Shroder Natural Resources in Afghanistan

Geographic and Geologic Perspectives on Centuries of Conflict
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-800545-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 592 Seiten

Natural Resources in Afghanistan: Geographic and Geologic Perspectives on Centuries of Conflict details Afghanistan's physical geography - namely climate, soils, vegetation, water, hazards, and basic geologic background and terrain landforms - together with details of its rich natural resources, ethnic problems, and relevant past histories. The book couples these details with the challenges of environmental degradation and new environmental management and protection, all of which are considered finally in both pessimistic and optimistic modes. The reader comes away with a nuanced understanding of the issues that are likely to have great affect for this pivotal region of the world for decades to come. With an estimated $1-3 trillion dollars of ore in the ground, and multiple cross-reinforcing cancellations of big Asian power machinations (China, India, Iran, Pakistan), Afghanistan has an opportunity to gain more economic independence. At the same time, however, historic forces of negativity also pull it back toward the chaos and uncertainty that has defined the country and constrained its economic progress for decades. - Authored by the world's foremost expert on the geology and geomorphology of Afghanistan and its lucrative natural resources - Aids in the understanding of the physical environment, natural hazards, climate-change situations, and natural resources in one of the most geographically diverse and dangerous terrains in the world - Provides new concepts of resource-corridor development in a country with no indigenous expertise of its resources.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Shroder, John F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Natural Resources in Afghanistan: Geographic and Geologic Perspectives on Centuries of Conflict;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Dedication;8
5.1;Dedication from Abdul Yaseer and Sher Jan Ahmadzai in Dari;8
6;Acknowledgments;10
6.1;References;12
7;Foreword;14
8;Preface;16
8.1;References;17
9;List of Acronyms;18
10;1 - Introduction: Historical Overview of Afghanistan at War;22
10.1;Historical Overview;25
10.2;Timeline of Wars in Afghanistan;27
10.3;Chronology of Events;27
10.4;Reference;33
11;Part I - Overview of the Geology and Geography of Afghanistan;34
11.1;2 - Rock and Landform Jigsaw Puzzles;38
11.1.1;Bedrock Geology, Structure, and Surficial Sediments;38
11.1.2;Geomorphologic Mapping of Afghanistan;51
11.1.3;References;72
11.2;3 - Terrains of Torment;76
11.2.1;Geomorphologic Subdivision of Afghanistan;76
11.2.2;Transpressional Plate Boundary Geomorphic Region (TPB Region);77
11.2.3;Accreted Terranes Geomorphic Region (AT Region);103
11.2.4;Middle Afghanistan Shear Zone Geomorphic Region (MASZ Region);113
11.2.5;North Afghanistan Platform Geomorphic Region (NAP Region);115
11.2.6;References;134
11.3;4 - Soils and Vegetation In extremis;138
11.3.1;Climate;138
11.3.2;Soils;146
11.3.3;Biogeography (Vegetation);152
11.3.4;References;157
11.4;5 - Watersheds of Want;160
11.4.1;Hydrologic Cycle in Afghanistan;161
11.4.2;References;198
11.5;6 - Ethnic Patchworks;204
11.5.1;References;216
11.6;7 - Silk Road Nexus;220
11.6.1;Roads and Highways;222
11.6.2;Railroads;234
11.6.3;Pipelines;238
11.6.4;Electrical Power Grid;238
11.6.5;Air Transport, Airports and the Afghan Air Force;239
11.6.6;Seaports;247
11.6.7;Coalition Military Supply Routes;249
11.6.8;References;251
11.7;8 - Hazards and Disasters in Afghanistan;256
11.7.1;Earthquakes;264
11.7.2;Landslides;269
11.7.3;Floods;274
11.7.4;Droughts;279
11.7.5;Sandstorms;283
11.7.6;Extreme Weather Events;284
11.7.7;Climate Change;285
11.7.8;References;294
12;Part II - Introduction to Resources: Bones of Contention or Solutions to Interminable War?;298
12.1;9 - Afghanistan Border Fixing;302
12.1.1;Afghanistan–Central Asian Borders;304
12.1.2;The Afghanistan–Chinese Border;308
12.1.3;Afghanistan–Pakistan Border—The Durand Line;309
12.1.4;Afghanistan–Persian Border;311
12.1.5;Partition of Afghanistan;316
12.1.6;Cases for Partition;318
12.1.7;Cases against Partition;319
12.1.8;References;320
12.2;10 - Lost Resource Opportunities;324
12.2.1;References;338
12.3;11 - Discovery of Rich Resources;342
12.3.1;Natural Gas;348
12.3.2;Oil;353
12.3.3;Coal;354
12.3.4;Cement;355
12.3.5;Copper;358
12.3.6;Iron;359
12.3.7;References;360
12.4;12 - Rich Resource Exploitations, Resource Curses, and Resource Wars;364
12.4.1;Resource Curse;366
12.4.2;Escaping the Resource Curse;368
12.4.3;Resource War;369
12.4.4;Resource Law;370
12.4.5;Aynak Copper;372
12.4.6;Hajigak Iron;375
12.4.7;Gold;378
12.4.8;Rare Metals and Rare Earths;381
12.4.9;Chromite;386
12.4.10;Gemstones;389
12.4.11;References;394
12.5;13 - Air and Space Technology in Resource Delineation: Peace and War;402
12.5.1;References;425
12.6;14 - Resource Rushes in Afghanistan;430
12.6.1;Military Nation Building in Afghanistan;431
12.6.2;Task Force for Business and Stability Operations;433
12.6.3;Mineral Bidding Packages;436
12.6.4;Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative;442
12.6.5;Neighboring Countries Desiring Access to Resources;444
12.6.6;References;445
12.7;15 - Resource Corridors;448
12.7.1;Northern Hydrocarbons Resource Corridor Segment;457
12.7.2;Southeast Copper Resource Corridor Segment;458
12.7.3;Cross Hindu Kush Resource Corridor Segment;458
12.7.4;Steel and Energy Resource Corridor Link Segment;458
12.7.5;Southeast Extension;459
12.7.6;Southwest Extension;459
12.7.7;Northwest Extension;459
12.7.8;References;463
13;Part III Overview of Environment and Development of Afghanistan;466
13.1;16 - Afghanistan Environment and Development Issues;470
13.1.1;Land;473
13.1.2;Water;479
13.1.3;Extractive Mineral Resources;484
13.1.4;References;486
13.2;17 - Afghanistan Environmental Degradation;488
13.2.1;Water Diminution and Contamination;495
13.2.2;Soil Salinization from Irrigation;498
13.2.3;Soil Erosion (Sheet Erosion, Soil Landslides, Deflation);499
13.2.4;Overgrazing Rangeland Degradation;500
13.2.5;Deforestation;502
13.2.6;Dearbification or “Deshrubification”;504
13.2.7;Biodiversity, Habitat Loss, and Protected Areas;504
13.2.8;Desertification;506
13.2.9;Pollution and Environmental Health (Urban and Industrial Pollution);507
13.2.10;Residuals of Warfare;509
13.2.11;Conclusion;510
13.2.12;References;512
13.3;18 - Afghanistan Environmental Protection;514
13.3.1;Pillar 1: Environmental Institutions and Coordination;515
13.3.2;Pillar 2: Environmental Law and Policy;515
13.3.3;Pillar 3: Environmental Impact Assessment;516
13.3.4;Pillar 4: Environmental Information and Assessment;517
13.3.5;Pillar 5: Community-based Natural Resource Management;517
13.3.6;Equator Principles;518
13.3.7;References;523
13.4;19 - Afghanistan Water and Climate Change;526
13.4.1;Kabul be-zar bashad, be-barf ne-bashad!;526
13.4.2;References;542
14;Part IV Afghanistan in Future;544
14.1;Overview;544
14.2;Reference;545
14.3;20 - Pessimistic Scenarios: Incessant War in Afghanistan;548
14.3.1;Pashtun Cultural Characteristics;549
14.3.2;Neo-environmental Determinism;551
14.3.3;Charismatic Mullah Movements;551
14.3.4;Ethnic Patchworks;552
14.3.5;Foreign Invaders;554
14.3.6;Corruption;554
14.3.7;Afghan Xenophobia;555
14.3.8;Land-Ownership Disputes;555
14.3.9;Endless Jihad;555
14.3.10;Illiteracy;556
14.3.11;Drug Cultures;556
14.3.12;Purdah Culture;557
14.3.13;Promotion of Peace;557
14.3.14;Future Guides from Past Performance;561
14.3.15;References;566
14.4;21 - Optimistic Scenarios: Successful Resource Corridors;570
14.4.1;References;577
15;Index;580

Leseproben

List of Acronyms1

AAF

    Afghan Air Force

ACI

    Afghan Cartographic Institute

ADKN

    Afghanistan Disaster Knowledge Network

ADP

    Asian Development Bank

AFG-FHM

    Afghanistan Flood Hazard Map

AGE

    Advisory Group on the Environment (Afghanistan)

AGS

    Afghanistan Geological Survey

AID

    Agency for International Development (United States)

AJP

    Afghanistan Justice Project

APRP

    Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program

ALP

    Afghanistan Local Police

ANAAC

    Afghan National Army Air Corps

AOI

    Area of interest

AST

    ASTER satellite spectral signatures

AVIRIS

    Airborne Visible Infra-Red Imaging Spectrometer

CE

    Common Era (substitute for AD—Anno Domini)

CIA

    Central Intelligence Agency (United States)

BCE

    Before Common Era (substitute for BC—Before Christ)

Bsh

    Warm steppe (climate)

Bsk

    Cold steppe (climate)

Bwh

    Warm desert (climate)

Bwk

    Cold desert (climate)

Csb

    Mediterranean (climate)

Csa

    Humid subtropical (climate)

CAPTF

    Combined Air Power Transition Force

CB

    Badakhshan (fault)

CH

    Chaman (fault)

CHKRCS

    Cross Hindu Kush Resource Corridor Segment

D

    Humid continental (climate)

DC

    Development Corridor

DEM

    Digital elevation model

DOD

    Department of Defense (U.S.)

DTED

    Digital terrain elevation data

DTSS

    Digital topographic support system

E

    East

EaPaHiKu

    Eastern Pamir - Hindu Kush Geomorphic Province

EI

    Extractive industries

EIA

    Environmental Impact Assessment

EITI

    Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative

EIVC

    Extractive Industries Value Chain

EP

    Equator Principles

ET

    Tundra and ice (climate)

EW

    East–west

FAO

    Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)

GEO

    Geophysics (gravity and magnetics)

GDP

    Gross domestic product

GFDL

    Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (Princeton University)

GIRoA

    Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

GLASOD

    Global assessment of soil degradation

GLIMS

    Global Land Ice Measurements from Space

GoA

    Government of Afghanistan

HIV/AIDS

    Human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

HKH

    Hindu Kush—Himalaya (mountains)

HR

    Hari Rud (Rod) (fault)

HSD

    HyMap spectral data

HVA

    Helmand Valley

HVP

    Helmand Valley Project

IAP

    International Cooperation Panel (Government of Afghanistan)

ICA

    International Cooperation Administration

ICRC

    International Committee of the Red Cross

IED

    Improvised explosive device

IPB

    Intelligence preparation of the battlefield

IPCC

    Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (U.N.)

ISAF

    International Security Assistance Force

ISI

    Directorate of Inter-services Intelligence (Pakistan military)

ITCZ

    Intertropical Convergence Zone

IWA

    Integrity Watch Afghanistan

JOG

    Joint Operations Graphic (U.S. DOD map)

KGB

    Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti; Committee for State Security (U.S.S.R.)

KGPS

    Kilometric global positioning system

KU

    Kabul University

LiDAR

    Light Detecting and Ranging system

LLOF

    Landslide lake outburst flood

LREE

    Light rare earth elements

LTERA

    Land Titling and Economic Restructuring Activity (USAID)

METI

    Ministry of Economy Trade, and Industry (Japan)

MDG

    Millennium development goals

MK

    Morrison Knudsen Co.

MoAIL

    Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock

MoCI

    Ministry of Commerce and Industries (Afghanistan)

MoEP

    Ministry of Energy and Power (Afghanistan)

MoF

    Ministry of Finance (Afghanistan)

MoM

    Ministry of Mines (Afghanistan)

MoPW

    Ministry of Public Works (Afghanistan)

MoTCA

    Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation (Afghanistan)

mya

    Million years ago

NAPA

    National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (Afghanistan)

NASA

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.)

NATO

    North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NDM

    Northern Distribution Network

NDMC

    National Disaster Management Commission (Afghanistan)

NDMP

    National Disaster Management Plan (Afghanistan)

NDRRP

    National Disaster Risk Reduction Plan (Afghanistan)

NEPA

    National Environmental Protection Agency (Afghanistan)

NHRCS

    Northern Hydrocarbon Resource Corridor segment

NIMA

    National Intelligence Mapping Agency (United States)

NOAA

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United States)

NPP

    National Priority Program

NRRCP

    National and Regional Resource Corridors Program

NS

    North–south

NW

    Northwest

NWFP

    North-West Frontier Province (Pakistan)

P

    Pressure (atmospheric)

PAH

    Polyaromatic...