Stracher / Prakash / Sokol Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective

Volume 3: Case Studies - Coal Fires
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-444-59511-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 816 Seiten

Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective, Volumes 1-4, presents a fascinating collection of research about prehistoric and historic coal and peat fires. Magnificent illustrations of fires and research findings from countries around the world are featured-a totally new contribution to science. This third of four volumes in the collection, Coal Fires - Case Studies, examines in detail specific coal fires chronicled in a number of locations around the world including Brazil, the Czech Republic, Germany, Malawi, Poland, Russia, Spain, Tajikistan, the United States, Venezuela, and others. - Authored by world-renowned experts in coal and peat fires - Global in scope-countries from around the world are represented - Includes beautiful color illustrations, lively presentations, important research data, and informative videos

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stracher, Glenn B.

Prakash, Anupma

Sokol, Ellina V.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front
Cover;1
2;Captions for Front Cover Photos;3
3;Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective;4
4;Copyright;5
5;Dedication;6
6;Preface to Volume 1;8
7;Preface to Volume 2;10
8;Preface to Volume 3;12
9;Acknowledgments;14
10;Contents;16
11;List of Contributors;26
12;Volume 3;30
13;Chapter 1 - Spontaneous Combustion in Open-Cut Coal Mines: Australian Experience and Research;32
13.1;1.1
Causes and Controlling
Factors of Self-Heating;33
13.1.1;?Introduction;33
13.1.2;?Self-Heating and Spontaneous Combustion;35
13.2;1.2
Mine Spoil Piles;41
13.2.1;?Structure;41
13.2.2;?Self-Heating in Spoil;43
13.3;1.3
AtmosphericEmissions;47
13.3.1;?Greenhouse Gas Emissions;47
13.3.2;?Toxic Gas Emissions;54
13.4;1.4 Control and Prevention of
Self-Heating in Spoil;56
13.4.1;?Prediction of Heating;56
13.4.2;?Material Placement;58
13.4.3;?Cover Layers;59
13.4.4;?Grouting;62
13.5;1.5
Précis;64
13.5.1;?Additional Research;64
13.5.2;?Conclusions;64
13.5.3;?Acknowledgments;64
13.5.4;?Important Terms;65
13.5.5;?References;65
13.5.6;?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;67
14;Chapter 2 - Nanominerals and Ultrafine Particles from Brazilian Coal Fires;68
14.1;2.1
Nanominerals andUltrafine Particles;69
14.1.1;?Introduction;69
14.1.2;?Sampling and Study Area;71
14.1.3;?Analytical Procedures;74
14.1.4;?Discussion;76
14.1.5;?Conclusions;82
14.1.6;?Acknowledgments;83
14.1.7;?Important Terms;83
14.1.8;?References;83
14.1.9;WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;86
15;Chapter 3 - Remote and In situ Mapping of Coal Fires: Case Studies from China and India;88
15.1;3.1
Remote Sensing of Coal Fires*;89
15.1.1;?Introduction;89
15.1.2;?Thermal Detection and Monitoring;92
15.1.3;?Risk Area Delineation;96
15.1.4;?Quantification;99
15.1.5;?Additional Techniques;101
15.2;3.2 In Situ Mapping of Coal Fires in Wuda, Inner
Mongolia*;103
15.2.1;?Introduction;103
15.2.2;?Coal Fire Indicators and Mapping Techniques;105
15.2.3;?Coal Fire Dynamics Analyses;107
15.2.4;?Discussion;111
15.3;3.3 Coal Fire Green House
Gas Emission;114
15.3.1;?Introduction;114
15.3.2;?Quantification Challenges;115
15.3.3;?Acknowledgments;119
15.3.4;?Important Terms;119
15.3.5;?References;120
16;Chapter 4 - Coal Combustion and Mineralization in the Helan Shan Mountains of Northern China;126
16.1;4.1 Coal Combustion and Mineralization in the Helan
Shan Mountains;127
16.1.1;?Introduction;127
16.1.2;?Geologic Setting and Coal Fires;127
16.1.3;?Thermochemical Mineralization Processes;130
16.1.4;?Analytical Methods;131
16.1.5;?Analytical Results and Mineralogical Data;132
16.1.6;?Discussion;135
16.1.7;?Acknowledgments;135
16.1.8;?Important Terms;135
16.1.9;?References;136
16.1.10;?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;138
17;Chapter 5 - Mineralogy of Burning-Coal Waste Piles in Collieries of the Czech Republic;140
17.1;5.1
Mineralogy ofBurning-Coal Waste Piles;141
17.1.1;?Introduction;141
17.1.2;?Burning Dump and Mineral Localities;141
17.1.3;?Analytical Methods and Mineralogy;151
17.1.4;?Unnamed and Poorly Determined Phases;180
17.1.5;?Environmental Aspects;184
17.1.6;?Discussion;184
17.1.7;?Acknowledgments;186
17.1.8;?References;186
18;Chapter 6 - Combustion Metamorphism in the Most Basin, Czech Republic;192
18.1;6.1
Combustion Metamorphism in the Most Basin;193
18.1.1;?Introduction;193
18.1.2;?Mining History;194
18.1.3;?Geology and Mineralogy;194
18.1.4;?Analytical Methods;198
18.1.5;?CM Rocks;198
18.1.6;?Age of Combustion Metamorphism;210
18.1.7;?Mineralogy;210
18.1.8;?Unnamed Phases;227
18.1.9;?Summary;228
18.1.10;?Acknowledgments;230
18.1.11;?References;230
19;Chapter 7 - Mineralogy of the Burning Anna I Coal Mine Dump, Alsdorf, Germany;234
19.1;7.1 Mineralogy of the Burning
Anna I Coal Mine Dump;235
19.1.1;?Introduction;235
19.1.2;?Geology and Self-Ignition of the Anna I Dump;235
19.1.3;?Sources of Elements for Mineral Formation;236
19.1.4;?Mineral Formation Processes;237
19.1.5;?Vent Types and Mineral Zones;243
19.1.6;?Minerals and Their Associations;246
19.1.7;?Analogy with Fossa Crater, Vulcano Island, Italy;266
19.1.8;?Discussion;267
19.1.9;?A Personal Note;267
19.1.10;?Acknowledgments;268
19.1.11;?Important Terms;268
19.1.12;?References;268
19.1.13;Note;271
20;Chapter 8 - Geothermal Utilization of Smoldering Mining Dumps;272
20.1;8.1
Smoldering MiningDumps;273
20.1.1;?Introduction;273
20.1.2;?Research Program;273
20.1.3;?Dump Under Investigation;274
20.1.4;?Test Pits;274
20.1.5;?Drilling Operations;276
20.1.6;?Laboratory Tests;277
20.1.7;?Stability Analyses;279
20.2;8.2
Pilot Plant;281
20.2.1;?Conventional Geothermal Energy;281
20.2.2;?Plant Concept;282
20.2.3;?BHEs and TG;283
20.3;8.3
Geothermal Utilization;285
20.3.1;?Thermal Response Tests;285
20.3.2;?Thermal Behavior of the BHEs;287
20.3.3;?Long-Term Behavior of the BHEs;289
20.3.4;?Discussion and Outlook;290
20.3.5;?Acknowledgments;291
20.3.6;?Important Terms;291
20.3.7;?References;291
20.3.8;?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;292
21;Chapter 9 - Impact of Mining Activities on Land Use Land Cover in the Jharia Coalfield, India;294
21.1;9.1
The Jharia Coalfield;295
21.1.1;?Location and Geology;295
21.1.2;?Mining History;296
21.1.3;?Land Use Land Cover Classes;296
21.2;9.2
Changes in Land Use LandCover;300
21.2.1;?Role of Remote Sensing;300
21.2.2;?Long Term Change: A Qualitative Analysis;300
21.2.3;?Fifteen Years of Change: A Quantitative Analysis;302
21.2.4;?Discussion;307
21.2.5;?Conclusions;307
21.2.6;?Important Terms;307
21.2.7;?References;308
21.2.8;?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;310
22;Chapter 10 - Stone-Tool Workshops of the Hatrurim Basin, Israel: Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Rock Mechanics of Lithic Industrial Materials;312
22.1;10.1
Stone-ToolWorkshops of theHatrurim Basin, Israel;313
22.1.1;?Introduction;313
22.1.2;?Stone-Tool Workshops;314
22.1.3;?Samples;318
22.1.4;?Analytical Methods;318
22.1.5;?Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry;322
22.1.6;?Physical and Mechanical Properties of Stone Tools;333
22.1.7;?Major and Trace Elements and Stone-Tools Protolith;337
22.1.8;?Thermal Regime of Rock Formation;343
22.1.9;?Conclusions;343
22.1.10;?Acknowledgments;344
22.1.11;?Important Terms;344
22.1.12;?References;344
23;Chapter 11 - Geophysical Studies of Pyrometamorphic and Hydrothermal Rocks of the Nabi Musa Mottled Zone, Vicinity of the Dead Sea Transform, Israel;348
23.1;11.1 Geophysical studies of the Nabi Musa Mottled
Zone, Israel;349
23.1.1;?Introduction;349
23.1.2;?Geologic Setting;350
23.1.3;?Geophysical Investigations;352
23.1.4;?Results;354
23.1.5;?Discussion;359
23.1.6;?Conclusions;364
23.1.7;?Acknowledgments;364
23.1.8;?Important Terms;365
23.1.9;?References;365
24;Chapter 12 - Preliminary Assessment of the Coal Fires of Malawi;370
24.1;12.1
Coal Fires of Malawi;371
24.1.1;?Introduction;371
24.1.2;?Malawi and the Study Area;371
24.1.3;?The Potential for Coal Fires in Malawi;373
24.1.4;?Remote Sensing;376
24.1.5;?Conclusions;377
24.1.6;?References;378
25;Chapter 13 - Fire Prevention in Coal Waste Dumps: Exemplified by the Rymer Cones, Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland;380
25.1;13.1
Coal Waste DumpFires;381
25.1.1;?Introduction;381
25.1.2;?Fire Prevention;382
25.2;13.2
Technology forFire Prevention andReclamation;383
25.2.1;?Introduction;383
25.2.2;?Rymer Cones Dump;383
25.3;13.3
Monitoring RymerCones and ImplementingFire Mitigation;387
25.3.1;?Introduction;387
25.3.2;?Monitoring and Mitigation;393
25.3.3;?Conclusions;415
25.3.4;?Important Terms;416
25.3.5;?References;416
26;Chapter 14 - Thermal Transformations of Waste Rock at the Starzykowiec Coal Waste Dump, Poland;418
26.1;14.1
The StarzykowiecCoal Waste Dump;419
26.1.1;?Introduction;419
26.2;14.2
Research Procedures;421
26.2.1;?Sample Collecting;421
26.2.2;?Laboratory Methods;421
26.3;14.3
Analytical Results;423
26.3.1;?Introduction;423
26.3.2;?Proximate and Ultimate Analyses;423
26.3.3;?Petrographic Analyses of Organic Matter;424
26.3.4;?Mineral Analyses;431
26.3.5;?Geochemical Analyses;438
26.3.6;?Borders Between Two Groups of Waste Rock;457
26.3.7;?Conclusions;457
26.3.8;?Acknowledgments;458
26.3.9;?Important Terms;458
26.3.10;?References;459
27;Chapter 15 - The Thermal History of Select Coal-Waste Dumps in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland;462
27.1;15.1
Coal-Waste Dumps;463
27.1.1;?Self-heating;463
27.2;15.2
Characteristics ofWaste Dumps in Poland;466
27.2.1;?Introduction;466
27.2.2;?Rymer Cones;466
27.2.3;?The Chwalowice Coal Dump, Starzykowiec;468
27.3;15.3
MonitoringSelf-heating Processes;471
27.3.1;?The Marcel Coal Mine Dump;468
27.4;15.4
Results of WasteDump Monitoring;473
27.4.1;?Rymer Cones;473
27.4.2;?The Chwalowice Coal Dump, Starzykowiec;481
27.4.3;?The Marcel Coal Mine Dump;481
27.5;15.5
Self-heating and FirePrevention;490
27.5.1;?Discussion;490
27.5.2;?Summary;490
27.5.3;?References;492
27.5.4;?Important Terms;492
28;Chapter 16 - Coal Mining and Combustion in the Coal Waste Dumps of Poland;494
28.1;16.1
Coal Mining andWaste Dumps in Poland;495
28.1.1;?Introduction;495
28.1.2;?Waste Management and Coal Dumping;497
28.1.3;?Examples of Self-ignition in Waste Dumps;500
28.1.4;?Summary;503
28.1.5;?Acknowledgments;503
28.1.6;?Important Terms;503
28.1.7;?References;503
29;Chapter 17 - Mineral Transformations and Actinide Transport: Combustion Metamorphism in the Wojkowice Coal-Waste Dump, Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland;506
29.1;17.1 Mineral Transformations and Actinide Transport in the Wojkowice
Coal Dump, Poland;507
29.1.1;?Introduction;507
29.1.2;?Analytical Methodology;508
29.1.3;?Mineralogy;508
29.1.4;?Radioactivity;509
29.1.5;?Discussion;517
29.1.6;?Conclusions;521
29.1.7;?Acknowledgments;522
29.1.8;?Important Terms;522
29.1.9;?References;522
30;Chapter 18 - Mineralogy and Magnetic Parameters of Materials Resulting from the Mining and Consumption of Coal from the Douro Coalfield, Northwest Portugal;524
30.1;18.1 Mineralogy and Magnetic Parameters of Materials from the Douro Coalfield,
Northwest Portugal;525
30.1.1;?Introduction;525
30.1.2;?Douro Coalfield: Study Objectives;526
30.1.3;?Environmental Magnetic Studies;527
30.1.4;?Sampling and Analytical Methods;528
30.1.5;?Results and Discussion;529
30.1.6;?Conclusions;536
30.1.7;?Acknowledgments;537
30.1.8;?Important Terms;537
30.1.9;?References;538
31;Chapter 19 - Ancient Coal Fires on the Southwestern Periphery of the Kuznetsk Basin, West Siberia, Russia: Geology and Geochronology;540
31.1;19.1 Coal Fires in the
Kuznetsk Basin, Russia;541
31.1.1;?Introduction;541
31.1.2;?Geological Background;541
31.1.3;?Tectonic History of the Kuznetsk Basin;544
31.1.4;?CM Complexes;550
31.1.5;?Analytical Methods;558
31.1.6;?Mineralogy and Petrography of High-Temperature CM Rocks;558
31.1.7;?40Ar/39Ar Analytical Results;565
31.1.8;?Discussion;568
31.1.9;?Acknowledgments;569
31.1.10;?Important Terms;569
31.1.11;?References;569
32;Chapter 20 - Ellestadite-Group Minerals in Combustion Metamorphic Rocks;574
32.1;20.1 Ellestadite-Group Minerals in Combustion
Metamorphic Rocks;575
32.1.1;?Introduction;575
32.1.2;?Burnt Coal Spoil-Heaps;575
32.1.3;?Sample Collection and Analyses;576
32.1.4;?Ellestadite Mineral Assemblages;579
32.1.5;?Discussion;590
32.1.6;?Acknowledgments;591
32.1.7;?Important Terms;591
32.1.8;?References;592
33;Chapter 21 - Fayalite from Paralavas Associated with Natural Coal Fires: Combustion Metamorphic Complexes in the Kuznetsk Coal Basin, Russia;594
33.1;21.1 Fayalite, Paralavas,
and Combustion Metamorphic Complexes in the Kuznetsk Basin, Russia;595
33.1.1;?Introduction;595
33.1.2;?CM Fe-Rich Olivine;595
33.1.3;?Analytical Methods;597
33.1.4;?Fayalite from Kuznetsk Paralavas;597
33.1.5;?Discussion and Conclusions;606
33.1.6;?Acknowledgments;609
33.1.7;?Important Terms;609
33.1.8;?References;609
34;Chapter 22 - Mineralogy and Origin of Fayalite–Sekaninaite Paralava: Ravat Coal Fire, Central Tajikistan;612
34.1;22.1 Mineralogy and
Origin of Fayalite–Sekaninaite Paralava: Ravat Coal Fire, Central Tajikistan;613
34.1.1;?Introduction;613
34.1.2;?Regional Geology and Origin of the Ravat Coal Fire;613
34.1.3;?Analytical Techniques;616
34.1.4;?Paralava from the Ravat Coal Fire;616
34.1.5;?Mineral Chemistry of the Ravat Paralava;619
34.1.6;?Discussion and Conclusions;634
34.1.7;?Acknowledgments;635
34.1.8;?Important Terms;636
34.1.9;?References;636
35;Chapter 23 - The “Volcanoes” of Midwestern Venezuela;640
35.1;23.1 The “Volcanoes” of
Midwestern Venezuela;641
35.1.1;?Introduction;641
35.1.2;?Geologic Setting;641
35.1.3;?The “Volcanoes”;643
35.1.4;?Discussion and Conclusions;662
35.1.5;?Acknowledgments;663
35.1.6;?References;663
36;Chapter 24 - Coal-Fire Hazard Mapping in High-Latitude Coal Basins: A Case Study from Interior Alaska;664
36.1;24.1 High-Latitude Coal
Fires;665
36.1.1;?Introduction;665
36.1.2;?Alaskan Context;666
36.2;24.2 Case Study from
Interior Alaska;669
36.2.1;?Introduction;669
36.2.2;?Study Area;669
36.2.3;?Data;670
36.2.4;?Data Processing;672
36.2.5;?Results;674
36.2.6;?Discussion;676
36.2.7;?Conclusions;677
36.2.8;?Acknowledgments;678
36.2.9;?Important Terms;678
36.2.10;?References;678
36.2.11;?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;680
37;Chapter 25 - Anthracite Coal-Mine Fires of Northeastern Pennsylvania;682
37.1;25.1 Anthracite Coal Fires of Northeastern
Pennsylvania;683
37.1.1;?Introduction;683
37.1.2;?History of Coal Mining;687
37.1.3;?Origin of Coal Fires;688
37.1.4;?The Anthracite Fires;688
37.1.5;?Mine Fires: ~1820–1900;688
37.1.6;?Mine Fires: ~1900–2000;689
37.1.7;?Mine Fires: ~2000 to Present;692
37.1.8;?Discussion;693
37.1.9;?Acknowledgments;694
37.1.10;?Important Terms;694
37.1.11;?References;694
38;Chapter 26 - Historic Record of Coal Fires in the Richmond Basin, Virginia;698
38.1;26.1 Historic Recordof Coal Fires in the
Richmond Basin,Virginia;699
38.1.1;?Introduction;699
38.1.2;?Historical Record of Coal Fires;699
38.1.3;?Acknowledgments;701
38.1.4;?References;701
39;Chapter 27 - Coal Fires of the Pacific Northwest, USA;702
39.1;27.1 Coal Fires of the
Pacific Northwest, USA;703
39.1.1;?Introduction;703
39.1.2;?Regional Coal Geology;703
39.1.3;?Coal Fires;706
39.1.4;?Conclusions;710
39.1.5;?Acknowledgments;710
39.1.6;?References;710
40;Chapter 28 - Combustion Mineralogy and Petrology of ­Oil-Shale Slags in Lapanouse, Sévérac-le-Château, Aveyron, France: Analogies with Hydrocarbon Fires;712
40.1;28.1 Combustion Mineralogy of Oil-Shale
Slags;713
40.1.1;?Introduction;713
40.1.2;?Geologic Setting;714
40.1.3;?Oil Shale Exploitation and Processing;715
40.1.4;?Composition of Unprocessed Oil Shale and Limestone;716
40.1.5;?Fossil Organic Material in Oil Shale;719
40.1.6;?Slags and Microminerals;721
40.1.7;?Bulk Mineralogy of Slags;723
40.1.8;?Mineral Distribution in the Slag Dumps;728
40.1.9;?Microminerals Described Since Early 2000;729
40.1.10;?The Origin of Combustion Minerals in Oil-Shale Slag;747
40.1.11;?Natural Versus Anthropogenic;751
40.1.12;?Microminerals Photo Annex;753
40.1.13;?Acknowledgments;770
40.1.14;?Important Terms;770
40.1.15;?References;770
40.1.16;?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading;773
41;Chapter 29 - A Review of Coal-Fire Sampling Methods;774
41.1;29.1 A Review of Coal-Fire
Sampling Methods;775
41.1.1;?Introduction;775
41.1.2;?Sampling Locations;775
41.1.3;?Short-term Sampling Techniques;776
41.1.4;?Long-term Sampling Techniques;781
41.1.5;?Other Sampling Techniques;782
41.1.6;?Summary;783
41.1.7;?Acknowledgments;785
41.1.8;?Important Terms;786
41.1.9;?References;786
42;Additional Case Studies;790
43;Author Index;792
44;Subject Index;808

Leseproben

List of Contributors
Harold W. Aurand Jr. ,     Pennsylvania State University-Schuylkill, 200 University Drive, Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania 17972, USA. Norman Bainbridge (Late),     CSIRO Energy Technology, P.O. Box 330, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia. Melissa A. Nolter,     1426 East Center Street, Mahoney City, Pennsylvania 17948, USA. Dmitriy I. Belakovsky,     A.E. Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia. Günter Blaß,     Merzbachstrasse 6, D-52249 Eschweiler, Germany. Boris Khesin (Late),     Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. Grazyna Bzowska (Professor Emeritus),     University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, ul. Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland. John Carras,     CSIRO Energy Technology, P.O. Box 330, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia. Justyna Ciesielczuk,     University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, ul. Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland. Stuart Day,     CSIRO Energy Technology, P.O. Box 330, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia. Bertrand Devouard CEREGE, Aix-Marseille Université -CNRS -IRD (UM 34) Europôle Méditerranéen de l’Arbois, Ave Louis Philibert - BP 80, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, Cedex 04, France. Zuze Dulanya,     Geography and Earth Sciences Department, Chancellor College P.O. Box 280, Zomba, Malawi. Zdenek Dvorák,     Bílina Mines, 5. kvetna 213, CZ-418 29 Bílina, Czech Republic. Aaron Eckert,     U.S. Office of Surface Mining, 1951 Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20240, USA. Christiane Eytier,     French Association of Micromineralogy (AFM), 26, route des Matelines, F-12500 Espalion, France. Jean-Robert Eytier,     French Association of Micromineralogy (AFM), 26, route des Matelines, F-12500 Espalion, France. Monika Fabianska,     University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, ul. Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland. Georges Favreau,     French Association of Micromineralogy (AFM), 421, Av. Jean Monnet, F-13090 Aix-en-Provence, France. Martin Feinendegen,     Geotechnik im Bauwesen, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany. Akida Ferguson,     Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover, Delaware 19901, USA; Personal address: 51 Webbs Lane, Apt. M5, Dover, Delaware 19904, USA. Deolinda Flores,     Centro de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Also, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Irina Galuskina,     Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Silesia, Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland. Evgeny Galuskin,     Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Silesia, Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland. Rahul D. Garg,     Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee – 247667 Uttarakhand, India. Trent M. Garrison,     University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, USA. Mariusz Gardocki,     University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, ul. Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland. Pierre Gatel,     French Association of Micromineralogy (AFM) 37, rue Richer, F-75009 Paris, France. Celeste Gomes,     Centro de Geofísica e Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Universidade de Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3000-272 Coimbra, Portugal. Nancy Lindsley-Griffin,     1315 Westmont Drive, Jacksonville, Oregon 97530, USA. Kevin R. Henke,     University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, USA. James C. Hower,     University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, USA. Sonia Itkis,     Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. Hendrix Kaonga,     Geological Survey Department, The Regional Geologist (North), Private Bag 9, Mzuzu, Malawi. Jennifer M.K. O’Keefe,     Department of Earth and Space Sciences, 404-A Lappin Hall, Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky 40351, USA. Magdalena Misz-Kennan,     University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, ul. Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland. Svetlana N. Kokh,     Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk-90, Pr. Koptyuga, 3, 630090, Russia. Uwe Kolitsch,     Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum, Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, Austria; and Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Geozentrum, Universität Wien, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria. Lukasz Kruszewski,     Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Twarda 51/55 str. 00-818 Warsaw, Poland. Sylvia Kürten,     Geotechnik im Bauwesen, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany. Claudia Kuenzer,     Department of Remote Sensing, German Aerospace Center, German Remote Sensing Data Center, Muenchner Strasse 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany. William Lilley,     Saudi Aramco | Strategic Transformation Office, Saudi Aramco P.O. Box 8522, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia. Yves Noel,     Technologie der Energierohstoffe, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstr. 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany. Sophia A. Novikova,     Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk-90, Pr. Koptyuga, 3, 630090, Russia. Igor S. Novikov,     Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk-90, Pr. Koptyuga, 3, 630090, Russia. Marcos L.S. Oliveira,     Development Department of  Touristic Opportunities, Catarinense Institute of  Environmental Research and Human Development – IPADHC, Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Helena Sant’Ovaia,     Centro de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Also, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Vyacheslav Palchik,     Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. Hina Pande,     Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Division, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, 4 Kalidas Road, Dehradun – 248001, Uttarakhand, India. Mariusz Paszkowski,     Polish Academy of Sciences, Senacka 1, 31-002 Kraków, Poland. Vyacheslav F. Pavlov,     Special Designing and Technological Bureau, “Nauka” Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia. Anupma Prakash,     Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 903 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7320, USA. Joana Ribeiro,     Centro de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Clive Roberts,     Clive Roberts Consulting, Beacon Hill, New South Wales 2100,...