Still Introduction to Crowd Science

Erscheinungsjahr 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4665-7965-1
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 300 Seiten

Includes Case Studies from a Range of Event Sites

Introduction to Crowd Science examines the growing rate of crowd-related accidents and incidents around the world. Using tools, methods, and worked examples gleaned from over 20 years of experience, this text provides an understanding of crowd safety. It establishes how crowd accidents and incidents (specifically mass fatalities in crowded spaces) can occur. The author explores the underlying causes and implements techniques for crowd risk analysis and crowd safety engineering that can help minimize and even eliminate occurrences altogether.

Understand Overall Crowd Dynamics and Levels of Complex Structure

The book outlines a simple modeling approach to crowd risk analysis and crowds safety in places of public assembly. With consideration for major events, and large-scale urban environments, the material focuses on the practical elements of developing the crowd risk analysis and crowd safety aspects of an event plan. It outlines a range of modeling techniques, including line diagrams that represent crowd flow, calculations of the speed at which a space can fill, and the time it takes for that space to reach critical and crush density. It also determines what to consider during the event planning and approval (licensing/permitting) phases of the event process.

Introduction to Crowd Science addresses key questions and presents a systematic approach to managing crowd risks in complex sites. It provides an understanding of the complexity of a site, that helps youplan for crowds in public places.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Still, G. Keith

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Verkehrstechnik | Transportgewerbe Verkehrstechnologie: Allgemeines
• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Allgemeine Psychologie Sozialpsychologie
• Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wirtschaftssektoren & Branchen Transport- und Verkehrswirtschaft
• Technische Wissenschaften Technik Allgemein Technische Zuverlässigkeit, Sicherheitstechnik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Introduction
Why do we need this?
Crowd modelling
Research background
Understanding the problem
Learning from past experience
The root of the problem
Research revisited
Cost-effective crowd safety modelling
Conclusions

Crowd risk analysis
Introduction
Basic planning/approval requirement
Understanding the basic skills
Body space
Event guidance
Defining risks
The minimum is not enough
Keep the crowd density low
A bigger picture
Graphing the results
Better references
Dangerous crowd simulations
Defining ‘risk’ due to density

Causality
Introduction
Causality
Event legislation
Site design: theory
Crowd forces
Underlying causality

Crowd science
Introduction
Modelling
Crowd dynamics and crowd science
Caveat emptor
Are all crowd simulations bad?
Applications of a crowd simulation
Validation
Summary

Crowd and event modelling
Introduction
The crowd management plan
Modelling for a major project
What is an event model?
RAMP analysis
Routes
Areas
Movement
Profile
RAMP analysis: Summary
DIM-ICE: Summary
Decision support analysis

Case studies and examples
Introduction
Assessing the risk assessment
Case study examples
Modelling an event
A picture speaks a thousand words
How to begin
Visualising risk
RAMP analysis
Ingress—capacity—Beijing Olympics Torch Relay
Manchester United Victory Parade
Hillsborough (1989)
Ingress—circulation—Lincoln Christmas Market
Event—site capacity—Leicester Caribbean Carnival
Circulation—capacity—The Jamarat Bridge
System rules
Ingress—egress (shared space)—Love Parade Disaster
Egress—congestion—London New Year Event (Fireworks)
Egress—crowd management—Wembley White
Summary

Control room applications
Introduction
Incident detection
Control room
Understanding crowd dynamics
Real-time decision support tool
Real-time information
Mass transit systems
Estimating density
Emergency management
Prevention
Paradox of choice
Four solutions
Problems with evacuation simulations

The way forward
Introduction
Increased awareness
Ultimate responsibility
Event process
Information—education—application
Why should you listen to us?
Final word
Appendix A: Essential crowd safety mathematics
Appendices
Index

Über Autor(innen)

G. Keith Still lectures at a number of international universities including Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. He has lectured at the UK Cabinet Office Emergency Planning College since 1999 and developed the EPC’s Crowd Dynamics and Crowd Science materials and workshops as well as contributing to other safety-related courses. Still’s mathematical, human behavior modelling, and simulation tools have led to the development of a systematic blueprint for the crowd safety industry. His tools (Legion, Paramics UAF, Myriad, Shepard, Tawaf, DWELL, progressive crowd collapse and pressure modelling) have been used for the analysis of crowd risks in complex and built spaces for over a decade.