Stracher / Prakash / Sokol Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective

Volume 1: Coal - Geology and Combustion
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-08-093163-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 380 Seiten

Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective is a compelling collection of research conducted by scientists andengineers around the world. The first of four volumes in the collection, Coal - Geology and Combustion, features chapters that discuss the origin of coal and coal fires; mining and use of coal; combustion and coal petrology; environmental and health impacts of coal fires; combustion by-products; geochemical, geophysical, and engineering methodologies for studying coal fires; the control, extinguishment, and political implications of coal fires; and much more. - Integrates pioneering coal-fires research, with topical coverage of remote sensing, policymaking, and more - Serves as an essential guide to the socio-economic and geo-environmental impacts of coal fires

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stracher, Glenn B.

Prakash, Anupma

Sokol, Ellina V.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

2;Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective;2
3;Captions for Front Cover Photos;3
4;Copyright;5
5;Dedication;6
6;Preface;8
7;Acknowledgments;10
8;Contents;12
9;List of Contributors;20
10;Chapter 1. Coal Formation and the Origin of Coal Fires;24
10.1;1.1. The Formation of Coal;25
10.1.1;Introduction;25
10.1.2;Geologic Distribution of Coal Seams;26
10.1.3;Coal Swamps;28
10.1.4;Cyclothems;28
10.1.5;Coalification;29
10.1.6;Coal Composition;33
10.2;1.2. Origin of Coal Fires;38
10.2.1;Introduction;38
10.2.2;Incidence of Coal Fires;39
10.2.3;Ignition and Propagation of Coal Fires;39
10.2.4;Control of Coal Fires;42
10.2.5;Conclusions;45
10.2.6;Acknowledgments;46
10.2.7;Important Terms;46
10.2.8;References;47
10.2.9;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;51
11;Chapter 2. Coal-Mining Techniques and Coal Fires;52
11.1;2.1. Brief History of Coal Mining;53
11.1.1;Introduction;53
11.1.2;Evolution of Coal Mining;53
11.1.3;Coal-Mining Techniques;54
11.1.4;Coal-Mining Machines;55
11.2;2.2. Underground Coal Mining;56
11.2.1;Underground Mining;56
11.2.2;Methods of Coal Mining;57
11.2.3;The Special Case of Anthracite Mining;59
11.2.4;Ventilation;59
11.3;2.3. Surface Coal Mining;60
11.3.1;Surface Mining;60
11.3.2;Contour Mining;60
11.3.3;Area Mining;61
11.3.4;Auger Mining;61
11.3.5;Mountain Top Removal;61
11.4;2.4. Coal Mining and Coal Fires;62
11.4.1;Discovery and Investigation;62
11.4.2;Monitoring;62
11.4.3;Mine Atmosphere;63
11.4.4;Abatement;64
11.4.5;Acknowledgments;65
11.4.6;Important Terms;66
11.4.7;References;67
11.4.8;WWWAddresses: Additional Reading;68
12;Chapter 3. Spontaneous Combustion and Coal Petrology;70
12.1;3.1. Spontaneous Combustion and Coal Petrology;71
12.1.1;Introduction;71
12.1.2;Maceral Composition of Coal;71
12.1.3;Inorganic Matter in Coal;73
12.1.4;Microlithotypes;77
12.1.5;Lithotypes;77
12.1.6;Coal Rank;78
12.1.7;Coal Petrology and Spontaneous Combustion;79
12.1.8;Important Terms;83
12.1.9;References;84
12.1.10;WWWAddresses: Additional Reading;85
13;Chapter 4. Coal and Ancient Man: Cremation at the Tschudi Burn, Chan Chan, Northern Peru;86
13.1;4.1. Coal and Ancient Man;87
13.1.1;Introduction;87
13.1.2;Coal in Peru;87
13.1.3;Chan Chan;88
13.1.4;Metallurgical Furnace or Crematorium;89
13.1.5;Temperature of the Tschudi Burn;89
13.1.6;Calcium in the Soil;90
13.1.7;Sulfur in the Soil;91
13.1.8;Fuel Ash Chemistry;91
13.1.9;Oxide and Trace Element Data;92
13.1.10;14C Date;97
13.1.11;Cremation in Society;97
13.1.12;Fuel for Cremation;98
13.1.13;Cremation at the Tschudi Burn;99
13.1.14;Discussion;100
13.1.15;References;101
13.1.16;WWWAddresses: Additional Reading;104
14;Chapter 5. Geotechnical and Environmental Problems: Coal and Spontaneous Combustion;106
14.1;5.1. Geotechnical and Environmental Problems;107
14.1.1;Introduction;107
14.1.2;Origin of Spontaneous Combustion;108
14.1.3;Spontaneous Combustion: Life and Human Health;108
14.1.4;Coal Seam and Colliery-Spoil Heap Fires;109
14.1.5;Control and Preventation of Spontaneous Combustion and Coal Fires;109
14.1.6;Examples of Spontaneous Combustion and Coal Fires;112
14.1.7;Conclusions;121
14.1.8;Acknowledgments;122
14.1.9;Important Terms;122
14.1.10;References;122
15;Chapter 6. The Effects of Global Coal Fires;124
15.1;6.1. The Global Catastrophe;125
15.1.1;Introduction;125
15.1.2;The Mining Hazard;126
15.1.3;Catastrophic Coal Fires;128
15.1.4;Discussion;132
15.1.5;Acknowledgments;133
15.1.6;Important Terms;133
15.1.7;References;133
15.1.8;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;136
16;Chapter 7. Environmental and Health Impacts of Coal Fires;138
16.1;7.1. Environmental and Health Impacts of Coal Fires;139
16.1.1;Introduction;139
16.1.2;Environmental Consequences;141
16.1.3;Health-Related Effects;144
16.1.4;Discussion;145
16.1.5;Important Terms;146
16.1.6;References;146
16.1.7;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;148
17;Chapter 8. Analysis of Coal-Mine-Fire Gas;150
17.1;8.1. Trace Gas Analyses;151
17.1.1;Introduction;151
17.1.2;Gas Collection;151
17.1.3;Sample Analyses;152
17.1.4;Methane System;152
17.1.5;CO/CO2 System;153
17.1.6;VOC System;153
17.1.7;Quality Control: Standards;155
17.1.8;Modifying;156
17.1.9;Important Terms;156
17.1.10;References;156
17.1.11;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;157
18;Chapter 9. Gas Vent Mineralization and Coal Combustion;158
18.1;9.1. The Origin of Gas Vent Minerals;159
18.1.1;Introduction;159
18.1.2;Mineral-Forming Processes;159
18.1.3;Isochemical Mineralization;159
18.1.4;Mass Transfer Mineralization;161
18.1.5;Discussion;165
18.2;9.2. Sample Collecting and Field Data;166
18.2.1;Introduction;166
18.2.2;Safety Precautions;166
18.2.3;GPS and Temperature Measurements;167
18.2.4;Mineral and Rock-Collecting Techniques;168
18.2.5;Gas-Collecting Techniques;170
18.2.6;In Situ Chemical Analyses;171
18.2.7;Discussion;173
18.2.8;Acknowledgments;174
18.2.9;Important Terms;174
18.2.10;References;174
18.2.11;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;175
19;Chapter 10. Sample Identification and Imaging of Gas-Vent Mineral Assemblages;178
19.1;10.1. Sample Identification and Imaging;179
19.1.1;Introduction;179
19.1.2;X-Ray Diffraction;180
19.1.3;Electron Microprobe;182
19.1.4;Short-Wave Infrared Spectroscopy;186
19.1.5;Other Analytical Methods;188
19.1.6;Comments;189
19.1.7;Acknowledgments;189
19.1.8;Important Terms;189
19.1.9;References;192
19.1.10;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;194
20;Chapter 11. Semivolatile Hydrocarbon Residues of Coal and Coal Tar;196
20.1;11.1. Source Identification;197
20.1.1;Source Signatures;197
20.1.2;Fossil Fuels;198
20.1.3;Carbonization;198
20.1.4;Lines of Evidence;200
20.2;11.2. Sample Preparation;201
20.2.1;Collection;201
20.2.2;Extraction;201
20.2.3;Cleanup;202
20.3;11.3. Sample Analysis;203
20.3.1;Introduction;203
20.3.2;Total Organic Carbon;203
20.3.3;Total Extractable Material;203
20.3.4;High-Resolution Hydrocarbon Scan;204
20.3.5;Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons;207
20.3.6;Saturated Hydrocarbons;211
20.3.7;Geochemical Biomarkers;214
20.4;11.4. Coal-Fire Residues;216
20.4.1;Semivolatile Hydrocarbons;216
20.4.2;Dominant Hydrocarbons;216
20.4.3;PAH Transformations;218
20.4.4;Saturated Hydrocarbon Residues;221
20.4.5;Biomarker Stability;224
20.4.6;Conclusions;228
20.4.7;Acknowledgments;228
20.4.8;Important Terms;228
20.4.9;References;230
21;Chapter 12. Magnetic Signatures of Rocks and Soils Affected by Burning Coal Seams;232
21.1;12.1. Magnetic Signatures;233
21.1.1;Introduction;233
21.1.2;Field Work;234
21.1.3;Magnetic Anomalies;235
21.1.4;Magnetic Properties;237
21.1.5;Discussion;238
21.1.6;Acknowledgments;239
21.1.7;Important Terms;239
21.1.8;References;239
21.1.9;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;241
22;Chapter 13. Historical Use of Airborne Thermal Infrared Imaging for Detecting and Studying Coal Fires;242
22.1;13.1. Airborne Thermal Infrared Imaging;243
22.1.1;Introduction;243
22.1.2;Thermal Infrared Imaging;243
22.1.3;Color Infrared Imaging;245
22.1.4;Early Use;245
22.1.5;Later Use;248
22.1.6;Depth Estimation;249
22.1.7;Discussion;249
22.1.8;Acknowledgments;250
22.1.9;Important Terms;250
22.1.10;References;250
22.1.11;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;252
23;Chapter 14. Remote Sensing of Coal Fires;254
23.1;14.1. Remote Sensing;255
23.1.1;Introduction;255
23.2;14.2. Principles of Remote Sensing;256
23.2.1;Electromagnetic Energy and Spectrum;256
23.2.2;Visible and Near-Infrared Regions;257
23.2.3;Shortwave and Thermal Infrared Regions;258
23.2.4;Microwave Region;260
23.3;14.3. Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors;262
23.3.1;Overview and Significance;262
23.4;14.4. Coal-Fire Parameter Extraction from Remote Sensing Images;265
23.4.1;Introduction;265
23.4.2;Crack-Density Mapping;265
23.4.3;Reflection-Aureole Mapping;265
23.4.4;Land-Cover (Coal Area) Mapping;266
23.4.5;Fire-Area Estimation;267
23.4.6;Fire-Depth Estimation;268
23.4.7;Subsidence Mapping;269
23.4.8;Greenhouse-Gas Emissions;270
23.4.9;14.5. Time Series Analysis and Integrated Interpretation in a GIS;271
23.4.9.1;Introduction;271
23.4.9.2;Important Terms;271
23.4.9.3;References;273
23.4.9.4;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;275
24;Chapter 15. The Policy Setting for Coal Fires: Indicators for Government Action;278
24.1;15.1. The Policy Setting for Coal Fires;279
24.1.1;Introduction;279
24.1.2;Phases in the Policy Cycle;280
24.1.3;Policy Innovation in the Nineteenth Century;282
24.1.4;Lessons for Coal Fires;287
24.1.5;Acknowledgments;287
24.1.6;Important Terms;288
24.1.7;References;288
25;Chapter 16. United States Bureau of Mines—Study and Control of Fires in Abandoned Minesand Waste Banks;290
25.1;16.1. United States Bureau of Mines;291
25.1.1;Introduction;291
25.1.2;Mine-Fire Control;291
25.2;16.2. Fire-Control Projects in Abandoned Mines and Waste Banks;294
25.2.1;Introduction;294
25.2.2;Eastern Bituminous Region;294
25.2.3;Western United States and Alaska;295
25.2.4;Anthracite Coalfields;296
25.3;16.3. Characteristics of Fires in Abandoned Coal Mines and Waste Banks;300
25.3.1;Introduction;300
25.3.2;Initiation of Coal-Mine Fires;300
25.3.3;Geologic and Mining Factors;302
25.3.4;Natural Barriers;303
25.3.5;Discontinuous Fire Propagation;304
25.4;16.4. Locating Abandoned Mine Fires;305
25.4.1;Introduction;305
25.4.2;Mine-Fire Diagnostics;305
25.4.3;Geophysical Methods;311
25.4.4;Temperature Monitoring;313
25.5;16.5. Controlling Abandoned Mine Fires;316
25.5.1;Introduction;316
25.5.2;Burnout Control;316
25.5.3;Water Injection;318
25.5.4;Foam Injection;320
25.5.5;Cryogenic Slurry Injection;320
25.5.6;Summary;322
25.5.7;Acknowledgments;322
25.5.8;Important Terms;323
25.5.9;References;325
25.5.10;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;327
26;Chapter 17. Smoldering Combustion Phenomena and Coal Fires;330
26.1;17.1. Smoldering and Coal Combustion;331
26.1.1;Introduction;331
26.1.2;Overall Characteristics;331
26.1.3;Structure of a Smoldering Front;334
26.1.4;Smoldering-Coal Fires;335
26.1.5;Smoldering Wildfires;336
26.1.6;Acknowledgments;337
26.1.7;Important Terms;337
26.1.8;References;337
26.1.9;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;338
27;Chapter 18. Burning and Water Suppression of Smoldering Coal Fires in Small-ScaleLaboratory Experiments;340
27.1;18.1. Burning and Suppression Experiments;341
27.1.1;Introduction;341
27.1.2;Suppression of Smoldering Coal Fires;341
27.1.3;Small-Scale Experimental Work;343
27.1.4;Conclusions;347
27.1.5;Acknowledgments;347
27.1.6;Important Terms;348
27.1.7;References;348
27.1.8;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;349
28;Chapter 19. Modern-Foam-Injection Technology for Extinguishing Coal Fires;350
28.1;19.1. Modern-Foam-Injection Technology;351
28.1.1;Introduction;351
28.1.2;New Method of Foam Generation;352
28.1.3;Experimental Fires;352
28.1.4;Fire Science;354
28.1.5;Compressed Foam;354
28.1.6;Quality Control;354
28.1.7;New Developments;354
28.1.8;What the Future Holds;355
28.1.9;The Grand Finale;355
28.1.10;Important Terms;355
28.1.11;References;355
28.1.12;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;356
29;Author Index;358
30;Subject Index;366