Grain Subsidies in Ukraine: The Role of Wto Law and the Eu-Ukraine Association Agreement

Erscheinungsjahr 2018
ISBN: 978-90-04-35368-8
Verlag: Brill

Buch, Englisch, Band 16, 462 Seiten, Format (B × H): 160 mm x 239 mm, Gewicht: 771 g

Reihe: Nijhoff International Trade La

Grain Subsidies in Ukraine is the first attempt to examine impact of international trade law on Ukrainian policies in the cereals sector. The author focuses on instruments of state support for agricultural producers. Those are examined in their compliance with Ukraine’s WTO commitments. The other central component of the book is the effect of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement on the the country’s policy space. The treaty contains legal approximation provisions, which may have a farreaching impact on Ukrainian agricultural regulation. In this regard, the agreement is compared to other free trade agreements signed by Ukraine. Another focal point is the question to what extent Ukraine could make
use of the EU agricultural aid practice. Although certain EU experience is found to be useful, the book generally advocates reducing distortive policies in Ukraine by substituting subsidies with market-based instruments.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Zelenska, Kateryna

Fachgebiete

• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Internationales Recht Internationales Handels-, Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsrecht
• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Europarecht Europäisches Energie-, Agrar- und Fischereirecht

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Identification of the Research Subject
Subject of the Study
The Course of Examination

1 Economic Aspects of State Support Measures (Subsidies) with Specific Consideration of Agriculture
1.1 Nature and Impact of Subsidies
1.2 Specificity of Agricultural Sector
1.2.1 Features of Agricultural Markets
1.2.2 Components of Agricultural Policies
1.2.3 Development Aspects of Agricultural Policies
1.2.4 Effects of Agricultural Support
1.2.5 Justification of Agricultural Subsidies in Light of the Concept of Multifunctionality
Conclusion of Chapter 1

2 Introduction to Agricultural Policies in Ukraine
2.1 Process of Agricultural Transition in Ukraine
2.1.1 The Nature of Agricultural Transition
2.1.2 Agricultural Transition in Eastern Europe: Common Trends and Specific Features in Ukraine
2.2 Legal Framework of Agricultural Policies in Ukraine
2.2.1 Lex generalis and Lex specialis of Grain Trade Regulation
2.2.2 Organisation Forms of Agricultural Production in Ukraine
2.3 Objective Handicaps for Agricultural Growth
2.3.1 Grain Production Costs
2.3.2 Farm-gate Prices
2.3.3 Sustainability Concerns
Conclusion on Chapter 2

3 External Factors with Influence on Ukrainian Grain Policies
Scope of the Chapter
3.1 Implementation of Agricultural Disciplines within World Trade Law
3.1.1 Emerging Power of the wto
3.1.2 Particularities of Multilateral Regulation on Agricultural Trade
3.1.3 A Short Overview of the AoA Disciplines
3.1.4 Agricultural Policies in the Framework of the Doha Reform Process
3.2 Agricultural Commitments within Regional Trade Agreements
3.2.1 Issues Emerging with Proliferation of rtas
3.2.2 Incorporation of Agriculture into Trade Deals
Conclusion of Chapter 3

4 Subsidy Definition: International Approaches in Regulation
Scope of the Chapter
4.1 Definition of Subsidy under wto/gatt Law
4.1.1 Overview of Criteria
4.1.2 The Element of “financial contribution” (Art. 1.1.(a)(1) of the scma)
4.1.3 The Element of “government or any public body”
4.1.4 Alternatives to the Requirement of “financial contribution by government”: Granting of Income or Price Support (Art. 1.1.(a)(1) of the scma)
4.1.5 The Element of “benefit” (Art.1.1. (b) of the scma in Conjunction with Art. 14 of the scma)
4.1.6 The Element of “specificity” (Art. 1.2. of the scma)
4.1.7 Incorporation of Agricultural Subsidies into General Disciplines
4.1.8 “Peace Clause” Expiry and the Interplay between the scma and the AoA
4.2 The eu Approach to Subsidies
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 The Element of Benefit (“aid in any form”)
4.2.3 The Element of “public costs”
4.2.4 The Element of “selectivity”
4.2.5 State Aid v. Subsidy: ecj Interpretation
4.2.6 Agricultural Subsidies in the eu State Aid System
4.3 Interplay of the wto and eu Subsidy Concepts
4.4 Regulation of Subsidies in Ukraine
4.5 Incorporation of State Aid Regulation into the Framework of eu-Ukraine Co-operation
4.6 The eeu Approach to Domestic Support Regulation
Conclusion of Chapter 4

5 The eu Practice on Agricultural Support
Scope of the Chapter
5.1 The Development of European Common Agricultural Policy (cap)
5.2 Pillar i Measures Applicable to Cereals
5.2.1 Grain Interventions
5.2.2 Direct Payment Schemes
5.3 Examples of Domestic Support “Greening” within Pillar ii
5.3.1 Investment Aid
5.3.2 Risk Management Instruments of the cap
Conclusion on Chapter 5

6 Interplay between State Support for Grain in Ukraine and International Trade Commitments
Scope of the Chapter
6.1 Reference Point: Ukraine’s wto Domestic Support Commitments
6.2 Overview of State Support for Grain in Ukraine
6.3 Price Support
6.3.1 Direct Support
6.3.2 State Grain Pledges
6.3.3 Commodity and Financial Interventions for Cereals
6.3.4 Provisional Price Administration
6.3.5 State Forward Purchases
Intermediary Summary
6.3.6 Direct Price Controls
6.3.7 Market Alternatives to State Price Interventions
6.4 Quasi Income Support
6.4.1 Subsidised Credits and Loans
6.4.2 Leasing Subsidies
6.4.3 Other Input Subsidies
Intermediary Summary
6.4.4 Alternatives for Input Subsidies
6.4.5 Insurance Subsidies for Agricultural Producers
6.5 Shortcomings of Agricultural Direct Support in Ukraine
6.5.1 Foreseeability Concern
6.5.2 Selectivity v. Equity
6.5.3 Efficiency
Intermediary Summary
6.6 Indirect Support: Tax Subsidies
6.6.1 Introduction to Ukraine’s System of Agricultural Taxation
6.6.2 Fixed Agricultural Tax (fat) Regime
6.6.3 vat Regime for Agricultural Production
6.6.4 Taxation of Private Households
Intermediary Summary
6.6.5 Taxation in the Framework of eu-Ukraine Co-Operation
6.6.6 General Summary on Agricultural Taxation in Ukraine
6.7 Legal Changes of Domestic Support after Ukraine’s wto Accession
6.7.1 The Factor of Economic Crisis
6.7.2 Changes in the Structure of Agricultural Support
6.7.3 Economic Impact of the wto Accession on the Ukrainian Agricultural Sector
6.8 The Case of “External Domestic Support”: Co-operation with China
6.8.1 China’s Agricultural Credits
6.8.2 Assessment of Chinese Credits in the Light of wto Law
Intermediary Summary
6.9 Proposals for Agricultural Policy Reform in Ukraine
6.9.1 Promotion of Private Investment
6.9.2 Direct Tackling of Farm Income Problem
Conclusions on Chapter 6

7 Export Measures for Foodstuffs: Rationale, Forms, and Impact
Scope of the Chapter
7.1 Export Restrictions
7.1.1 Rationale of Export Restrictions in Agricultural Trade
7.1.2 Factors Contributing to the Emerging Significance of Export Restrictions
Intermediary Summary
7.1.3 Regulation of Export Restrictions within the wto/gatt System
Intermediary Summary
7.1.4 The Case of Export Duty
7.1.5 Export Restrictions and Investment Measures
7.1.6 Interplay of Export Restrictions and Subsidies
Intermediary Summary
7.1.7 Export Restrictions in the Doha Process
Intermediary Summary
7.2 Agricultural Export Policies in Ukraine
7.2.1 General Legal Framework
7.2.2 Ukraine’s Sunflower Export Policies
7.2.3 Export Measures in the Cereals Sector
7.2.4 New Mechanisms of Quasi-Voluntary Export Restrictions by Exporters
7.3 Credibility of Ukraine’s Justifications for Export Restraints
7.3.1 Arguments at the National Level
7.3.2 Arguments at the Multilateral Level
7.4 Alternative Measures
7.4.1 National Level
7.4.2 Regional Level
7.4.3 Global Approach: Alternative Measures at the Multilateral Level
Intermediary Summary
7.5 wto Disciplines on Export-Incentive Measures in the Context of Ukraine’s Agricultural Policies
Rationale for the Examination
7.5.1 Distribution of Non-Commercial Stocks
7.5.2 Payments Financed by Virtue of Governmental Action
7.5.3 Reduction of Export Marketing Costs
7.5.4 Export Credit and Insurance Schemes
7.5.5 Regulation of Export-Incentive Measures within the eu-Ukraine aa
Intermediary Summary
7.6 Export Impact of State Trading
7.6.1 gatt Disciplines
7.6.2 stes in Agriculture
7.6.3 State Trading in Ukraine
7.6.4 State Trading Issues within the eu-Ukraine Cooperation
Intermediary Summary
Conclusion on Chapter 7
Final Conclusions
Bibliography
Index

Über Autor(innen)

Kateryna Zelenska, Dr. jur. (2016), LL.M. (2010), University of Bremen (Germany), specializes in legal aspects of international agricultural trade. She has published several articles on Ukrainian and European agricultural policies as well as on other trade-related topics.