Buch, Englisch, 432 Seiten
Buch, Englisch, 432 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-394-34898-5
Verlag: John Wiley & Sons Inc
Complete resource covering theory and practical applications to solve modern agricultural challenges and enhance productivity, sustainability, and food safety
Nanotechnology Innovations for Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture addresses the pressing challenges of modern agriculture and food security by demonstrating how nanotechnology can provide innovative solutions. It solves problems related to low crop yields, inefficient pest control, and inadequate food safety measures by introducing advanced nanoscale materials and techniques. By showcasing practical applications of nanotechnology in enhancing soil health, optimizing nutrient delivery, and improving pest management, the book offers strategies to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability.
It also tackles issues in food quality and safety through advanced nano-sensors and packaging solutions, ensuring that food production and distribution are both more efficient and secure. By bridging theoretical knowledge with practical applications, this comprehensive resource provides valuable insights into how nanotechnology can be influenced to achieve sustainable agricultural practices and enhance global food security.
In Nanotechnology Innovations for Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, readers will find information on: - Mechanisms, benefits, and future directions of nanofertilizers for soil health and fertility
- Nano-biofortification of cereal crops, addressing hidden hunger by enhancing nutritional content of staple foods
- Next generation agriculture with nanopesticides and nanofungicides, demonstrating how targeted, efficient solutions can minimize environmental impact
- The role of nanomaterials in modern plant disease management and potential health risks associated with nanoparticles
- Ethical, safety, and regulatory considerations in nanotechnology for agriculture
Nanotechnology Innovations for Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture serves as an essential resource on the subject for students and researchers, particularly those specializing in crop science, environmental science, and biotechnology, along with agricultural scientists and researchers, food safety and quality experts, farmers and agricultural practitioners, policy makers, and industry stakeholders.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Technische Wissenschaften Technik Allgemein Technische Zuverlässigkeit, Sicherheitstechnik
- Technische Wissenschaften Technik Allgemein Nanotechnologie
- Naturwissenschaften Agrarwissenschaften Agrarwissenschaften Nachhaltige Landwirtschaft
- Technische Wissenschaften Verfahrenstechnik | Chemieingenieurwesen | Biotechnologie Lebensmitteltechnologie und Getränketechnologie
- Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Lebensmittelsicherheit und -versorgung
Weitere Infos & Material
About the Authors xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
Acronyms xxv
About the Companion Website xxxv
1 Introduction to a Non-Terrestrial Network 1
1.1 Non-Terrestrial Networks: The Definition 1
1.2 Simplified 3GPP NTN Architecture 2
1.3 Motivation for the NTN 3
1.4 An Overview of NTN Use Cases 4
1.5 3GPP NTN Roadmap 6
1.5.1 Release 15 (R15) 7
1.5.2 Release 16 (R16) 7
1.5.3 Release 17 (R17) 7
1.5.4 Release 18 (R18) 8
1.5.5 Release 19 (R19) and Beyond 8
1.6 Role of the NTN in 6G 8
1.7 Major Takeaways 9
References 10
2 Types of NTN Platforms 13
2.1 Types of NTN Platforms 13
2.2 Characteristics of Satellites 14
2.3 Characteristics of UASs of the NTN 16
2.4 Types of Beams 18
2.5 An Overview of Pre-5G Satellite Systems 20
2.6 Types of NTN Devices for the NTN 22
2.7 Trends in NTN Deployments 23
2.8 Major Takeaways 24
References 25
3 Radio Interfaces of LTE-M, NB-IoT, and NR: A Concise Introduction 27
3.1 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technologies and 5G New Radio: A Concise Introduction 27
3.1.1 Wireless IoT Technologies and 4G Evolved Packet System 28
3.1.2 5G System 33
3.2 LTE-M: A 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technology 36
3.2.1 Key Features of LTE-M 36
3.2.1.1 Radio Interface 36
3.2.1.2 Deployment 37
3.2.1.3 Duplexing 37
3.2.1.4 Receiver Design 37
3.2.1.5 Device Characteristics 37
3.2.1.6 Coverage Enhancement 37
3.2.1.7 Long Battery Life 37
3.2.1.8 Reduced Signaling Load 38
3.2.1.9 LTE-M/IoT Enhancements in the EPC 38
3.2.2 LTE-M Air Interface: Protocol Stack and Physical Layer Frame Structure 38
3.2.2.1 LTE-M: Radio Protocol Stack 38
3.2.2.2 LTE-M: PHY Frame Structure 39
3.2.3 Summary of LTE-M Operations 40
3.2.3.1 Initial Attach and EPS Bearer Setup in LTE-M 41
3.2.3.2 Random Access in LTE-M 44
3.2.3.3 RRC Connection Setup in LTE-M 45
3.2.3.4 Example Downlink Data Transfer in LTE-M 46
3.2.3.5 Example Uplink Data Transfer in LTE-M 47
3.2.3.6 Handover in LTE-M 48
3.2.3.7 Activities of an LTE-M UE in the Idle Mode 51
3.3 NB-IoT: A 3GPP-Defined Wireless IoT Technology 53
3.3.1 Key Features of NB-IoT 53
3.3.1.1 Radio Interface 54
3.3.1.2 Deployment 54
3.3.1.3 Duplexing 54
3.3.1.4 Receiver Design 54
3.3.1.5 Device Characteristics 54
3.3.1.6 Coverage Enhancement 54
3.3.1.7 Long Battery Life 55
3.3.1.8 Reduced Signaling Load 55
3.3.1.9 Mobility 55
3.3.1.10 NB-IoT Enhancements in the EPC 55
3.3.2 Summary of NB-IoT Operations 56
3.3.2.1 Initial Attach and EPS Bearer Setup in NB-IoT 56
3.3.2.2 Random-Access Procedure in NB-IoT 59
3.3.2.3 RRC Connection Setup in NB-IoT 60
3.3.2.4 Example DL Data Transfer in NB-IoT 61
3.3.2.5 Example UL Data Transfer in NB-IoT 62
3.3.2.6 Mobility Management of NB-IoT UEs 64
3.4 5G: A 3GPP-Defined Transformational Technology 64
3.4.1 Key Features of 5G NR 64
3.4.1.1 Scalable and Flexible OFDM 64
3.4.1.2 Unified and Flexible Frame Structure 65
3.4.1.3 Variety of Spectrum 65
3.4.1.4 Massive MIMO and Advanced Beamforming 66
3.4.1.5 Advanced Channel Coding 66
3.4.1.6 Multi-radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) 66
3.4.2 5G NR Air Interface: Protocol Stack and Physical Layer Frame Structure 67
3.4.2.1 5G-NR: Radio Protocol Stack 67
3.4.2.2 5G-NR: PHY Frame Structure 67
3.4.3 Summary of 5G NR Operations 68
3.4.3.1 Initial Registration in 5GS 68
3.4.3.2 Random Access in 5G NR 74
3.4.3.3 RRC Connection Setup in 5G NR 74
3.4.3.4 Example Downlink Data Transfer in 5G NR 75
3.4.3.5 Example Uplink Data Transfer in 5G NR 77
3.4.3.6 Handover in 5G NR 79
3.4.3.7 Activities of a 5G NR UE in the RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE States 81
3.5 LTE-M and NB-IoT Enhancements Beyond Release 13 83
3.5.1 Enhancements Common to LTE-M and NB-IoT 83
3.5.2 LTE-M Enhancements 84
3.6 Major Takeaways 85
References 86
4 Challenges of an NTN 87
4.1 An Overview of NTN-Specific Challenges 87
4.2 Long and Variable Propagation Delays 89
4.3 High and Variable Doppler Shifts 92
4.4 NTN Cell Size 94
4.5 NTN Cell Mobility 95
4.6 Type of Beams 95
4.7 Types of NTN Payloads 96
4.8 Propagation Path Loss 98
4.9 Long-Term Signal Strength Characteristics 98
4.10 Special Atmospheric Effects 99
4.10.1 Faraday Rotation 100
4.10.2 Scintillation 100
4.11 Feeder Link Switch 100
4.12 Noncontiguous/Noncontinuous Coverage 101
4.13 3GPP Solutions to the NTN Challenges: A High-Level Overview 102
4.14 Major Takeaways 102
References 103
5 NTN Architectures 105
5.1 NTN Network Architectures in a Nutshell 105
5.2 An NTN with a Transparent Payload 106
5.2.1 NR-NTN 107
5.2.2 IoT-NTN 108
5.3 An NTN Network Architecture with Regenerative Payloads 109
5.3.1 NR-NTN 109
5.3.2 IoT-NTN 110
5.4 Multi-connectivity NTNs 111
5.5 An NTN with a Transparent Payload: A Closer Look 116
5.6 Enhanced Tracking Area Management for an NTN 117
5.7 Enhanced QoS for an NTN 119
5.8 Optical Communication for an NTN 119
5.9 Major Takeaways 120
References 121
6 RF Planning and Design Considerations for an NTN 123
6.1 RF Planning and Design for an NTN: An Overview 123
6.1.1 RPD Inputs 124
6.1.1.1 Radio Access Technology 124
6.1.1.2 Target Service Requirements 124
6.1.1.3 NTN Configurations 124
6.1.1.4 NTN Spectrum 125
6.1.1.5 Device Types 125
6.1.1.6 RF Propagation Models 125
6.1.2 RPD Outputs 125
6.1.2.1 Link Budgets 125
6.1.2.2 Capacity and Throughput Analysis and Planning 126
6.1.2.3 NTN Configuration Guidelines 126
6.2 NTN Spectrum 126
6.3 NTN Devices 129
6.4 RF Propagation Models 130
6.4.1 RF Propagation in an NTN: An Overview 130
6.4.2 RF Propagation Models for an NTN 131
6.4.2.1 Free-Space Path Loss 131
6.4.2.2 Shadow Fading 132
6.4.2.3 Building Penetration Loss 133
6.4.2.4 Atmospheric Absorption 134
6.4.2.5 Rain and Cloud Attenuation 134
6.4.2.6 Scintillation 135
6.4.2.7 Ionospheric Scintillation Attenuation 135
6.4.2.8 Tropospheric Scintillation Attenuation 135
6.4.2.9 Small-Scale Fading Models 136
6.5 Framework for NTN Link Budgets 136
6.5.1 A Note on NTN Link Budgets 145
6.6 NTN Capacity Planning 146
6.6.1 Capacity Planning in a Nutshell 146
6.6.1.1 Step 1: Capacity/Throughput Estimation 146
6.6.1.2 Step 2: Traffic Analysis and Adjustment of Cells and Carriers 148
6.6.1.3 Step 3: Provisioning and Configuration of Network Equipment 148
6.6.2 Complexities of Capacity Planning for an NTN 148
6.6.2.1 Large Cells 148
6.6.2.2 Cell Mobility 149
6.6.2.3 Variable Cell Size 149
6.6.2.4 Variable Device-NTN Payload Distance 150
6.6.2.5 Unique Interfaces 151
6.6.3 Addressing the Complexities of NTN Capacity Planning 151
6.7 3GPP-Estimated Link Budgets and Throughput for an NTN 152
6.7.1 3GPP Link Budget Analysis 153
6.7.2 3GPP UE Throughput Analysis 154
6.8 Major Takeaways 155
References 156
7 Pre-Data Transfer Operations in an NTN 159
7.1 Overview of Pre-Data Transfer NTN Operations 159
7.1.1 Step 1: Network and System Information Acquisition 159
7.1.2 Step 2: Random-Access Procedure 160
7.1.3 Step 3: RRC Connection Setup 161
7.1.4 Step 4: Completion of the RRC Connection Setup and Registration/Attach Request 161
7.1.5 Step 5: Mutual Authentication and NAS Security 161
7.1.6 Step 6: UE Capability Transfer 161
7.1.7 Step 7: Reconfiguration of the RRC Connection and Registration/Attach Accept 161
7.1.8 Step 8: Completion of Registration/Attach and Default EPS Bearer Setup 162
7.2 Pre-Data Transfer Operations in NR-NTN: A Closer Look 162
7.2.1 Operational Enhancements in NR-NTN: An Overview 162
7.2.2 Cell Selection and SI Acquisition in NR-NTN 163
7.2.2.1 NTN Cell Search and Cell Selection 163
7.2.2.2 Acquisition of MIB and SIB1 164
7.2.2.3 Acquisition of Additional SIBs 166
7.2.2.4 SIB2 166
7.2.2.5 SIB4 166
7.2.2.6 SIB9 167
7.2.2.7 SIB19 167
7.2.2.8 SIB25 170
7.2.2.9 Beyond the SI Acquisition 171
7.2.3 Random-Access Enhancements in NR-NTN 171
7.2.3.1 Step 0: Prior to RA Preamble Transmission 172
7.2.3.2 Step 1: RA Preamble Transmission 173
7.2.3.3 Step 2: Random-Access Response 173
7.2.3.4 Step 3: Msg3 Transmission 173
7.2.3.5 Step 4: Contention Resolution 174
7.2.3.6 Random Access in NR-NTN: Additional Considerations 174
7.2.4 RRC Connection Setup in NR-NTN 174
7.2.5 Initial Registration via NR-NTN 175
7.2.5.1 Step 1: Network Acquisition 175
7.2.5.2 Step 2: Random-Access Procedure 176
7.2.5.3 Step 3: RRC Connection Setup 176
7.2.5.4 Step 4: Registration Request 176
7.2.5.5 Step 5: Authentication and Security Activation 177
7.2.5.6 Step 6: UE Capability Exchange 178
7.2.5.7 Step 7: Registration Accept 178
7.2.5.8 Step 8: Registration Complete 178
7.2.5.9 Coarse UE Location Reporting 178
7.2.5.10 Verification of the UE Location 178
7.2.6 UE Capability Exchange in NR-NTN 179
7.2.7 PDU Session Establishment in NR-NTN 180
7.2.7.1 Step 1: PDU Session Establishment Request 182
7.2.7.2 Step 2: SM Context Creation 182
7.2.7.3 Step 3: Subscription Data Retrieval 182
7.2.7.4 Step 4: SM Policy Association Establishment 182
7.2.7.5 Step 5: N4 Session Establishment 182
7.2.7.6 Step 6: N1N2 Message Transfer 183
7.2.7.7 Step 7: N2 PDU Session Request 183
7.2.7.8 Step 8: DRB Setup and PDU Session Establishment Accept 183
7.2.7.9 Step 9: N2 PDU Session Response 183
7.2.7.10 Step 10: SM Context Update 183
7.2.7.11 Step 11: N4 Session Modification 183
7.2.7.12 Step 12: IPv6 Router Advertisement 183
7.3 Selected Operations in IoT-NTN: A Closer Look 184
7.3.1 Operational Enhancements in IoT-NTN: An Overview 184
7.3.2 Cell Selection and SI Acquisition in IoT-NTN 185
7.3.2.1 Step 1: IoT-NTN Cell Search and Cell Selection 185
7.3.2.2 Step 2 in LTE-M NTN: Acquisition of MIB and SIB1-BR 186
7.3.2.3 Step 2 in NB-IoT NTN: Acquisition of MIB-NB and SIB1-NB 186
7.3.2.4 Cell Selection Criterion S in IoT-NTN 187
7.3.2.5 NTN Cell Indication and NTN Cell Barring in IoT-NTN 187
7.3.2.6 Step 3 in LTE-M NTN: Acquisition of Additional SIBs 187
7.3.2.7 Step 3 in NB-IoT NTN: Acquisition of Additional SIBs 192
7.3.3 Random-Access Enhancements in IoT-NTN 194
7.3.3.1 Step 0: Prior to RA Preamble Transmission 195
7.3.3.2 Step 1: RA Preamble Transmission 196
7.3.3.3 Step 2: Random-Access Response 196
7.3.3.4 Step 3: Msg3 Transmission 197
7.3.3.5 Step 4: Contention Resolution 197
7.3.3.6 Random Access in IoT-NTN: Additional Considerations 197
7.3.4 RRC Connection Setup in IoT-NTN 198
7.3.5 Initial Attach via IoT-NTN 199
7.3.5.1 Step 1: Network Acquisition 199
7.3.5.2 Step 2: Random-Access Procedure 200
7.3.5.3 Step 3: RRC Connection Setup 200
7.3.5.4 Step 4: Attach Request 200
7.3.5.5 Step 5: Access Stratum Security Activation 200
7.3.5.6 Step 6: UE Capability Transfer 200
7.3.5.7 Step 7: Attach Accept 201
7.3.5.8 Step 8: Attach Complete 201
7.3.5.9 Coarse UE Location Reporting in IoT-NTN 201
7.3.6 UE Capability Transfer in IoT-NTN 202
7.3.6.1 LTE-M NTN UE Capabilities 202
7.3.6.2 NB-IoT NTN UE Capabilities 202
7.4 Major Takeaways 205
References 207
8 Downlink and Uplink Data Transfer in an NTN 209
8.1 Characteristics of Data Transfer in an NTN: An Overview 209
8.1.1 Reuse of Data Transfer Frameworks 209
8.1.2 Timing Advance Reporting 210
8.1.3 Timing Offsets 210
8.1.4 HARQ Processes 210
8.1.5 HARQ Feedback Disabling 211
8.1.6 Uplink Control Information Reporting 211
8.1.7 DRX Enhancements 211
8.2 Data Transfer in the NR-NTN 211
8.2.1 Data Transfer Prerequisites in the NR-NTN 211
8.2.2 Timing Adjustments in the NR-NTN 212
8.2.2.1 NTN-Specific DL-UL Offset 213
8.2.2.2 Uplink Transmission Timing 214
8.2.2.3 Timing Advance Reporting 215
8.2.3 Downlink Data Transfer in the NR-NTN 215
8.2.4 Uplink Data Transfer in the NR-NTN 219
8.3 Data Transfer in the LTE-M NTN 222
8.3.1 Data Transfer Prerequisites in the LTE-M NTN 222
8.3.2 Timing Relationships in the LTE-M NTN 223
8.3.2.1 Uplink Transmission Timing 223
8.3.2.2 NTN-Specific DL-UL Offset 225
8.3.2.3 Timing Advanced Reporting by an LTE-M NTN UE 225
8.3.3 Downlink Data Transfer in the LTE-M NTN 225
8.3.4 Uplink Data Transfer in the LTE-M NTN 227
8.3.5 GNSS Measure Gap Procedure in the LTE-M NTN 229
8.4 Data Transfer in the NB-IoT NTN 230
8.4.1 Data Transfer Prerequisites in the NB-IoT NTN 230
8.4.2 Timing Relationships in the NB-IoT NTN 231
8.4.2.1 Uplink Transmission Timing in the NB-IoT NTN 231
8.4.2.2 NTN-Specific DL-UL Offset in the NB-IoT NTN 232
8.4.3 Downlink Data Transfer in the NB-IoT NTN 232
8.4.4 Uplink Data Transfer in the NB-IoT NTN 234
8.4.5 GNSS Measure Gap Procedure in the NB-IoT NTN 236
8.5 Major Takeaways 236
References 237
9 Mobility Management in an NTN 239
9.1 RRC States and Mobility Management in a TN and an NTN 239
9.2 Mobility Challenges in the NTN and Associated Solutions 241
9.3 Mobility Management in the NR-NTN 242
9.3.1 Handover in the NR-NTN 242
9.3.1.1 Measurements, Measurement Events, and Triggers for Handover 242
9.3.1.2 Types of Intra-NTN Handover in an NR-NTN 245
9.3.1.3 NTN-Specific Handover in the NR-NTN 246
9.3.1.4 NR-NTN Handover Signaling Flow 247
9.3.2 Mobility Management of the NR-NTN UE in the RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE States 249
9.3.2.1 NTN-Specific Mobility Management Enhancements of the NR-NTN UE in the RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE States 249
9.3.2.2 Activities of an NR-NTN UE in the RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE States 250
9.4 Mobility Management in the LTE-M NTN 253
9.4.1 Handover in the LTE-M NTN 253
9.4.1.1 Measurements and Events for Handover in the LTE-M NTN 253
9.4.1.2 Signaling Flow for Conditional Handover in the LTE-M NTN 255
9.4.2 Activities of an LTE-M NTN UE in the RRC_IDLE State 257
9.5 Mobility Management in the NB-IoT NTN 259
9.6 Feeder Link Switchover in the NTN 260
9.7 Discontinuous Coverage in the NR-NTN or IoT-NTN 261
9.8 Major Takeaways 261
References 263
10 Evolution of the NTN in 5G-Advanced and 6G 265
10.1 Evolution of the NTN 265
10.2 NTN Enhancements in Release 19 266
10.2.1 NR-NTN Enhancements in Release 19 266
10.2.1.1 Enhanced Downlink Coverage 266
10.2.1.2 Enhanced Uplink Capacity 267
10.2.1.3 Support for MBS 267
10.2.1.4 Support for 5G NFs on the NTN Platform 267
10.2.1.5 Support for RedCap UEs 267
10.2.2 IoT-NTN Enhancements in Release 19 267
10.2.2.1 Store & Forward (S&F) Using a Regenerative Payload 268
10.2.2.2 Uplink Capacity Enhancements 268
10.3 NTN and 6G 268
10.3.1 Key Organizations for 6G 268
10.3.2 6G: Vision and Requirements 270
10.3.2.1 6G Usage Scenario: Immersive Communication 271
10.3.2.2 6G Usage Scenario: Massive Communication 271
10.3.2.3 6G Usage Scenario: HRLLC 271
10.3.2.4 6G Usage Scenario: Ubiquitous Connectivity 271
10.3.2.5 6G Usage Scenario: Integrated AI and Communication 271
10.3.2.6 6G Usage Scenario: Integrated Sensing and Communication 271
10.3.3 6G Performance Goals 271
10.3.4 6G Technology Enablers: A Concise Overview 274
10.3.4.1 Component Technologies 275
10.3.4.2 Radio Technologies 280
10.3.4.3 System and Network Architectures 286
10.3.4.4 Network OA&M and Service Enablement 290
10.3.4.5 Trustworthiness 293
10.3.5 Role of the NTN in 6G 298
10.4 O-RAN-Based NTN Deployments 299
10.4.1 O-RAN: A Concise Introduction 299
10.4.2 O-RAN-Based NTNs for 5G and 6G 301
10.4.2.1 Architectural/Topology Considerations 301
10.4.2.2 Use Cases 301
10.4.2.3 Security Considerations 301
10.5 NTN Research Directions 301
10.5.1 Regenerative Payload 302
10.5.2 Spectrum Sharing 302
10.5.3 Enhanced TN-NTN Interworking 302
10.5.4 Security 302
10.5.5 Multi-constellation Connectivity 302
10.5.6 6G Technologies with NTNs 303
10.6 Major Takeaways 303
References 304
Index 307
