Thagard / Woods / Needham Philosophy of Chemistry

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-093076-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 6, 575 Seiten

Reihe: Handbook of the Philosophy of Science

Philosophy of Chemistry investigates the foundational concepts and methods of chemistry, the science of the nature of substances and their transformations. This groundbreaking collection, the most thorough treatment of the philosophy of chemistry ever published, brings together philosophers, scientists and historians to map out the central topics in the field. The 33 articles address the history of the philosophy of chemistry and the philosophical importance of some central figures in the history of chemistry; the nature of chemical substances; central chemical concepts and methods, including the chemical bond, the periodic table and reaction mechanisms; and chemistry's relationship to other disciplines such as physics, molecular biology, pharmacy and chemical engineering. This volume serves as a detailed introduction for those new to the field as well as a rich source of new insights and potential research agendas for those already engaged with the philosophy of chemistry. - Provides a bridge between philosophy and current scientific findings - Encourages multi-disciplinary dialogue - Covers theory and applications

Autoren/Hrsg.

Thagard, Paul

Woods, John

Needham, Paul

Woody, Andrea

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Philosophy of Chemistry;2
3;Copyright;5
4;General Preface;6
5;Contributors;8
6;Contents;10
7;Part 1: Introduction;13
7.1;Introduction;15
7.1.1;1 What is the Philosophy of Chemistry?;15
7.1.2;2 History of the Philosophy of chemistry;16
7.1.3;3 Chemical Substances;18
7.1.4;4 Central Concepts and Methodology;20
7.1.5;5 Chemistry, Physics and Other Disciplines;23
7.1.6;6 The Future of the Philosophy of Chemistry;25
7.1.7;Bibliography;30
8;Part 2: History of the Philosophy of Chemistry;31
8.1;Prehistory of the Philosophy of Chemistry;33
8.1.1;1 Preliminary Remarks;33
8.1.2;2 The Heritage of Kant;34
8.1.3;3 Hegel, Schelling, Peirce;36
8.1.4;4 Whewell, Mill, Broad;39
8.1.5;5 Ostwald, Cassirer, Paneth;41
8.1.6;6 French Philosophy of Chemistry;43
8.1.7;7 Neglect of Chemistry in English-Language Philosophy of Science;45
8.1.8;8 Philosophy of Chemistry in Eastern Europe;47
8.1.9;9 Resonance and Politics;49
8.1.10;10 Birth of the Philosophy of Chemistry;51
8.1.11;Bibliography;54
8.2;Robert Boyle (1627-1691);58
8.2.1;Bibliography;63
8.3;Joseph Priestly (1733–1804);65
8.3.1;Bibliography;71
8.4;Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794);73
8.4.1;1 Biography;73
8.4.2;2 Chemical Work;74
8.4.3;3 Philosophical Issues;75
8.4.4;Bibliography;79
8.5;John Dalton (1766–1844);81
8.5.1;Bibliography;87
8.6;Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834–1907);88
8.6.1;1 Introduction;88
8.6.2;2 Biography;89
8.6.3;3 Research Topics;90
8.6.4;4 Philosophical Views;92
8.6.5;5 Conclusion;95
8.6.6;Bibliography;95
8.7;Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903);97
8.7.1;1 Biography;97
8.7.2;2 Thermodynamics;98
8.7.3;3 Physical Chemistry;100
8.7.4;4 Philosophy;103
8.7.5;Bibliography;106
8.8;Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932);109
8.8.1;1 Biography;109
8.8.2;2 Intellectual Odyssey;110
8.8.3;3 Energetic Theory;113
8.8.4;4 Energetic Chemistry;116
8.8.5;5 Energy And Matter;117
8.8.6;Bibliography;118
8.9;PIERRE DUHEM (1861–1916);120
8.9.1;1 Bibliographical Sketch;120
8.9.2;2 The Place of Chemistry in Duhem’s Interests;120
8.9.3;3 Chemical Formulas;122
8.9.4;4 Duhem’s Critique of Chemical Atomism;126
8.9.5;5 Ancient Views of Mixture;127
8.9.6;6 Final Comments;130
8.9.7;Bibliography;130
8.10;FrantiSek Wald (1861–1930);132
8.10.1;Phenomenalist Chemistry;132
8.10.2;Acknowledgement;137
8.10.3;Bibliography;138
8.11;G. N. Lewis (1875–1946);139
8.12;Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962);147
8.12.1;1 Chemistry as a Model for a New Epistemology;147
8.12.2;2 Chemistry: An Anti-Model Science;148
8.12.3;3 Chemistry: A Science of Harmony;149
8.12.4;4 Chemistry: A Science of Effects;150
8.12.5;5 Chemistry: A Phenomenotechnique;152
8.12.6;ideal of rationalism, as a kind of ethical engagement.;155
8.12.7;Bibliography;155
8.13;LINUS PAULING (1901–1994);157
8.13.1;1 Biography;157
8.13.2;2 Philosophical Views;159
8.13.3;Bibliography.;163
8.14;Ilya Prigogine (1917-2003);170
8.14.1;Acknowledgement;179
8.14.2;Bibliography;179
8.15;Charles Coulson (1910–1974);164
8.15.1;1 Biography;164
8.15.2;2 Philosophical Views;164
8.15.3;Bibliography;169
9;Part 3: Chemical Substances;181
9.1;Ancient Theories of Chemical Substance;183
9.1.1;1 Early Pluralist Theories;183
9.1.2;2 Plato’s Speculative Suggestions;186
9.1.3;3 Aristotle’s Theory of Mixis;187
9.1.4;4 Later Atomism’s More Dynamic Theory;189
9.1.5;5 The Stoic Alternative;190
9.1.6;6 Epilogue;192
9.1.7;Bibliography;193
9.2;Substances: The Ontology of Chemistry;194
9.2.1;1 Terminological Preliminaries;194
9.2.2;2 Phenomenology of Everyday Stuff (and Things);196
9.2.3;3 High-Entropy Bulk Glassy Metals and Other Mixts;197
9.2.4;4 Protochemistry;198
9.2.5;5 Stuff Perspective;199
9.2.6;6 Natural Kinds;200
9.2.7;7 Molar Definition of “Pure Substance";201
9.2.8;8 Polymorphs;202
9.2.9;9 The Phase Rule;204
9.2.10;10 Phase and Substance Properties;208
9.2.11;11 Metastable and Other Esoteric Phases;209
9.2.12;12 Non-Stoichiometric Compounds;210
9.2.13;13 Inclusion Complexes and Addition Compounds;214
9.2.14;14 Atomic Number;217
9.2.15;15 Isotopes (Nuclear Isomers);218
9.2.16;16 Monomers and Polymers;219
9.2.17;17 Identification of (Submicroscopic) Chemical Species;221
9.2.18;18 Enantiomers and Racemates;222
9.2.19;19 Tautomers and Other Fleeting Species;224
9.2.20;20 One set of Nuclei and Electrons;226
9.2.21;21 Concluding Remarks;226
9.2.22;BIBLIOGRAPHY;228
9.3;Modality, Mereology and Substance;233
9.3.1;1 Introduction;233
9.3.2;2 Mereology;233
9.3.3;3 The Interpretation of Quantified Modal Logic;239
9.3.4;4 Natural Kinds;241
9.3.5;5 Substance Properties as Mass Predicates;244
9.3.6;6 Intensive and Homogeneous Predicates;247
9.3.7;7 Modality;251
9.3.8;8 Final Word on the Elements;254
9.3.9;Bibliography;255
9.4;Elements;257
9.4.1;1 Introduction;257
9.4.2;2 Historical Development;257
9.4.3;3 Paneth on the Elements;264
9.4.4;4 Philosophical Issues;267
9.4.5;Bibliography;270
9.5;COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES;272
9.5.1;1 Introduction;272
9.5.2;2 The Aristotelian Conception of Mixture;272
9.5.3;3 The Stoic Theory of Mixt;275
9.5.4;4 Freeing Substance from Phase;277
9.5.5;5 The Law of Definite Proportions and the Problem of Chemical Combination;280
9.5.6;6 Thermodynamics and the Phase Rule;282
9.5.7;7 Questioning the Law of Definite Proportions: Berthollides;286
9.5.8;8 Conclusion;289
9.5.9;Bibliography;290
10;Part 4: Chemical Concepts and Methods;292
10.1;The Chemical Bond;294
10.1.1;1 Chemical Structure Theory;294
10.1.2;2 The Electron and the Chemical Bond;298
10.1.3;3 Quantum Mechanics and the Chemical Bond;301
10.1.4;4 Two Conceptions of the Chemical Bond;305
10.1.5;Bibliography;307
10.2;Mechanisms and Chemical Reaction;309
10.2.1;1 Introduction.;309
10.2.2;2 What is a Mechanism in Organic Chemistry?;310
10.2.3;3 Establishing a Mechanism: The Bromonation of Alkenes;315
10.2.4;4 Using Mechanisms in Total Synthesis;321
10.2.5;5 Mechanisms in Philosophy and Chemistry;324
10.2.6;Bibliography;327
10.3;The Periodic Table;328
10.3.1;1 Introduction;328
10.3.2;2A Brief History;329
10.3.3;3 Forms of the Periodic Table;330
10.3.4;4 Developments in Philosophy of Chemistry;333
10.3.5;Bibliography;335
10.4;Laws in Chemistry;338
10.4.1;1 Introduction;338
10.4.2;2 The Grammar of Statements of Natural Laws;341
10.4.3;3 Refinements and Qualifications;342
10.4.4;4 Chemical Taxonomies;343
10.4.5;5 A common Feature?;344
10.4.6;6 The Status of Equations Describing Reactions;346
10.4.7;7 Which Concept of Causation is Exemplified in Chemical Discourse?;348
10.4.8;8 Falsification Protection;350
10.4.9;9 The Deducibility of Counterfactuals;351
10.4.10;Bibliography;353
10.5;Chemical Modeling;354
10.5.1;1 Physical Modeling in Chemistry;354
10.5.2;2 Mathematical Modeling in Chemistry;355
10.5.3;3 Putting Chemical Models to Work;357
10.5.4;Bibliography;361
11;Part 5: Chemistry and Physics;363
11.1;Reduction, Emergence and Physicalism;365
11.1.1;1 Introduction;365
11.1.2;2 Chemistry and Classical Reduction;366
11.1.3;3 Chemistry in a Physical World;371
11.1.4;4 Physicalism;374
11.1.5;5 The Completeness of Physics;378
11.1.6;Bibliography;383
11.2;Atoms and Molecules in Classical Chemistry and Quantum Mechanics;385
11.2.1;1 The Evolution of Classical Molecular Structure;385
11.2.2;2 Atomic and Molecular Structure, and Valence Bonds;396
11.2.3;3 The Molecule in Quantum Mechanics;408
11.2.4;Bibliography;421
11.3;Concept Amalgamation and Representation in Quantum Chemistry;425
11.3.1;Introduction;425
11.3.2;Stage Setting;426
11.3.3;The Schr¨Odinger Equation;428
11.3.4;The Heitler-London Calculation;430
11.3.5;The Valence Bond Approach;433
11.3.6;The Molecular Orbital Approach;437
11.3.7;Comparison of VB and MO Approaches;439
11.3.8;Abstracting the Qualitative from the Quantitative;441
11.3.9;A NEW METHOD: CONFIGURATION INTERACTION;444
11.3.10;The Dark Age and Beyond: Further Development of Quantum Chemistry;449
11.3.11;From Equations to Pictures;451
11.3.12;Bridging the Gap;455
11.3.13;Representing Chemistry;460
11.3.14;Bibliography;461
11.4;Thermodynamics in Chemistry;465
11.4.1;1 Introduction;465
11.4.2;2 Structure of Thermodynamics;467
11.4.3;3 Practice of Thermodynamics;472
11.4.4;4 The Phase Rule;486
11.4.5;5 Statistical Thermodynamics;487
11.4.6;6 Possible Conclusions;489
11.4.7;Acknowledgement;491
11.4.8;Bibliography;492
11.5;Entropy in Chemistry;493
11.5.1;1 Introduction;493
11.5.2;2 Clausius on Entropy;493
11.5.3;3 Gibbs on Entropy;494
11.5.4;4 Planck on Entropy;497
11.5.5;5 The Neglect of Entropy;497
11.5.6;6 Changing Times;500
11.5.7;Bibliography;502
12;Part 6: Chemistry and Other Disciplines;505
12.1;Explanatory Relationships Between Chemical and Biological Sciences;507
12.1.1;1 Introduction;507
12.1.2;2 A Specific form of Chemistry;507
12.1.3;3 Chemical Explanations of Biological Phenomena;510
12.1.4;4 The Explanation of the Formation of Life;514
12.1.5;Bibliography;515
12.2;Chemistry and Pharmacy: A Philosophical Inquiry Into an Evolving Relationship;517
12.2.1;1 Introduction;517
12.2.2;2 The Philosophy of Pharmacy;518
12.2.3;3 ‘Targets’ and the Promise of Rational Drug Design;519
12.2.4;4 Screening: Creating Chemical Possibilities the Old-Fashioned Way;520
12.2.5;5 Chemical Tweaking as Empirical Drug Design — Variation on a Theme;522
12.2.6;6 The Paradox of the Pharmakon;523
12.2.7;7 Historical Perspectives on the Relationship Between Chemistry and Pharmacy;524
12.2.8;8 Conclusion;526
12.2.9;Bibliography;527
12.3;Chemical Engineering Science;529
12.3.1;1 Introduction;529
12.3.2;2 Unit Operations and Transport Phenomena;531
12.3.3;3 Similarity Considerations and Dimensionless Numbers;533
12.3.4;4 Dimensional Analysis in Chemical Engineering;534
12.3.5;5 Fundamental Presuppositions of Dimensional Analysis;536
12.3.6;6 Ceteris Paribus Assumptions;538
12.3.7;7 Geometric Models of Heterogeneous Multiphase Systems;539
12.3.8;Bibliography;542
13;Index;544