SQUID Readout Electronics and Magnetometric Systems for Practical Applications

1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-3-527-34488-8
Verlag: Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH

Buch, Englisch, 230 Seiten, Format (B × H): 170 mm x 244 mm, Gewicht: 633 g

SQUIDs, short for superconducting quantum interference devices, are very sensitive magnetometers used to measure extremely subtle magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions. SQUIDs are developing more and more into an enabling technology for many applications such as biomagnetic imaging and geophysical prospecting.

This book builds a bridge for scientists and engineers to fill potential know-how gaps for all working on SQUID systems and their practical applications. Key words such as readout electronics, flux quantization, Josephson effects or noise contributions will be no obstacle for the design and application of simple and robust SQUID systems.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Xie, Xiaoming

Zhang, Yi

Dong, Hui

Zhang, Guofeng

Krause, Hans-Joachim

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Elektronik | Nachrichtentechnik Elektronik Bauelemente, Schaltkreise
• Naturwissenschaften Physik Quantenphysik Teilchenphysik
• Technische Wissenschaften Maschinenbau | Werkstoffkunde Technische Mechanik | Werkstoffkunde Werkstoffprüfung

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Motivation1.2 Contents of the chapters2 JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS2.1 Josephson equations2.2 RCSJ model3 DC SQUID'S I-V CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS BIAS MODES3.1 SQUID's I-V characteristics3.2 An ideal current source3.3 A practical voltage source4 FUNCTIONS OF THE SQUID'S READOUT ELECTRONICS4.1 Selection of the SQUID's bias mode4.2 Flux locked loop (FLL)4.2.1 Principle of the FLL4.2.2 Electronic circuit of the FLL and the selection of the working point4.2.3 "Locked" and "unlocked" cases in the FLL4.2.4 Slew rate of the SQUID system4.3 Suppressing the noise contribution from the preamplifier4.4 Two models of a dc SQUID5 DIRECT READOUT SCHEME (DRS)5.1 Introduction5.2 Readout electronics noise in DRS5.2.1 Noise characteristics of two types of preamplifiers5.2.2 Noise contribution of a preamplifier with different source resistors5.3 Chain rule and flux noise contribution of a preamplifier5.3.1 Test circuit using the same preamplifier in both bias modes5.3.2 Noise measurements in both bias modes5.4 Summary of the DRS6 SQUID MAGNETOMETRY SYSTEM AND SQUID PARAMETERS6.1 Field-to-flux transformer circuit (converter)6.2 Three dimensionless characteristic parameters, beta-c, Gamma, and beta-L, in SQUID operation6.2.1 SQUID's nominal Stewart-McCumber characteristic parameter beta-c6.2.2 SQUID's nominal thermal noise parameter Gamma6.2.3 SQUID's screening parameter beta-L6.2.4 Discussion on the three characteristic parameters7 FLUX MODULATION SCHEME (FMS)7.1 Mixed bias modes7.2 Conventional explanation of the FMS7.2.1 Schematic diagram of the FMS7.2.2 Time domain and flux domain7.2.3 Flux modulation7.2.4 Five additional notes7.3 FMS revisited7.3.1 Bias mode in FMS7.3.2 Basic consideration of synchronous measurements of Is and Vs7.3.3 Experimentally synchronous measurements of Delta i and VRs7.3.4 Transfer characteristics of the step-up transformer7.3.5 V(Phi) comparison obtained by DRS and FMS7.4 Conclusion8 FLUX FEEDBACK CONCEPTS AND PARALLEL FEEDBACK CIRCUIT8.1 Flux Feedback Concepts and its History8.2 SQUID's apparent parameters8.3 Parallel Feedback Circuit (PFC)8.3.1 Working Principle of the PFC in Current Bias Mode8.3.2 Working Principle of PFC in Voltage Bias Mode8.3.3 Brief Summary of Qualitative Analyses of PFC8.4 Quantitative analyses and experimental verification of the PFC in voltage bias mode8.4.1 The equivalent circuit with the PFC in voltage bias mode8.4.2 Introduction of Two Dimensionless Parameters r and ¿8.4.3 Numerical calculations8.4.4 Experimental Results8.4.5 Noise Comparison and Interpretation8.4.6 Two practical designs for PFC8.5 Main achievements of PFC quantitative analysis8.6 Comparison with the noise behaviors of two preamplifiers9 ANALYSES OF THE "SERIES FEEDBACK COIL (CIRCUIT)" (SFC)9.1 SFC in current bias mode9.1.1 Working principle of the SFC in current bias mode9.1.2 Noise measurements of a weakly damped SQUID (magnetometer) system with the SFC9.2 The SFC in voltage bias mode9.3 Summary of the PFC and SFC9.4 Combination of the PFC and SFC (PSFC)9.4.1 PSFC analysis under independence conditions9.4.2 PSFC experiments and results9.4.3 Conclusion of the PSFC10 WEAKLY DAMPED SQUID10.1 Basic consideration of weakly damped SQUID10.2 SQUID system noise measurements with different ßc values10.3 Statistics of SQUID properties10.4 Single chip readout electronics (SCRE)10.4.1 Principle of SCRE and its performance10.4.2 Equivalent circuit of SCRE10.4.3 Differences between the conventional version of readout electronics with an integrator and SCRE10.4.4 Two applications of SCRE10.5 Suggestions for the DRS11 TWO-STAGE AND DOUBLE RELAXATION OSCILLATION READOUT SCHEMES11.1 Two-stage scheme11.2 ROS and DROS11.3 Some comments on D-ROS and two-stage scheme12 RADIO-FREQUENCY (RF) SQUID12.1 Fundamentals of an rf SQUID12.2 Conventional rf SQUID system12.2.1 Block diagram of rf SQUID readout electronics (the 30 MHz version)12.2.2 rf SQUID system noise in the 30 MHz version12.3 Introduction to modern rf SQUID systems12.3.1 Magnetometric thin-film rf SQUID and a conventional tank circuit with a capacitor tap12.3.2 Improved rf SQUID readout electronics12.3.3 Tank circuit operating up to 1 GHz with inductive coupling12.3.4 Modern rf SQUID system12.3.5 Substrate resonator12.3.6 Regarding the rf SQUID?s thermal noise limit12.4 Further developments of the rf SQUID magnetometer system12.4.1 Achievement of a very large delta V_rf/delta Phi in a low-impedance system12.4.2 Multiturn input coil for a thin-film rf SQUID magnetometer with a planar labyrinth resonator12.4.3 Modern rf SQUID electronics12.5 Multichannel high-Tc rf SQUID gradiometer12.6 Comparison of rf SQUID readout with dc SQUID readout12.7 Summary and outlook

Über Autor(innen)

Xiaoming Xie, Executive Director of the Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, received his Ph.D in 1990 from Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT). He worked as a Postdoc at ESPCI, France, on high-temperature superconductivity followed by research on electronics manufacturing and reliability. He switched back to superconductivity research with a focus on superconducting electronics in 2005. He is the author of ca. 200 scientific publications with about 2000 citations and is the holder of 50 patents.Yi Zhang received his Ph.D. in 1990 from the University of Gießen, Germany. His research at the Forschungszentrum Jülich is dedicated to the fabrication and application of SQUIDs. He has been awarded various Professor titles at the University of Peking, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Tongji University and SIMIT CAS, and from Jilin University. In 2001, he worked at the University of California, Berkeley, in Prof. John Clarke's group, and was a co-author of the "SQUID Handbook", edited by John Clarke and Alex. I. Braginski (WILEY-VCH). He has contributed to more than 150 publications with about 2000 citations, and is one of the leading scientists for SQUID research worldwide. Several of his papers were cited in the book "100 Years of Superconductivity", edited by Horst Rogalla and Peter H. Kes (CRC Press).Hui Dong received her Ph.D. in 2011 from SIMIT CAS. 2008 - 2010 she was a visiting student at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, and a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley. She is currently Associate Professor at SIMIT CAS. Her research interests include SQUID system optimization and applications of ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging (ULF MRI). She has authored and co-authored about 30 scientific publications, and she holds 8 patents.Guofeng Zhang received his Ph.D. in microelectronics and solid state electronics from SIMIT CAS in 2012. From 2009 - 2011 he was a visiting Ph.D. student at the Forschungszentrum Jülich, before becoming Assistant and in 2015 Associate Professor at SIMIT CAS. His research interests include SQUID design and fabrication, and SQUID applications in biomagnetism, geophysics and related areas. He has authored and co-authored about 20 scientific publications, and he holds 5 patents.Hans-Joachim Krause received his Ph.D. in Physics from RWTH Aachen, Germany in 1993. He initiated the Non-destructive Evaluation Group at Forschungszentrum Jülich, working on projects with industrial partners for the development of SQUID systems for the magnetic testing of aircraft parts, pre-stressed concrete bridges and other structures. In summer 2011, he was a Visiting Professor at Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. Currently, he leads the Magnetic Sensing Group in Jülich, focusing on SQUID sensors, magnetic biosensing, low field nuclear magnetic resonance, magnetic immunoassays and magnetic nanoparticle actuation. In 2017, he was appointed Professor of Physics at the University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany. He has co-authored more than 150 scientific publications with over 1500 citations.