Resources, Links, Constraints
Buch, Englisch, 453 Seiten, Book, Gewicht: 859 g
ISBN: 978-0-306-41312-4
Verlag: Springer Science+Business Media
Zielgruppe
Research
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
One: Biomass.- 1.1. Radiation and Photosynthesis.- 1.1.1. Radiation Levels and Patterns.- 1.1.2. Photosynthesis.- 1.2. Primary Production and Biomass.- 1.2.1. Productivities of Ecosystems and Plants.- 1.2.2. Limits to Biomass Energy Supply.- 1.2.3. Biomass.- Two: Forests.- 2.1. Resources.- 2.1.1. Distribution and Productivity.- 2.1.1.1. Global Uncertainties.- 2.1.1.2. Areas and Standing Phytomass.- 2.1.1.3. Primary Productivities.- 2.1.2. Tropical Rain Forest.- 2.1.2.1. Structure and Function.- 2.1.2.2. Amazonia.- 2.1.2.3. Destruction of the Rain Forest.- 2.1.3. Temperate and Boreal Forests.- 2.1.3.1. Structure and Function.- 2.1.3.2. Deforestation, Harvests, and Residues.- 2.1.4. Forest Services and Goods.- 2.1.4.1. Forest Services.- 2.1.4.2. Wood Uses.- 2.1.4.3. Wood as a Fuel.- 2.2. Wood for Energy.- 2.2.1. Traditional Ways.- 2.2.1.1. Fuelwood in the Poor World.- 2.2.1.2. Charcoal.- 2.2.1.3. Some National Profiles and Estimates.- 2.2.1.4. Household Combustion.- 2.2.2. Modern Ways.- 2.2.2.1. Wood Energy in the Rich World.- 2.2.2.2. Wood Combustion.- 2.2.2.3. Conversions to Liquids and Gases.- Three: Trees for Energy.- 3.1. Silviculture.- 3.1.1. Trees for Energy.- 3.1.1.1. Trees for the Tropics.- 3.1.1.2. Trees for the Temperate Latitudes.- 3.1.2. Energy Silviculture.- 3.1.2.1. Fuelwood Lots.- 3.1.2.2. Energy Plantations.- 3.1.2.3. Whole-Tree Utilization.- 3.2. Requirements and Effects.- 3.2.1. Resource Requirements.- 3.2.1.1. Land, Water, and Nutrients.- 3.2.1.2. Energy Costs.- 3.2.2. Effects.- 3.2.2.1. Environmental Consequences.- Four: Crop Residues.- 4.1. Kinds and Quantities.- 4.1.1. Residue Multipliers and Yields.- 4.1.2. Cereal Straws and Corn Stover.- 4.2. Uses.- 4.2.1. Some National Figures.- 4.2.2. Feed, Bedding, and Composting.- 4.2.2.1. Straw as a Feed.- 4.2.2.2. Bedding and Composting.- 4.2.2.3. Mushroom Composting.- 4.2.3. Industrial and Household Uses.- 4.3. Environmental Problems and Benefits.- 4.3.1. Problems.- 4.3.1.1. Burning and Soil-Temperature Effects.- 4.3.1.2. Phytotoxicity and Nitrogen Immobilization.- 4.3.2. Benefits.- 4.3.2.1. Rainfall and Wind Erosion.- 4.3.2.2. Water Conservation and Organic Matter.- 4.3.2.3. Nutrient Recycling.- 4.4. Residues for Energy Conversion.- 4.4.1. Availability of Residues.- 4.4.1.1. National Profiles.- 4.4.1.2. General Considerations.- 4.4.2. Harvesting of Residues.- 4.4.2.1. Collecting the Residues.- 4.4.2.2. Transportation and Storage.- 4.4.2.3. Adding the Costs.- 4.4.3. Energy Conversions.- 4.4.3.1. Residues in Anaerobic Digestion.- 4.4.3.2. Combustion.- 4.5. Crop By-products.- 4.5.1. Combustion of Crop By-products.- 4.5.2. Fermentation of Crop By-products.- Five: Fuel Crops.- 5.1. Sugar Crops and Grain.- 5.1.1. Sugarcane.- 5.1.1.1. Ecology, Agronomy, Yields, and Distribution.- 5.1.1.2. Cane for Energy.- 5.1.1.3. The Brazilian Experience.- 5.1.2. Other Sugar Crops.- 5.1.3. Grain Crops.- 5.1.3.1. Fuel Alcohol.- 5.1.3.2. American Gasohol: Energy Cost.- 5.1.3.3. American Gasohol: Other Implications.- 5.2. Cassava.- 5.2.1. The Plant.- 5.2.1.1. Ecology and Agronomy.- 5.2.1.2. Yields, Distribution, and Uses.- 5.2.1.3. Energy Analysis.- 5.3. Other Crops.- 5.4. Implications and Consequences.- 5.4.1. Land and Water.- 5.4.1.1. Land Availability.- 5.4.1.2. Water Requirements.- 5.4.2. Energy Inputs.- 5.4.3. Food and Fuel.- Six: Aquatic Plants.- 6.1. Freshwater Plants.- 6.1.1. Macrophyta.- 6.1.1.1. Cultivation or Control?.- 6.1.1.2. Reeds.- 6.1.1.3. Water Hyacinth.- 6.1.2. Microalgae.- 6.1.2.1. Productivity and Cultivation.- 6.1.2.2. Sewage-fed Microalgae.- 6.2. Ocean Algae.- 6.2.1. Environmental Limitations.- 6.2.1.1. Productivity of the Open Ocean.- 6.2.2. Ocean Plantations.- 6.2.2.1. Kelp.- 6.2.2.2. Visions and Realities.- Seven: Animal and Human Wastes.- 7.1. Animal Wastes.- 7.1.1. Production and Uses.- 7.1.1.1. Production Rates and Output Estimates.- 7.1.1.2. Global and National Appraisal.- 7.1.1.3. Manure as a Fertilizer.- 7.1.1.4. Dung as a Fuel.- 7.2. Human Wastes.- 7.3. Anaerobic Fermentation.- 7.3.1. Processes, Products, and Requirements.- 7.3.1.1. Methanogenic Fermentation.- 7.3.1.2. Conversion Efficiencies.- 7.3.1.3. Biogas and Sludge.- 7.3.2. Practical Experience.- 7.3.2.1. Problems Encountered.- 7.3.2.2. Biogas in the United States.- 7.3.2.3. Biogas in India.- 7.4. Chinese Biogas Generation.- 7.4.1. A Success Story.- 7.4.1.1. Chinese Digesters.- 7.4.1.2. Operating Experience.- 7.4.1.3. Advantages.- 7.4.2. Taking a Second Look.- 7.4.2.1. All That Glitters.- 7.4.2.2. Appraising the Potential.- Eight: Summaries.- 8.1. On the Renewables in General.- 8.2. Chapter Overviews.- Nine: Reflections.- 9.1. On Myths and Uncertainties.- 9.1.1. Realities and Counterintuitive Consequences.- 9.1.2. Uncertainties.- 9.2. On Plants, Humans, and Homeostasis.- 9.2.1. Ecodisasters.- 9.2.2. Advantages and Usefulness.- References.