Wolfe-Coote The Laboratory Primate

1. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-0-08-045416-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 650 Seiten

Reihe: Handbook of Experimental Animals

A volume in the Handbook of Experimental Animals series, The Laboratory Primate details the past and present use of primates in biomedical research, and the husbandry, nutritional requirements, behaviour, and breeding of each of the commonly used species. Practical information on regulatory requirements, not available in other texts, is covered. Sections on experimental models cover the major areas of biomedical research, including AIDS, cancer, neurobiology and gene therapy. Assisted reproductive technology, tissue typing, and minimum group sizes for infectious disease/vaccine studies are also included. - Two-color, user-friendly format, with copious illustrations and color plates - Includes detailed, well-illustrated sections on gross & microscopic anatomy, common diseases, and special procedures, including surgical techniques

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wolfe-Coote, Sonia

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;The Laboratory Primate;5
1.1;Contents;7
1.2;Preface;15
1.3;Definition of the Primate Model;17
1.3.1;The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context;19
1.3.1.1;Taxonomy: Organizing nature ;19
1.3.1.2;What are species? The biological species concept;19
1.3.1.3;What are species? The phylogenetic species concept;21
1.3.1.4;What are subspecies?;21
1.3.1.5;Nomenclature;22
1.3.1.6;How to classify species;22
1.3.1.7;References;29
1.3.1.8;Appendix;31
1.3.2;Similarities of Non-human Primates to Humans: Genetic Variations and Phenotypic Associations Common to Rhesus Monkeys and Humans;33
1.3.2.1;Introduction;33
1.3.2.2;Mu-opioid receptor;35
1.3.2.3;Dopamine transporter;37
1.3.2.4;Serotonin transporter;41
1.3.2.5;Conclusion;42
1.3.2.6;References;42
1.3.3;General Anatomy;45
1.3.3.1;Introduction: Primates as a clade;45
1.3.3.2;The musculoskeletal system;46
1.3.3.3;The dentition;50
1.3.3.4;The digestive system;52
1.3.3.5;The brain;53
1.3.3.6;Reproduction and life history variation;54
1.3.3.7;The senses;58
1.3.3.8;References;59
1.3.4;Pathology of Noninfectious Diseases of the Laboratory Primate;63
1.3.4.1;Introduction;63
1.3.4.2;Respiratory system;63
1.3.4.3;Cardiovascular system;64
1.3.4.4;Endocrine system;65
1.3.4.5;Alimentary tract;66
1.3.4.6;Urinary system;71
1.3.4.7;Reproductive system;71
1.3.4.8;Nervous system;75
1.3.4.9;Integumentary system;78
1.3.4.10;Musculoskeletal system;80
1.3.4.11;Multisystemic diseases;81
1.3.4.12;References;84
1.3.5;Common Viral Infections of Laboratory Primates;91
1.3.5.1;Introduction;91
1.3.5.2;Retroviruses;91
1.3.5.3;Herpesviruses;96
1.3.5.4;Parvoviruses;99
1.3.5.5;Polyomaviruses;100
1.3.5.6;References;101
1.3.6;Modeling Parasitic Diseases in Nonhuman Primates: Malaria, ChagasÌDisease, and Filariasis;107
1.3.6.1;Introduction;107
1.3.6.2;Nonhuman primate models of malaria;107
1.3.6.3;Nonhuman primate models of ChagasÌ disease;111
1.3.6.4;Nonhuman primate models of lymphatic filariasis;113
1.3.6.5;Concluding remarks;115
1.3.6.6;References;115
1.3.7;Reproduction: Definition of a Primate Model of Female Fertility;121
1.3.7.1;Introduction;121
1.3.7.2;Fertility;123
1.3.7.3;Behavioural signs of reproductive activity;123
1.3.7.4;Endocrinology and reproduction;125
1.3.7.5;External factors influencing reproduction;126
1.3.7.6;Infertility;127
1.3.7.7;Summary;130
1.3.7.8;References;131
1.3.8;Male Reproduction and Fertilization;135
1.3.8.1;Introduction;135
1.3.8.2;Control of male reproduction;135
1.3.8.3;Factors affecting male reproduction;138
1.3.8.4;Fertilization;141
1.3.8.5;In vitro fertilization;143
1.3.8.6;Senescence;144
1.3.8.7;References;144
1.3.9;Primate Natural History and Social Behavior: Implications for Laboratory Housing;149
1.3.9.1;Introduction;149
1.3.9.2;Rhesus macaque natural history;150
1.3.9.3;Laboratory environment and abnormal behavior;152
1.3.9.4;Conclusions;156
1.3.9.5;References;156
1.4;Primate Management;159
1.4.1;Husbandry and Management of New World Species: Marmosets and Tamarins;161
1.4.1.1;Animals and natural habitat;161
1.4.1.2;Husbandry and housing;162
1.4.1.3;Feeding and nutrition;163
1.4.1.4;Environmental enrichment;167
1.4.1.5;Breeding;168
1.4.1.6;Physiological data;170
1.4.1.7;Veterinary care;171
1.4.1.8;Diseases;173
1.4.1.9;Abbreviations;176
1.4.1.10;References;176
1.4.2;Management of Old World Primates;179
1.4.2.1;Introduction;179
1.4.2.2;Housing;179
1.4.2.3;The Tsukuba experience;181
1.4.2.4;References;189
1.4.3;Vervet Monkey Breeding;191
1.4.3.1;Introduction: breeding biology;191
1.4.3.2;Breeding and rearing systems in captivity;191
1.4.3.3;The menstrual cycle;192
1.4.3.4;Mating, conception, pregnancy and birth;192
1.4.3.5;References;195
1.4.4;Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases;197
1.4.4.1;Introduction;197
1.4.4.2;Nutrient requirements;198
1.4.4.3;Nonhuman primate diet formulations;217
1.4.4.4;Food contaminants;218
1.4.4.5;References;219
1.4.5;Environmental Enrichment and Refinement of Handling Procedures;225
1.4.5.1;Introduction;225
1.4.5.2;Environmental enrichment;226
1.4.5.3;Training for cooperation during procedures;235
1.4.5.4;Conclusion;237
1.4.5.5;References;238
1.4.6;Development of Specific Pathogen Free Nonhuman Primate Colonies;245
1.4.6.1;Introduction;245
1.4.6.2;Historical perspectives on specific pathogen free primate colonies;245
1.4.6.3;Definition of specific pathogen free status;246
1.4.6.4;SPF target viruses for macaque colonies;246
1.4.6.5;SPF target agents in non- macaque primate colonies;248
1.4.6.6;Viral testing;248
1.4.6.7;Specific pathogen free animal derivation strategies;250
1.4.6.8;Animal housing configurations;251
1.4.6.9;Veterinary care program;251
1.4.6.10;Expanded SPF programs;252
1.4.6.11;Summary recommendations;253
1.4.6.12;References;254
1.4.7;Medical Care;257
1.4.7.1;Animal health monitoring and surveillance;257
1.4.7.2;Management of the stable colony;258
1.4.7.3;Management of quarantine and isolation;265
1.4.7.4;Personnel health monitoring and surveillance policies;266
1.4.7.5;First aid and critical care;267
1.4.7.6;Emergency animal care;269
1.4.7.7;Concluding remarks;272
1.4.7.8;References;272
1.4.8;Factors Affecting the Choice of Species;275
1.4.8.1;Introduction;275
1.4.8.2;Factors affecting choice;276
1.4.8.3;Inter and intraspecies variations in pharmaceutical use;283
1.4.8.4;Conclusions;285
1.4.8.5;References;286
1.5;Research Techniques and Procedures;289
1.5.1;Anaesthesia;291
1.5.1.1;Introduction;291
1.5.1.2;Section 1: Anaesthesia;291
1.5.1.3;Section 2: Drug administration and sample collection;306
1.5.1.4;References;307
1.5.2;Rigid Endoscopy;309
1.5.2.1;Introduction;309
1.5.2.2;Laparoscopy;310
1.5.2.3;Laparoscopic procedures;319
1.5.2.4;Thoracoscopy;329
1.5.2.5;Thoracoscopic procedures;331
1.5.2.6;Summary comments;332
1.5.2.7;References;332
1.5.3;Ultrasound Imaging in Rhesus;333
1.5.3.1;Section 1: Introduction;333
1.5.3.2;Section 2: Equipment and scanning techniques;334
1.5.3.3;Section 3: Nongravid animals;335
1.5.3.4;Section 4: Gravid animals;339
1.5.3.5;Section 5: Fetal development;345
1.5.3.6;Section 6: Ultrasound-guided procedures;361
1.5.3.7;Section 7: Other ultrasound imaging applications;362
1.5.3.8;References;365
1.5.4;Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Conscious Marmoset Monkeys: Methods and Applications in Neuroscience Research;369
1.5.4.1;Introduction;369
1.5.4.2;What is fMRI and how does it work?;371
1.5.4.3;Problems associated with fMRI in nonhuman animals;375
1.5.4.4;Applications in neuroscience research;382
1.5.4.5;References;385
1.5.5;Radiographic Imaging of Nonhuman Primates;387
1.5.5.1;Introduction;387
1.5.5.2;Thoracic radiograph;387
1.5.5.3;Abdominal radiograph;390
1.5.5.4;Neurologic system;398
1.5.5.5;Musculoskeletal;399
1.5.5.6;Fluoroscopy;401
1.5.5.7;Nuclear imaging;401
1.5.5.8;References;401
1.5.6;Imaging: Positron Emission Tomography ( PET);403
1.5.6.1;Introduction;403
1.5.6.2;Principles of emission computed tomography;405
1.5.6.3;Non-human primate PET scanners;410
1.5.6.4;Animal procedures for PET studies;411
1.5.6.5;Anaesthesia and immobilization;413
1.5.6.6;PET application in non- human primates;414
1.5.6.7;Imaging non-human primates versus rodents;415
1.5.6.8;References;416
1.6;Current Uses in Biomedical Research;419
1.6.1;Use of the Primate Model in Research;421
1.6.1.1;Introduction;421
1.6.1.2;Primatology: An historical overview;422
1.6.1.3;Anatomy/physiology;423
1.6.1.4;Development of the primate model in research;423
1.6.1.5;Research utilization and advances;424
1.6.1.6;Welfare considerations;427
1.6.1.7;References;429
1.6.2;Chronic Diseases;433
1.6.2.1;Summary;433
1.6.2.2;Introduction;433
1.6.2.3;The rhesus monkey model of collagen- induced arthritis ( CIA);434
1.6.2.4;Multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE);438
1.6.2.5;Myasthenia gravis;446
1.6.2.6;References;449
1.6.3;Practical Approaches to Pharmacological Studies in Nonhuman Primates;453
1.6.3.1;Introduction;453
1.6.3.2;The nonhuman primate in pharmacological studies;453
1.6.3.3;Drug and test compound delivery;456
1.6.3.4;Behavior analysis as an aid in pharmacological research;460
1.6.3.5;Current pharmacological research in the nonhuman primate model;461
1.6.3.6;Conclusion;462
1.6.3.7;References;462
1.6.4;Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Aging;465
1.6.4.1;Background;465
1.6.4.2;Approach;466
1.6.4.3;Measurement of cognitive status;466
1.6.4.4;Diet and cardiovascular health;467
1.6.4.5;Primate diversity;467
1.6.4.6;Major topics of primate aging research;467
1.6.4.7;References;479
1.6.5;Primate Models of Neurological Disease;483
1.6.5.1;Introduction;483
1.6.5.2;Amnestic syndromes;483
1.6.5.3;ParkinsonÌs disease;488
1.6.5.4;AlzheimerÌs disease and amyloid angiopathy;493
1.6.5.5;Multiple sclerosis;494
1.6.5.6;Epilepsy;495
1.6.5.7;Summary ;498
1.6.5.8;References;498
1.6.6;Genetics: A Survey of Nonhuman Primate Genetics, Genetic Management and Applications to Biomedical Research;503
1.6.6.1;The analysis of primate genomes;503
1.6.6.2;Genetic relationships among primates;507
1.6.6.3;Genetic management of primates;509
1.6.6.4;Current applications to biomedical research;511
1.6.6.5;Future directions in primate genetics;513
1.6.6.6;References;514
1.6.7;The Respiratory System and its Use in Research;519
1.6.7.1;Introduction;519
1.6.7.2;Nasal cavity;520
1.6.7.3;Pharynx;527
1.6.7.4;Larynx;528
1.6.7.5;Lung organization;528
1.6.7.6;Tracheobronchial airways;528
1.6.7.7;Gas exchange area;532
1.6.7.8;Overview of research uses;534
1.6.7.9;References;538
1.6.8;Reproduction: Male;543
1.6.8.1;Introduction;543
1.6.8.2;Which non-human primate models are used/ or should be used?;543
1.6.8.3;Main applications in male reproduction: models for biomedical research;545
1.6.8.4;References;551
1.6.9;Reproduction: Female;553
1.6.9.1;Historical perspective;553
1.6.9.2;Follicular growth and ovulation;554
1.6.9.3;Induced ovulation;555
1.6.9.4;Ovum and embryo recovery techniques;557
1.6.9.5;Production of precisely aged embryos;557
1.6.9.6;Contraceptive effects;559
1.6.9.7;Embryo transfer;559
1.6.9.8;In vitro fertilization;560
1.6.9.9;Other manipulative techniques and future clinical application;561
1.6.9.10;Conclusion;562
1.6.9.11;References;562
1.6.10;The Baboon as an Appropriate Model for the Study of Multifactoral Aspects of Human Endometriosis;565
1.6.10.1;Introduction;565
1.6.10.2;Animal models for endometriosis research;566
1.6.10.3;The role of the baboon model for study of human endometriosis;568
1.6.10.4;Conclusion;573
1.6.10.5;References;573
1.6.11;Virology Research;577
1.6.11.1;Introduction and scope;577
1.6.11.2;Acute viral diseases;578
1.6.11.3;Chronic viral diseases;580
1.6.11.4;Conclusion;589
1.6.11.5;References;590
1.6.12;Parasitic Diseases of Nonhuman Primates;595
1.6.12.1;Introduction;595
1.6.12.2;Parasitic diseases of immune- competent nonhuman primates;595
1.6.12.3;Parasitic diseases of immune-compromised nonhuman primates;600
1.6.12.4;Commonly occurring benign parasitic infections of nonhuman primates;603
1.6.12.5;Concluding remarks;605
1.6.12.6;References;606
1.7;Glossary;611
1.8;Index;623

Leseproben

CHAPTER 1 The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context
Groves Colin,     School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Taxonomy: Organizing nature
Taxonomy means classifying organisms. It is nowadays commonly used as a synonym for systematics, though strictly speaking systematics is a much broader sphere of interest – interrelationships, and biodiversity. At the basis of taxonomy lies that much-debated concept, the species. Because there is so much misunderstanding about what a species is, it is necessary to give some space to discussion of the concept. The importance of what we mean by the word “species” goes way beyond taxonomy as such: it affects such diverse fields as genetics, biogeography, population biology, ecology, ethology, and biodiversity; in an era in which threats to the natural world and its biodiversity are accelerating, it affects conservation strategies (Rojas, 1992). In the present context, it is of crucial importance for understanding laboratory primates and their husbandry. What are species? The biological species concept
Disagreement as to what precisely constitutes a species is to be expected, given that the concept serves so many functions (Vane-Wright, 1992). We may be interested in classification as such, or in the evolutionary implications of species; in the theory of species, or in simply how to recognize them; or in their reproductive, physiological, or husbandry status. Most non-specialists probably have some vague idea that species are defined by not interbreeding with each other; usually, that hybrids between different species are sterile, or that they are incapable of hybridizing at all. Such an impression ultimately derives from the definition by Mayr (1940), whereby species are “groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups” (the Biological Species Concept). Mayr never actually said that species can’t breed with each other, indeed he denied that that this was in any way a necessary part of reproductive isolation; he merely said that, under natural conditions, they don’t. Reproductive isolation, in some form, stands at the basis of what a species is. Having said this, it must be admitted that it is no longer possible to follow Mayr’s concept as definitive. In a recent book (Groves, 2001, see especially Chapter 3) I sketched the main reasons why this is so: • It offers no guidance for the allocation of allopatric populations. • Many distinct species actually do breed with each other under natural conditions, but manage to remain distinct. • The interrelationships of organisms under natural conditions are often (usually?) unknown. • Many species do not reproduce sexually anyway. Allopatry
To say that two populations are allopatric means that their geographic distributions do not overlap – they are entirely separate. This means that they do not have the chance to breed with each other, even if they wanted to. There is, for example, no way of testing whether Macaca fuscata (of Japan), M.cyclopis (of Taiwan) and M.mulatta (the Rhesus Macaque, of the East Asian mainland) are actually different species or not; they are classified as distinct species in all major checklists, but there is no objective way of testing this classification under the Biological Species Concept. Indeed, this is the usual situation: populations that differ, in some respect, from one another and are, by relevant criteria, closely related are usually allopatric. To take demonstrable reproductive isolation, the requisite criterion under the Biological Species Concept, as the sine qua non of species status would be to leave the majority of living organisms unclassifiable except by some arbitrary fiat. Natural interbreeding
The two common species of North American deer (Odocoileus virginanus, the Whitetail, and O.hemionus, the Blacktail) are found together over a wide geographic area, and are always readily distinguishable; yet molecular studies have found evidence that there has been hybridization. For example, in Pecos Country, west Texas, four out of the nine whitetails examined had mitochondrial DNA characteristic of the blacktails with which they share their range (Carr and Hughes, 1993). Evidently in the not-too-distant past blacktail females joined whitetail breeding herds and, while the whitetail phenotype was strongly selected for, the blacktail mtDNA has remained in the population, fossil documentation of the hybridization event. In Primates, also, there are examples of hybridization in the wild. A good example of the first case, Cercopithecus ascanius (Redtail monkey) and C.mitis (Blue monkey) in Uganda, has been described in detail by Struhsaker et al. (1988). The two monkeys, which are widely sympatric, meaning that they live in the same areas over a wide range, interbreed at quite noticeable levels, yet remain separate and clearly distinguishable and no one has ever proposed to regard them as anything but distinct species. This case is not unlike that of the North American deer, mentioned above. These are two examples – one non-Primate, one Primate – of pairs of distinct species which manage to remain distinct over wide areas even though there is gene-flow between them. Much more common (or, better, more readily documented) are cases where pairs of species occupy ranges that are largely separate but meet along their margins (parapatric), and interbreed where they do so. Interbreeding varies from occasional to full hybrid zones, and such cases have, unlike the hybridization-in-sympatry cases, been regarded as evidence that reproductive isolation does not exist, so the two species should be merged into one. But there is no difference, in principle, from the hybridization-in-sympatry cases. The classic study of a hybrid zone is that of two mice, Mus musculus and Mus domesticus, across the Jutland peninsula, Denmark (see summary in Wilson et al., 1985). The hybrid zone, as measured by morphology and protein alleles, is very narrow; yet the mtDNA of the southern species, M.domesticus, introgresses well across the boundary, and across the seaway (the Skagerrak) into Sweden. This suggests both that hybridization has been occurring, and that M.musculus has been expanding its range, and the hybrid zone has been moving south since before the sea broke through separating Denmark and Sweden in the early Holocene. There has been no selection against hybridization during this long period. In a well-studied Primate example, two baboons, Papio hamadryas (Hamadryas baboon) and P.anubis (Olive baboon), are parapatric and hybridize where their ranges meet in Ethiopia, the hybrid zone being not more than a few kilometres wide. The two taxa are adapted to more arid and more mesic environments, respectively, and the hybrid zone travels up and down the Awash River according to whether there has been a run of dry seasons or a run of wet seasons, but remains more or less the same width. This case is therefore not unlike that of the two mice in Denmark. Unlike the Cercopithecus example, the two baboon taxa have been shuffled back and forth between subspecies and species (compare Jolly, 1993 and Groves, 2001). Yet what is the difference, really? What are species? The phylogenetic species concept
Most attempts to modify the definition of a species have been modifications of the Mayr concept, and relied on reproductive status (see Groves, 2001, Chapter 3). Even without the practical problems summarized above, such definitions seem inherently flawed because they appeal to the process of how species come to be, or are maintained, when surely they should be recognized by the pattern of what they actually are. It was put succinctly by Cracraft (1983): “Evolution produces taxonomic entities, defined in terms of their evolutionary differentiation from other such forms. These entities should be called species … A species is the smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent”. This is the Phylogenetic Species Concept. “Diagnosable” means 100% different in one or more heritable characters. It implies that there are fixed genetic differences, though it does not require that they be demonstrable here and now in the form of DNA sequences (given advances in knowledge, presumably they will be in the fullness of time). It is as nearly objective as the evidence permits. The only query that can arise is whether a “parental pattern of ancestry and descent” exists, and this is as close to inference as the concept approaches. In this concept, we cease to use the species as a hypothesis of relationship: each diagnosable entity is recognized as a species, and hypotheses of relationships are reserved for some other level, whether a formal taxonomic rank or an informal grouping...