Industrial Hygiene Control of Airborne Chemical Hazards

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-0-8493-9528-4
Verlag: Taylor & Francis Inc

Buch, Englisch, 728 Seiten, Format (B × H): 262 mm x 187 mm, Gewicht: 1462 g

Do you need guidelines for choosing a substitute organic solvent that is safer to use? Do you need an effective, cheap but perhaps temporary way to reduce exposures before you can convince your employer to spend money on a long-term or more reliable solution? Do you need information about local exhaust ventilation or personal protective equipment like respirators and gloves? Industrial Hygiene Control of Airborne Chemical Hazards provides the answers to these questions and more. Science-based and quantitative, the book introduces methods for controlling exposures in diverse settings, focusing squarely on airborne chemical hazards. It bridges the gap between existing knowledge of physical principles and their modern application with a wealth of recommendations, techniques, and tools accumulated by generations of IH practitioners to control chemical hazards. Provides a unique, comprehensive tool for facing the challenges of controlling chemical hazards in the workplace.Although William Popendorf has written the book at a fundamental level, he assumes the reader has some experience in science and math, as well as in manufacturing or other work settings with chemical hazards, but is inexperienced in the selection, design, implementation, or management of chemical exposure control systems. Where the book is quantitative, of course there are lots of formulae, but in general the author avoids vague notation and long derivations.

Zielgruppe

Students and professionals in industrial hygiene, industrial hygiene engineers, safety engineers, environmental health professionals, and industrial hygienists.

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Verfahrenstechnik | Chemieingenieurwesen | Biotechnologie Verfahrenstechnik, Chemieingenieurwesen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

AN INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CHEMICAL HAZARD CONTROLAn Overview of Industrial HygieneThe Spatial Spectrum of Exposure Scenarios The IH Paradigm of Control Priorities The Approach, Organization, and Philosophy of this Book BASIC GAS AND VAPOR BEHAVIORGas and Vapor DefinitionsVapor Pressure Changes with Liquid Temperature IH Uses of Dalton's LawIH Uses of the Ideal Gas Law The Effects of T and P on Airborne Concentration The Effects of T and MW on Plume DensityDense Vapors BASIC AEROSOL BEHAVIORHow Aerosols Differ from Gases and VaporsAerosol Definitions Particle Diameter Distributions Modeling Particle Behavior Stokes and Aerodynamic Diameters Aerosol Diameters and Human Health CHEMICAL EXPOSURE CONTROL CRITERIAPerformance and Specification StandardsHealth Criteria for Chemical Control Safety Criteria for Chemical Control The Oxygen Deficiency Criterion Comparisons among CriteriaOSHA Ventilation Standards Open-Surface Tanks AppendixVAPOR GENERATION AND BEHAVIORMechanisms of Vapor GenerationMechanisms of Plume DispersionFour Universal Airborne Chemical Exposure Scenarios Four Settings with Vapor AccumulationVapors from Incomplete Evaporation with No Ventilation Vapors from Complete Evaporation with No VentilationDifferentiating between Complete from Incomplete EvaporationVapors from Continuous Evaporation with Ventilation VAPOR PRESSURE IN MIXTURESMixturesDefining Liquid Mixtures Raoult's Law for Ideal Liquid MixturesThe Need for an Empirical Adjustment to Raoult's Law Methods to Predict an Empirical Adjustment to Raoult's Law Examples of MixturesHenry's Law Measuring Mixtures ExperimentallyApplying Predictive Methods to MixturesCHANGING THE WORKPLACEThe Technologic Dimension of Change The Psychologic Dimension of ChangeThe Economic Dimension of ChangeImplementing the IH Control Paradigm SOURCE CONTROL VIA SUBSTITUTIONAlternative Technologies Volatility and Alternative ChemicalsAqueous SolventsSemiaqueous SolventsOrganic SolventsToxicity versus VolatilityThe Vapor Hazard RatioUsing VHR and Other Indices in Risk Management OTHER SOURCE AND NONVENTILATION PATHWAY CONTROLSConcepts Some Nonvolatile Chemical Source Controls Some Volatile Chemical Source Controls Effects of Modifying Volatile Chemical Source Variables Work Practices as an Exposure ControlAutomation as an Exposure Control Separation as an Exposure Control Isolation as an Exposure Control Fundamental Nonventilation Control EquationsAN OVERVIEW OF LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATIONLocal Exhaust Ventilation Definitions Principles of Local Exhaust Ventilation The LEV Design Sequence VENTILATION FLOW RATES AND PRESSURESApplying Conservation of Mass to Ventilation Applying Conservation of Energy to VentilationStatic Pressures (P and SP) Velocity PressureTotal Pressure and Pressure Losses Compilation of the Fundamental Ventilation Control Equations Appendix MEASURING VENTILATION FLOW RATESQualitative Air Flow IndicatorsAir Velocity and Manometers Aerodynamic Velocity MetersThermodynamic Velocity MetersThe Boundary Layer Assessing Flow in DuctsCalibrating Anemometers DESIGNING AND SELECTING LOCAL EXHAUST HOODSLocal Exhaust Hood Design Principles Selecting a Control Velocity Using the DallaValle EquationDesigning a Slotted Collection Hood Designing a Hood Using an ACGIH "VS" Diagram Designing a Hood for an Open Surface Tank Designing a Canopy Hood over an Isothermal Source Designing a Canopy Hood over a Hot SourceDesigning a Push-Pull Hood SystemUsing an Air Shower Using Commercial and Other Specialty Hoods PREDICTING PRESSURE LOSSES IN VENTILATION SYSTEMSA Primer on Energy and Pressure LossesEnergy Losses from Hood or Duct Entry Selecting a Duct VelocitySelecting the Duct Size and MaterialEnergy Losses from Friction in Straight Ducts An Example of Hood Entry and Duct Friction LossesTurbulence in Duct Fittings Losses from ElbowsLosses from Duct Contractions Losses from Duct Expansions Comparing Contraction and Expansion Losses Energy Losses in Branched Duct Systems The LEV Design Worksheet EXHAUST AIR CLEANERS AND STACKSAir Cleaning Needs and Options Air Cleaner Selection Criteria Particulate Aerosol Collectors Aerosol and Gas CollectorsGas and Vapor Collectors Exhaust Stacks and ReentrainmentVENTILATION FANSFans have Two PressuresFan Performance Matching Fan Performance to System RequirementsSome Air Mover Terminology Axial Fans Centrifugal FansThe Fan LawsFan Selection and Installation VENTILATION OPERATING COSTSFan Efficiency and Power ConsumptionElectricity Costs for FansMake-Up Air Heating Costs for Make-Up AirCooling Costs for Make-Up Air Energy Conservation LEV SYSTEM MANAGEMENTWhy Monitor System PerformanceWhen to Monitor System Performance Where, What, and How to Monitor System Performance LEV TroubleshootingPostinstallation LEV Adjustments AppendixGENERAL VENTILATION AND TRANSIENT CONDITIONSGeneral Ventilation and Chemical Control Components of the Dilution Ventilation ModelThe General Solution to the Dilution Ventilation Model Concentrations during a Transient Increase Concentrations during a Transient Decrease Accumulation with No VentilationGENERAL VENTILATION IN STEADY STATE CONDITIONSThe Concentration in Steady State ConditionsNormal Building Ventilation RequirementsMethods to Estimate a Contaminant Generation Rate General Ventilation (HVAC) SystemsControlling Exposures Via Dilution Ventilation Sources of HVAC and Indoor Air Quality ProblemsADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS AND CHEMICAL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTAdministrative ControlsPersonal Protective EquipmentBasic PPE Program ManagementTerms and Concepts Regarding Chemical PPERecognizing Dermal Hazards Chemical Protective GlovesChemical Protective ClothingLevels of PPE EnsemblesAppendixRESPIRATOR CONTROLSRespirator Terms and Concepts Different Kinds of Protection Factors Variables Affecting Protection Factors Respirator Fit and Seal TestingRespiratory Protection Program RequirementsA Respirator Selection ProtocolAppendicesAPPENDICESIndex