E-Book, Englisch, Band 4, 461 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm
Siefert Social Security in India and China
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-3-8452-7019-7
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Reforms, Development and Determinants of Social Security Provision in India and China (2004-2009)
E-Book, Englisch, Band 4, 461 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm
ISBN: 978-3-8452-7019-7
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Sozialwissenschaften Politikwissenschaft Regierungspolitik Innen-, Bildungs- und Bevölkerungspolitik
- Sozialwissenschaften Politikwissenschaft Politikwissenschaft Allgemein Politische Studien zu einzelnen Ländern und Gebieten
- Sozialwissenschaften Politikwissenschaft Regierungspolitik Sozialpolitik
- Sozialwissenschaften Politikwissenschaft Politische Systeme Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Cover;1
2; I. Introduction – Social Security Provision in India and China;22
2.1; 1.1 The Puzzle;24
2.2; 1.2 Research Questions and general Assumption of the Study;26
2.3; 1.3 Methodolgical Approach;28
2.4; 1.4 Aim of the Study;30
2.5; 1.5 Academic Relevance;30
2.6; 1.6 Review on the Public Policy Literature;37
2.6.1; Limitations of the existing public policy literature for India and China;40
2.7; 1.7 Design of the Study;43
3; II. Method;45
3.1; 2.1 A Most Different Case Design;45
3.1.1; 2.1.1 Oranges and Apples: Can Democracies be compared to non-Democracies?;46
3.1.2; 2.1.2 Exploring the Puzzle: Social Security Provisions and Regime Type;49
3.1.3; 2.1.3 Social Security and ‘Good’ Governance;51
3.1.4; 2.1.4 Can Asia be compared to Europe?;53
3.1.5; 2.1.5 China and India: Same Path, different Goals?;55
3.1.5.1; The Chinese case: illustrating the requirement of adaptation;56
3.2; 2.2 Towards a comparable Definition of Social Security;57
3.2.1; 2.2.1 In Pursuit of a Working Definition;60
3.2.2; 2.2.2 India and Chinese Concept of Social Security: Same Word, different Meaning;62
3.2.3; 2.2.3 Working Definition for Social Security;63
3.3; 2.3 Welfare Literature and the two Cases;64
3.3.1; 2.3.1 Three classical approaches in theoretical reasoning and their implications;65
3.3.2; 2.3.2 Towards an actor-orientated approach;68
3.3.3; 2.3.3 Path-dependency and Social Security Provision;70
3.3.4; 2.3.4 Critical Evalution on the existing Typologies;71
3.3.5; 2.3.5 Expanding the View – Welfare Regimes Types in autocratic Systems;73
3.3.5.1; Typology of Social Political Regimes in non-Democracies;74
3.4; 2.4 Method of Process Tracing and the Analytic Narrative;77
3.4.1; 2.4.1 Narrative, Path-Dependency and Critical Junctures;80
3.4.2; 2.4.2 Narratives of Social Security Policy Development;82
3.5; 2.5 The theoretical Framework and the Working Model;83
3.5.1; 2.5.1 New Institutionalism in Comparative Political Literature;84
3.5.2; 2.5.2 Relevane of Culture and Social Preferences in Literature;85
3.5.2.1; 2.5.2.1 New Institutional Logic of Inquiry;88
3.5.2.2; 2.5.2.2 A Sequence Model of Social Security Provision;93
3.5.2.3; 2.5.2.3 Definition of Institutions: Why they matter?;94
3.5.3; 2.5.3 A New Institutional Model: Politics, Policy and Polity;97
3.5.4; 2.5.4 Comments on the applied theoretical Model;101
4; III. Descriptive View on India and China;102
4.1; 3.1 Descriptive Inquiry and the analytic Narrative;102
4.1.1; 3.1.1 Regional Differences;104
4.1.2; 3.1.2 Social Security Provision: The Gap between Objectives and Outcomes;106
4.1.3; 3.1.3 Female Participation in the Work-force;113
4.1.4; 3.1.4 Vulnerability;115
4.1.5; 3.1.5 Comments on Social Security Provision in China and India;117
4.2; 3.2 Historical Development of Social Security Politics;118
4.2.1; 3.2.1 General reflection on the Path-Dependency of Social Security Provision;118
4.2.2; 3.2.2 Social Security Policy Trajectories;119
4.3; 3.3 Same Goal, different Paths: Evolution of the Chinese case;121
4.3.1; 3.3.1 Following Socialistic Vision, 1949 to 1977;122
4.3.1.1; 3.3.1.1 The Iron Rice Bowl: Left-totalitarian Welfare Regime and its Features;123
4.3.2; 3.3.2 The First Period: Coming crises, hard figures vs. Socialistic Vision, 1978 to 1992;126
4.3.3; 3.3.3 The Second Period: A Conflict of Visions, 1993-2004;130
4.3.3.1; 3.3.3.1 Reform Period and Blueprint for today;131
4.3.3.2; 3.3.3.2 Evolution of a pluralistic System in China;134
4.3.3.3; 3.3.3.3 Introducing market-orientated Social Security Schemes in a pluralistic Setting;135
4.3.3.3.1; RSCs: illustrating the deficits in policymaking and provision;137
4.3.3.3.2; Shequ system – an example for urban focused focus of policy making;139
4.3.4; 3.3.4 The Second Period: Social Security Politics, 1993-2004;141
4.3.4.1; The urban Pension Scheme: Strengths and Deficits;142
4.3.4.2; Voluntary rural Pensions: Planning Challenges and Program Concurrency;144
4.3.4.3; Health Insurance: The Issue of a missing coherent National Strategy;146
4.3.4.4; Unemployment Insurance: Modest Coverage and low Benefits;150
4.3.4.5; Maternity Insurance: Longitude and Commitment of Policy Making;152
4.3.4.6; Employment Injury Insurance: Addressing Unemployment;153
4.3.4.7; MSLS: A pioneering Project and its programmatic and ideological Constraints;154
4.3.4.8; The Urban MSLS: In pursuit of Universal Coverage;156
4.3.4.9; Five Guarantees: Providing minimal Social Assistance;159
4.3.5; 3.3.5 The Third Period: Balanced economic and social Development, 2004 to 2009;161
4.3.6; 3.3.6 Welfare Regime with Chinese Characteristics;163
4.3.7; 3.3.7 Comments on Social Security Provision in China;167
4.4; 3.4 Same Goal, different Paths: Evolution of the Indian case;168
4.4.1; 3.4.1 Following a socialist Vision, 1949-1977;170
4.4.1.1; 3.4.1.1 Continuity and Departure of Social Security Provision in the 1960s;172
4.4.1.1.1; The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923: Relics of Colonial Rule;173
4.4.1.1.2; The Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948;175
4.4.1.1.3; The Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952;176
4.4.1.1.4; The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961;178
4.4.1.1.5; Government and Public Enterprise Schemes;179
4.4.1.1.6; Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972: the Eve of Paradigm Change;180
4.4.2; 3.4.2 The First Period: Blueprint for the modern Welfare Regime, 1978 to 1992;181
4.4.3; 3.4.3 The Second Period: Performance has Priority, 1993 to 2004;186
4.4.3.1; PDS: Policy Trajectories, changed Scope and the BPL Target Group;189
4.4.3.1.1; 3.4.3.1 Social Security Provision in the late 1990s and early 2000s;192
4.4.3.1.2; 3.4.3.2 India’s Social Security and typical Deficits, 1991-2004;193
4.4.3.1.3; 3.4.3.3 Expanding the Safety Net for elderly people;194
4.4.3.1.4; 3.4.3.4 Three Categories: the Range, Ccope and Deficits of typical pension schemes;195
4.4.3.2; The National Pension Scheme;196
4.4.3.3; The Pension Scheme under the National Social Assistance Program;197
4.4.3.4; Indira Gandhi’s National Old Age Pension Scheme;199
4.4.3.5; Varishtha Pension Bima: A ‘fill-in’ for the IGNOPAS;200
4.4.3.6; The Micro Pension Scheme: Empowering Women;201
4.4.3.6.1; 3.4.3.5 Social Security and Health insurance in the unorganised sector;201
4.4.3.7; Janashree Bhima Yojana: The modern Health Care Scheme;202
4.4.3.8; The Universal Health Insurance Scheme;203
4.4.3.9; SEWA Health Insurance - A Non governmental Initiative;205
4.4.3.9.1; 3.4.3.6 Social Security Schemes for the unorganised Sector;206
4.4.3.10; The Janashree Bima Yojana Life Insurance;206
4.4.3.11; The Krishi Samajik Suraksha Yojana – just a policy;207
4.4.4; 3.4.4 The Third Period: Balanced economic and social Development, 2004 to 2009;208
4.4.4.1; 3.4.4.1 The NREGA and Social Assistance in India;209
4.4.4.1.1; The Active Labour Market Programme or the ‘Right to work’;210
4.4.4.2; 3.4.4.2 Initiatives to improve the Social Security of unorganised Workers;212
4.4.4.2.1; Bima Yojana – the flagship scheme and its problems;212
4.4.4.2.2; Aam Admi Bima Yojana;214
4.4.5; 3.4.5 Welfare Regime with Indian Characteristics;215
4.5; 3.5 Comments on the historical descriptive Perspective;219
5; IV. Economical-descriptive Approach;221
5.1; 4.1 Elaboration of Wagner’s Law in times of austerity;223
5.2; 4.2 Economic Growth and institutional Causality;224
5.3; 4.3 Explanatory Power of the demographic Growth;226
5.3.1; 4.3.1 Economic Constraints on Social Security Policy Performance;227
5.3.2; 4.3.2 Budget Restrictions: Debts and Revenues;229
5.3.3; 4.3.3 Budget Restrictions: Programm Concurrency;230
5.4; 4.4 Social Security Provision in Times of Global Economies;231
5.4.1; 4.4.1 Changing Employment Situation, Trade Openness and Social Security;235
5.5; 4.5 Economical, Social and Demographic Factors;236
5.5.1; 4.5.1 Demographic Change and Public Policy;238
5.6; 4.6 Comments on socio-economical Determinants;242
6; V. Social Security Provision, State Capacity and Regime Type;243
6.1; 5.1 In Pursuit of Regime Type: General reflection;243
6.1.1; 5.1.1 Defining Regime Types;244
6.2; 5.2 Assumed institutional Causalities and Social Security;247
6.3; 5.3 Social Expenditure: Assumed Effects and the Reality;251
6.4; 5.4 Remark on the Regime Type and Social Security;253
7; VI. State format and Social Security Provision;255
7.1; 6.1 Institutional Constrains on Policy Making;255
7.1.1; 6.1.2 Autocracies, Democracies in Developing Countries, and institutional Veto Points;257
7.1.2; 6.1.3 MDCD and the Issue of Comparison;258
7.2; 6.2 Descriptive Perspective: Constitutional and institutional Constrains;262
7.2.1; 6.2.1 Institutional veto points in China and India;263
7.3; 6.3 State Format: National Level and Decision Making;265
7.3.1; 6.3.1 India’s resilient Democracy;265
7.3.1.1; 6.3.1.1 Constitutional and institutional Features of India’s Political Regime;267
7.3.1.2; 6.3.1.2 Lok Sabha and Raj Sabha: Social Policy Making;268
7.3.1.2.1; The Rajya Sabha;270
7.3.1.2.2; The Lok Sabha;270
7.3.1.2.3; The two Houses and the Law Making Process;271
7.3.1.3; 6.3.1.3 Social Policy Making: Involvement of Legislative and Executive;272
7.3.1.4; 6.3.1.4 The Indian Social Security Administration;273
7.3.1.4.1; Ministry of Labour and Employment;275
7.3.1.4.2; Employees' Provident Fund Organisation;275
7.3.1.4.3; Employees' State Insurance Corporation;276
7.3.1.4.4; Department of Social Welfare;276
7.3.1.4.5; Ministries and Social Security Administration;277
7.3.2; 6.3.2 Political Chain of Command and Control in China;278
7.3.2.1; 6.3.2.1 CCP the Locus of Political Life;278
7.3.2.2; 6.3.2.2 The Politburo: A key actor;283
7.3.2.3; 6.3.2.3 The Chinese State, Social Security and Administration;284
7.3.2.3.1; The Chinese State Council;286
7.3.2.3.2; The National People’s Congress: The ‘rubber stamp’;287
7.3.2.3.3; The Ministry of Labour and Social Security;288
7.3.2.3.4; The ACFTU: Quasi Law Making Power;288
7.3.2.3.5; The Ministry of Civil Affairs;289
7.3.2.3.6; The Ministry of Health;289
7.3.2.3.7; The National Fund of Social Security Funds;289
7.4; 6.4 The State Format: Federalism and Decentralisation;290
7.4.1; 6.4.1 State Format and Social Security in India and China;291
7.4.1.1; 6.4.1.1 Chinese-Style Federalism;292
7.4.1.2; 6.4.1.2 India’s unusual Federalism: a Balance of self and shared Rule;295
7.4.1.3; 6.4.1.3 Pluralism: Performance differences on Local Levels;299
7.4.1.3.1; India’s Pluralism and Social Security Provision;299
7.4.1.3.2; Chinese Pluralism and Fiscal Constraints on Social Security Provision;302
7.4.2; 6.4.2 Comments on the State Format;304
7.5; 6.5 Bureaucracy and Longitude of Policy Making;306
7.5.1; 6.5.1 Chinese Bureaucracy and Long-term Planning;307
7.5.1.1; 6.5.1.1 Qualitative Constraints on Chinese Bureaucracy;307
7.5.1.1.1; Red capitalists and the CCP;308
7.5.1.1.2; Administrative Brain Drain;308
7.5.2; 6.5.2 India’s Bureaucracy and Long-term Planning;309
7.5.2.1; 6.5.2.1 Qualitative Constraints on India’s Bureaucracy;310
7.5.2.1.1; Excessive Regulations and Red Tape Bureaucracy;310
7.5.2.1.2; The Challenge of Corruption and Fraud;311
7.5.3; 6.5.3 Comments on bureaucratic Efficiency;311
8; VII. Political Parties and Social Seucirty Provison;313
8.1; 7.1 Political Parties, Party Effect and Policy Outcomes;314
8.2; 7.2 Political Entrepreneurs in India and China;317
8.2.1; 7.2.1 Relevance of Party Politics and Ideology;319
8.2.2; 7.2.2 Leading Political Parties in India and China;320
8.2.2.1; 7.2.2.1 The Asian Case and why parties matter;320
8.2.2.2; 7.2.2.2 The INC in the Indian political system;321
8.2.2.2.1; India’s democracy, the Nehru-Gandhi Dynasty, and Social Security Politics;326
8.2.2.2.2; From Nehru onwards to more Liberalism;327
8.2.2.2.3; Indira Gandhi’s radical Policy Changes;327
8.2.2.2.4; The Party System and its Constraints on Social Security Politics;329
8.2.2.2.5; The United Progressive Alliance (2004-2009) and its limited Power;330
8.2.2.2.6; The Coalition Government and its Constraints on Decision Making;331
8.2.2.2.7; The UPA: Social Security Objectives and Policy Outcomes;332
8.2.2.3; 7.2.2.3 The 1990s: The End of Personal Rule and Ideology?;333
8.2.2.3.1; The CCP and shifting Policy Guidelines (2004-2007);333
8.2.2.3.2; The CCP: from commanding to administrative Party;334
8.3; 7.3 Expanding the Veto Player Theorem;336
8.3.1; 7.3.1 Beyond the Veto Player Theorem – The Asian cases;337
8.3.2; 7.3.2 Political Parties as Engines for Clientelism;338
8.3.3; 7.3.3 The Case of Patronage-client Networks;339
8.3.3.1; 7.3.3.1 Indian Democracy, Vote Banks and Patronage;340
8.3.3.2; 7.3.3.2 Veto Players and Co-regents in China;341
8.4; 7.4 Comments on Party Politics, Ideology and Social Security;344
9; VIII. The Constitution, Rule of Law and State Capacity;346
9.1; 8.1 Rule of Law, Constitution and Social Security;346
9.1.1; 8.1.1 Democracies and Rule of Law;347
9.1.2; 8.1.2 The Rule of Law and Constitutions in Autocracies;348
9.1.3; 8.1.3 Law, the Constitution and Social Security Provision;348
9.1.4; 8.1.4 Comparing China and India;349
9.2; 8.2 The Chinese Case: From ‘??’ to ‘??’;350
9.2.1; Social Security Law in China and India;351
9.2.1.1; 8.2.1 The Constitution and Social Security in China;352
9.2.1.2; 8.2.2 The Constitution of 1982 and Social Security;353
9.2.1.3; 8.2.3 The Constitution: Constraints on Civil Rights;355
9.2.1.4; 8.2.4 Laws and Constraints on Social Security in China;357
9.3; 8.3 The Constitution and Social Security Politics in India;358
9.3.1; 8.3.1 The Supreme Court and Social Security;359
9.3.2; 8.3.2 Social Security Laws in India;362
9.3.2.1; Case: The Supreme Court and Promotional Social Security Schemes for Children;364
9.4; 8.4 Comments on the Constitutions and Social Security Laws;365
10; IX. Cooptation, Labour Organisations and Social Security;366
10.1; 9.1 Critical Elaboration of the typical Logic of Inquiry;367
10.2; 9.2 General Reflections on Unionism and Social Security;374
10.2.1; The Party-Union Relationship and three Dimensions of Cooptation;375
10.3; 9.3 Production Regimes and organisational Power;376
10.3.1; 9.3.1 Measuring the Level of Organised Interest;376
10.3.2; 9.3.2 China’s autocratic Cooperatism;379
10.3.3; 9.3.3 India’s State Capitalsim and Organised Labour;380
10.3.4; 9.3.4 Remarks on Typology and the Hybrid Types;381
10.4; 9.4 The party-centred Approach for India and China;382
10.4.1; 9.4.1 The Trinity of Party-State-Union;382
10.4.2; 9.4.2 Social Policy Making and the Party-State-Union Relationship;384
10.4.3; 9.4.3 Patronage in the Political Decision Making Process;385
10.4.4; 9.4.4 Constraints on the internal Decision Making Process;387
10.4.5; 9.4.5 Organised Labour and the Logic of Influence;389
10.5; 9.5 Political Patronage and the Party-Union Relationship;390
10.5.1; The Bombay Case: a concrete Example of the All-Indian Experience;394
10.5.2; Chinese paper unions;397
10.6; 9.6 Comments on Organised Labour and its Political Power;397
11; X. Conclusion;399
12; Bibliography;408
