412
20.1;Introduction;412
20.2;Pollen Influx;413
20.3;Methods;416
20.4;Glacier Peak Ashfalls;417
20.5;Mazama Ashfalls;423
20.6;Discussion and Conclusion;438
20.7;References;442
21;Chapter 14. Mount Mazama, Climatic Change, and Fort Rock Basin Archaeofaunas;446
21.1;The Fort Rock Basin;447
21.2;The Connley Caves Archaeofaunas;449
21.3;Paleoenvironmental Overview;470
21.4;Conclusions;471
21.5;References;473
22;Chapter 15. Sunset Crater and the Sinagua: A New Interpretation;478
22.1;Introduction;478
22.2;The Pre-Eruptive Cultural Pattern;479
22.3;The Eruptions of Sunset Crater;483
22.4;Influx of Migrant Populations;488
22.5;Population Increase;496
22.6;Summary;498
22.7;References;500
23;Chapter 16. Comparative Effects of Climatic Change, Cultural Impact, and Volcanism in the Paleoecology of Flagstaff, Arizona, A.D. 900-1300;506
23.1;Materials and Methods;507
23.2;Results and Discussion;508
23.3;Summary and Conclusions;532
23.4;References;536
24;Chapter 17. Environmental and Cultural Effects of the lIopango Eruption in Central America;544
24.1;Introduction;544
24.2;Climate and Flora of EI Salvador;545
24.3;Pre-Columbian Subsistence and Export Agriculture;548
24.4;The Ilopango Eruption and the Southeast Maya Highlands;550
24.5;Possible Regional Repercussions of the Ilopango Eruption;566
24.6;Summary;579
24.7;References;580
25;Chapter 18. The Eruption of Thera and Minoan Crete;584
25.1;Thera;585
25.2;Akrotiri;588
25.3;Crete;592
25.4;The Chronological Problem;594
25.5;The Effects in Crete and Beyond;596
25.6;Lost Atlantis?;599
25.7;Conclusion;600
25.8;References;601
26;Chapter 19. Pompeii and Mount Vesuvius, A.D. 79;606
26.1;Pompeii before A.D. 79;606
26.2;The Eruption of A.D. 79;625
26.3;After the Eruption of A.D. 79;629
26.4;Ancient Authors;639
26.5;References;640
27;Chapter 20. Volcanic Disasters and the Archaeological Record;642
27.1;Human Ecology, Hazards, and Disasters;642
27.2;Results of Hazard Research;644
27.3;Past Volcanism and the Archaeological Record;646
27.4;References;651
28;Subject Index;652