Shroder Natural Resources in Afghanistan

Geographic and Geologic Perspectives on Centuries of Conflict
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-800545-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 592 Seiten

Natural Resources in Afghanistan: Geographic and Geologic Perspectives on Centuries of Conflict details Afghanistan's physical geography - namely climate, soils, vegetation, water, hazards, and basic geologic background and terrain landforms - together with details of its rich natural resources, ethnic problems, and relevant past histories. The book couples these details with the challenges of environmental degradation and new environmental management and protection, all of which are considered finally in both pessimistic and optimistic modes. The reader comes away with a nuanced understanding of the issues that are likely to have great affect for this pivotal region of the world for decades to come. With an estimated $1-3 trillion dollars of ore in the ground, and multiple cross-reinforcing cancellations of big Asian power machinations (China, India, Iran, Pakistan), Afghanistan has an opportunity to gain more economic independence. At the same time, however, historic forces of negativity also pull it back toward the chaos and uncertainty that has defined the country and constrained its economic progress for decades. - Authored by the world's foremost expert on the geology and geomorphology of Afghanistan and its lucrative natural resources - Aids in the understanding of the physical environment, natural hazards, climate-change situations, and natural resources in one of the most geographically diverse and dangerous terrains in the world - Provides new concepts of resource-corridor development in a country with no indigenous expertise of its resources.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Shroder, John F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Natural Resources in Afghanistan: Geographic and Geologic Perspectives on Centuries of Conflict;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Dedication;8
5.1;Dedication from Abdul Yaseer and Sher Jan Ahmadzai in Dari;8
6;Acknowledgments;10
6.1;References;12
7;Foreword;14
8;Preface;16
8.1;References;17
9;List of Acronyms;18
10;1 - Introduction: Historical Overview of Afghanistan at War;22
10.1;Historical Overview;25
10.2;Timeline of Wars in Afghanistan;27
10.3;Chronology of Events;27
10.4;Reference;33
11;Part I - Overview of the Geology and Geography of Afghanistan;34
11.1;2 - Rock and Landform Jigsaw Puzzles;38
11.1.1;Bedrock Geology, Structure, and Surficial Sediments;38
11.1.2;Geomorphologic Mapping of Afghanistan;51
11.1.3;References;72
11.2;3 - Terrains of Torment;76
11.2.1;Geomorphologic Subdivision of Afghanistan;76
11.2.2;Transpressional Plate Boundary Geomorphic Region (TPB Region);77
11.2.3;Accreted Terranes Geomorphic Region (AT Region);103
11.2.4;Middle Afghanistan Shear Zone Geomorphic Region (MASZ Region);113
11.2.5;North Afghanistan Platform Geomorphic Region (NAP Region);115
11.2.6;References;134
11.3;4 - Soils and Vegetation In extremis;138
11.3.1;Climate;138
11.3.2;Soils;146
11.3.3;Biogeography (Vegetation);152
11.3.4;References;157
11.4;5 - Watersheds of Want;160
11.4.1;Hydrologic Cycle in Afghanistan;161
11.4.2;References;198
11.5;6 - Ethnic Patchworks;204
11.5.1;References;216
11.6;7 - Silk Road Nexus;220
11.6.1;Roads and Highways;222
11.6.2;Railroads;234
11.6.3;Pipelines;238
11.6.4;Electrical Power Grid;238
11.6.5;Air Transport, Airports and the Afghan Air Force;239
11.6.6;Seaports;247
11.6.7;Coalition Military Supply Routes;249
11.6.8;References;251
11.7;8 - Hazards and Disasters in Afghanistan;256
11.7.1;Earthquakes;264
11.7.2;Landslides;269
11.7.3;Floods;274
11.7.4;Droughts;279
11.7.5;Sandstorms;283
11.7.6;Extreme Weather Events;284
11.7.7;Climate Change;285
11.7.8;References;294
12;Part II - Introduction to Resources: Bones of Contention or Solutions to Interminable War?;298
12.1;9 - Afghanistan Border Fixing;302
12.1.1;Afghanistan–Central Asian Borders;304
12.1.2;The Afghanistan–Chinese Border;308
12.1.3;Afghanistan–Pakistan Border—The Durand Line;309
12.1.4;Afghanistan–Persian Border;311
12.1.5;Partition of Afghanistan;316
12.1.6;Cases for Partition;318
12.1.7;Cases against Partition;319
12.1.8;References;320
12.2;10 - Lost Resource Opportunities;324
12.2.1;References;338
12.3;11 - Discovery of Rich Resources;342
12.3.1;Natural Gas;348
12.3.2;Oil;353
12.3.3;Coal;354
12.3.4;Cement;355
12.3.5;Copper;358
12.3.6;Iron;359
12.3.7;References;360
12.4;12 - Rich Resource Exploitations, Resource Curses, and Resource Wars;364
12.4.1;Resource Curse;366
12.4.2;Escaping the Resource Curse;368
12.4.3;Resource War;369
12.4.4;Resource Law;370
12.4.5;Aynak Copper;372
12.4.6;Hajigak Iron;375
12.4.7;Gold;378
12.4.8;Rare Metals and Rare Earths;381
12.4.9;Chromite;386
12.4.10;Gemstones;389
12.4.11;References;394
12.5;13 - Air and Space Technology in Resource Delineation: Peace and War;402
12.5.1;References;425
12.6;14 - Resource Rushes in Afghanistan;430
12.6.1;Military Nation Building in Afghanistan;431
12.6.2;Task Force for Business and Stability Operations;433
12.6.3;Mineral Bidding Packages;436
12.6.4;Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative;442
12.6.5;Neighboring Countries Desiring Access to Resources;444
12.6.6;References;445
12.7;15 - Resource Corridors;448
12.7.1;Northern Hydrocarbons Resource Corridor Segment;457
12.7.2;Southeast Copper Resource Corridor Segment;458
12.7.3;Cross Hindu Kush Resource Corridor Segment;458
12.7.4;Steel and Energy Resource Corridor Link Segment;458
12.7.5;Southeast Extension;459
12.7.6;Southwest Extension;459
12.7.7;Northwest Extension;459
12.7.8;References;463
13;Part III Overview of Environment and Development of Afghanistan;466
13.1;16 - Afghanistan Environment and Development Issues;470
13.1.1;Land;473
13.1.2;Water;479
13.1.3;Extractive Mineral Resources;484
13.1.4;References;486
13.2;17 - Afghanistan Environmental Degradation;488
13.2.1;Water Diminution and Contamination;495
13.2.2;Soil Salinization from Irrigation;498
13.2.3;Soil Erosion (Sheet Erosion, Soil Landslides, Deflation);499
13.2.4;Overgrazing Rangeland Degradation;500
13.2.5;Deforestation;502
13.2.6;Dearbification or “Deshrubification”;504
13.2.7;Biodiversity, Habitat Loss, and Protected Areas;504
13.2.8;Desertification;506
13.2.9;Pollution and Environmental Health (Urban and Industrial Pollution);507
13.2.10;Residuals of Warfare;509
13.2.11;Conclusion;510
13.2.12;References;512
13.3;18 - Afghanistan Environmental Protection;514
13.3.1;Pillar 1: Environmental Institutions and Coordination;515
13.3.2;Pillar 2: Environmental Law and Policy;515
13.3.3;Pillar 3: Environmental Impact Assessment;516
13.3.4;Pillar 4: Environmental Information and Assessment;517
13.3.5;Pillar 5: Community-based Natural Resource Management;517
13.3.6;Equator Principles;518
13.3.7;References;523
13.4;19 - Afghanistan Water and Climate Change;526
13.4.1;Kabul be-zar bashad, be-barf ne-bashad!;526
13.4.2;References;542
14;Part IV Afghanistan in Future;544
14.1;Overview;544
14.2;Reference;545
14.3;20 - Pessimistic Scenarios: Incessant War in Afghanistan;548
14.3.1;Pashtun Cultural Characteristics;549
14.3.2;Neo-environmental Determinism;551
14.3.3;Charismatic Mullah Movements;551
14.3.4;Ethnic Patchworks;552
14.3.5;Foreign Invaders;554
14.3.6;Corruption;554
14.3.7;Afghan Xenophobia;555
14.3.8;Land-Ownership Disputes;555
14.3.9;Endless Jihad;555
14.3.10;Illiteracy;556
14.3.11;Drug Cultures;556
14.3.12;Purdah Culture;557
14.3.13;Promotion of Peace;557
14.3.14;Future Guides from Past Performance;561
14.3.15;References;566
14.4;21 - Optimistic Scenarios: Successful Resource Corridors;570
14.4.1;References;577
15;Index;580

Leseproben

List of Acronyms1
AAF     Afghan Air Force ACI     Afghan Cartographic Institute ADKN     Afghanistan Disaster Knowledge Network ADP     Asian Development Bank AFG-FHM     Afghanistan Flood Hazard Map AGE     Advisory Group on the Environment (Afghanistan) AGS     Afghanistan Geological Survey AID     Agency for International Development (United States) AJP     Afghanistan Justice Project APRP     Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program ALP     Afghanistan Local Police ANAAC     Afghan National Army Air Corps AOI     Area of interest AST     ASTER satellite spectral signatures AVIRIS     Airborne Visible Infra-Red Imaging Spectrometer CE     Common Era (substitute for AD—Anno Domini) CIA     Central Intelligence Agency (United States) BCE     Before Common Era (substitute for BC—Before Christ) Bsh     Warm steppe (climate) Bsk     Cold steppe (climate) Bwh     Warm desert (climate) Bwk     Cold desert (climate) Csb     Mediterranean (climate) Csa     Humid subtropical (climate) CAPTF     Combined Air Power Transition Force CB     Badakhshan (fault) CH     Chaman (fault) CHKRCS     Cross Hindu Kush Resource Corridor Segment D     Humid continental (climate) DC     Development Corridor DEM     Digital elevation model DOD     Department of Defense (U.S.) DTED     Digital terrain elevation data DTSS     Digital topographic support system E     East EaPaHiKu     Eastern Pamir - Hindu Kush Geomorphic Province EI     Extractive industries EIA     Environmental Impact Assessment EITI     Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative EIVC     Extractive Industries Value Chain EP     Equator Principles ET     Tundra and ice (climate) EW     East–west FAO     Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations) GEO     Geophysics (gravity and magnetics) GDP     Gross domestic product GFDL     Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (Princeton University) GIRoA     Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan GLASOD     Global assessment of soil degradation GLIMS     Global Land Ice Measurements from Space GoA     Government of Afghanistan HIV/AIDS     Human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HKH     Hindu Kush—Himalaya (mountains) HR     Hari Rud (Rod) (fault) HSD     HyMap spectral data HVA     Helmand Valley HVP     Helmand Valley Project IAP     International Cooperation Panel (Government of Afghanistan) ICA     International Cooperation Administration ICRC     International Committee of the Red Cross IED     Improvised explosive device IPB     Intelligence preparation of the battlefield IPCC     Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (U.N.) ISAF     International Security Assistance Force ISI     Directorate of Inter-services Intelligence (Pakistan military) ITCZ     Intertropical Convergence Zone IWA     Integrity Watch Afghanistan JOG     Joint Operations Graphic (U.S. DOD map) KGB     Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti; Committee for State Security (U.S.S.R.) KGPS     Kilometric global positioning system KU     Kabul University LiDAR     Light Detecting and Ranging system LLOF     Landslide lake outburst flood LREE     Light rare earth elements LTERA     Land Titling and Economic Restructuring Activity (USAID) METI     Ministry of Economy Trade, and Industry (Japan) MDG     Millennium development goals MK     Morrison Knudsen Co. MoAIL     Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock MoCI     Ministry of Commerce and Industries (Afghanistan) MoEP     Ministry of Energy and Power (Afghanistan) MoF     Ministry of Finance (Afghanistan) MoM     Ministry of Mines (Afghanistan) MoPW     Ministry of Public Works (Afghanistan) MoTCA     Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation (Afghanistan) mya     Million years ago NAPA     National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (Afghanistan) NASA     National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NATO     North Atlantic Treaty Organization NDM     Northern Distribution Network NDMC     National Disaster Management Commission (Afghanistan) NDMP     National Disaster Management Plan (Afghanistan) NDRRP     National Disaster Risk Reduction Plan (Afghanistan) NEPA     National Environmental Protection Agency (Afghanistan) NHRCS     Northern Hydrocarbon Resource Corridor segment NIMA     National Intelligence Mapping Agency (United States) NOAA     National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United States) NPP     National Priority Program NRRCP     National and Regional Resource Corridors Program NS     North–south NW     Northwest NWFP     North-West Frontier Province (Pakistan) P     Pressure (atmospheric) PAH     Polyaromatic...