E-Book, Englisch, 342 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-08-092158-7
Verlag: Elsevier Textbooks
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
The authors have developed this book based on their personal experience in teaching forest management courses and the review of ten forestry programs (Auburn University, University of Georgia, Iowa State University, Louisiana State University, Northern Arizona University, Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Florida, Virginia Tech, and Oregon State University). The integration of extended case studies of a variety of scenarios as well as the inclusion of a section on report writing will engage students. Acknowledgement and integration of various software packages for forest management provide the most useful tools for those studying forest management and distinguish this book from the competition.
* Real-life examples illustrated mathematically and graphically
* End-of-chapter questions
* Modern coverage of the planning and management of US Forest timber production
* Instructors Web site with access to geographic databases, solutions and illustrations
* Case study analysis
* Expansive applications drawn for examples in the western US, the Lake States, the northeastern US, the southern US and Canada
* Detailed descriptions of models and solution methods for integrating a variety of wildlife habitat constraints
Pete Bettinger is a professor of forestry at the University of Georgia. He teaches forest planning, forest measurements, and aerial photogrammetry; and conducts research in applied forest management with particular emphasis on harvest scheduling, precision forestry, and geospatial technologies. Dr. Bettinger has worked with the forest industry in the southern and western United States, and maintains this connection to forestry professionals through his leadership in the Southern Forestry and Natural Resource Management GIS Conference and other continuing education courses he offers. Dr. Bettinger is also a co-author of two other books published by Academic Press, Introduction to Forestry and Natural Resources, and Forest Plans of North America.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;Forest Management and Planning;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Dedication Page;11
5;Contents;6
6;Preface;10
7;Chapter 1: Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources;12
7.1;I. Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources;13
7.2;II. Challenges Related to the Management of Forests;13
7.3;III. Planning for the Management of Natural Resources;14
7.4;IV. Characterizing Decision-Making Processes;15
7.4.1;A. The View from the Management Sciences;16
7.4.2;B. A Broad View on Planning within Natural Resource Management Organizations;17
7.4.3;C. A Hierarchy of Planning within Natural Resource Management Organizations;19
7.4.4;D. Community or Cooperative Planning of Forests;20
7.4.5;E. Adaptive Management and Planning of Forests;20
7.5;V. Challenges Related to Forest Planning;21
7.6;VI. Information Movement within a Typical Natural Resources Management Organization;21
7.7;VII. Summary;22
7.8;References;23
8;Chapter 2: Valuing and Characterizing Forest Conditions;26
8.1;I. The Need to Evaluate Resources for Natural Resource Planning;27
8.2;II. Structural Evaluation of Natural Resources;27
8.2.1;A. Trees per Unit Area;27
8.2.2;B. Average Diameter of Trees;27
8.2.3;C. Diameter Distribution of Trees;28
8.2.4;D. Basal Area;28
8.2.5;E. Quadratic Mean Diameter of Trees;29
8.2.6;F. Average Height;30
8.2.7;G. Timber Volume;30
8.2.8;H. Mean Annual Increment, Periodic Annual Increment;31
8.2.9;I. Snags;33
8.2.10;J. Down Woody Debris;33
8.2.11;K. Crown or Canopy Cover;33
8.2.12;L. Age;34
8.2.13;M. Biomass and Carbon;35
8.2.14;N. Pine Straw;36
8.2.15;O. Other Nontimber Forest Products;36
8.2.16;P. Site Quality;37
8.2.17;Q. Stocking and Density;39
8.3;III. Economic Evaluation of Natural Reasouces;40
8.3.1;A. Basic Concepts: Present and Future Values;41
8.3.2;B. Net Present Value;49
8.3.3;C. Internal Rate of Return;50
8.3.4;D. Benefit/Cost Ratio;50
8.3.5;E. Equal Annual Equivalent;51
8.3.6;F. Soil Expectation Value;51
8.3.7;G. Other Mixed-Method Economic Assessments;53
8.3.8;H. Selecting Discount Rates;54
8.3.9;I. Forest Taxation;55
8.4;IV. Environmental and Social Evaluation of Natural Resources;57
8.4.1;A. Habitat Suitability;57
8.4.2;B. Recreation Values;57
8.4.3;C. Water Resources;58
8.4.4;D. Stream Habitat Values;59
8.4.5;E. Air Quality;60
8.4.6;F. Employment and Income;62
8.5;V. Summary;62
8.6;References;65
9;Chapter 3: Geographic Information and Land Classification in Support of Forest Planning;68
9.1;I. Geographic Information Systems;69
9.1.1;A. Geographic Data Collection Processes;69
9.1.2;B. Geographic Data Structures;71
9.1.3;C. Geographic Data Used in This Book;73
9.1.4;D. Geographic Information Processes;74
9.2;II. Land Classification;78
9.2.1;A. Strata-based Land Classifications;80
9.2.2;B. Land Classification Based on Units of Land;82
9.2.3;C. Land Classification Based on Spatial Position;82
9.3;III. Summary;83
9.4;References;84
10;Chapter 4: Estimation and Projection of Stand and Forest Conditions;86
10.1;I. The Growth of Forests;87
10.1.1;A. Growth of Even-Aged Stands;88
10.1.2;B. Growth of Uneven-Aged Stands;91
10.1.3;C. Growth of Two-Aged Stands;94
10.1.4;D. Growth Transition through Time;95
10.2;II. Projecting Stand Conditions;102
10.2.1;A. Growth and Yield Tables;102
10.2.2;B. Growth and Yield Simulators;104
10.2.3;C. Brief Summary of Some Growth and Yield Simulators;107
10.3;III. Output from Growth and Yield Models;110
10.4;IV. Model Evaluation;110
10.5;V. Summary;111
10.6;References;112
11;Chapter 5: Optimization of Tree- and Stand-Level Objectives;114
11.1;I. Optimization;115
11.2;II. Tree-level Optimization;116
11.3;III. Stand-level Optimization;117
11.3.1;A. Optimum Timber Rotation;118
11.3.2;B. Optimum Thinning Timing;120
11.3.3;C. Optimum Stand Density or Stocking;121
11.4;IV. Mathematical Models for Optimizing Stand-level Management Regimes;122
11.5;V. Dynamic Programming;122
11.5.1;A. Recursive Relationships;124
11.5.2;B. Caveats of Dynamic Programming;124
11.5.3;C. Disadvantages of Dynamic Programming;124
11.5.4;D. Dynamic Programming Example-An Evening Out;125
11.5.5;E. Dynamic Programming Example-Western Stand Thinning, Fixed Rotation Length;127
11.5.6;F. Dynamic Programming Example-Southern Stand Thinning, Varying Rotation Lengths;129
11.6;VI. Summary;133
11.7;References;134
12;Chapter 6: Graphical Solution Techniques for Two-Variable Linear Problems;136
12.1;I. Translating Forestry and Natural Resource Problems from Word Problems into Mathematical Relationships;137
12.2;II. Example Problems in Natural Resource Management;138
12.2.1;A. A Road Construction Plan;138
12.2.2;B. A Plan for Developing Snags to Enhance Wildlife Habitat;142
12.2.3;C. A Plan for Fish Habitat Development;144
12.2.4;D. A Hurricane Clean-up Plan;145
12.3;III. Optimality, Feasibility, and Efficiency;147
12.4;IV. Summary;149
13;Chapter 7: Linear Programming;152
13.1;I. Introduction;153
13.2;II. Four Assumptions Inherent in Standard Linear Programming Models;153
13.2.1;A. The Assumption of Proportionality;153
13.2.2;B. The Assumption of Additivity;153
13.2.3;C. The Assumption of Divisibility;153
13.2.4;D. The Assumption of Certainty;153
13.3;III. Objective Functions for Linear Programming Problems;154
13.4;IV. Accounting Rows for Linear Programming Problems;155
13.4.1;A. Accounting Rows Related to Land Areas Scheduled for Treatment;156
13.4.2;B. Wood Flow-Related Accounting Rows;157
13.4.3;C. Habitat-Related Accounting Rows;158
13.5;V. Constraints for Linear Programming Problems;159
13.5.1;A. Resource Constraints;159
13.5.2;B. Policy Constraints;160
13.6;VI. Detached Coefficient Matrix;162
13.7;VII. Model I, II, and III Linear Programming Problems;163
13.8;VIII. Interpretation of Results Generated from Linear Programming Problems;164
13.8.1;A. Objective Function Value, Variable Values, and Reduced Costs;165
13.8.2;B. Slack and Duel Prices;166
13.9;IX. Assessing Alternative Management Scenarios;167
13.10;X. Case Study: Western Forest;168
13.11;XI. Summary;171
13.12;References;173
14;Chapter 8: Advanced Planning Techniques;174
14.1;I. Extensions to Linear Programming;174
14.1.1;A. Mixed Integer Programming;175
14.1.2;B. Integer Programming;177
14.1.3;C. Goal Programming;178
14.2;II. Binary Search;180
14.3;III. Heuristic Methods;183
14.3.1;A. Monte Carlo Simulation;185
14.3.2;B. Simulated Annealing;186
14.3.3;C. Threshold Accepting;187
14.3.4;D. Tabu Search;187
14.3.5;E. Genetic Algorithms;188
14.3.6;F. Other Heuristics;189
14.4;IV. Forest Planning Software;190
14.4.1;A. Spectrum;190
14.4.2;B. Habplan;190
14.4.3;C. Magis;191
14.4.4;D. Woodstock/Stanley;191
14.5;V. Summary;192
14.6;References;194
15;Chapter 9: Forest and Natural Resource Sustainability;196
15.1;I. Sustainability of Forests and Other Natural Resources;196
15.2;II. Sustainability of Production;198
15.3;III. Sustainability of Multiple Uses;200
15.4;IV. Sustainability of Ecosystems and Social Values;202
15.5;V. Incorporating Measures of Sustainability into Forest Plans;204
15.6;VI. Sustainability beyond the Immediate Forest;206
15.7;VII. Summary;207
15.8;References;208
16;Chapter 10: Models of Desired Forest Structure;210
16.1;I. The Normal Forest;210
16.2;II. The Regulated Forest;215
16.3;III. Irregular Forest Structures;217
16.4;IV. Structures Guided by a Historical Range of Variability;218
16.5;V. Structures Not Easily Classified;220
16.6;VI. Summary;221
17;Chapter 11: Control Techniques for Commodity Production and Wildlife Objectives;224
17.1;I. Controlling the Area Scheduled;225
17.2;II. Controlling the Volume Scheduled;226
17.2.1;A. The Hanzlik Formula for Volume Control;228
17.2.2;B. The Von Mantel Formula for Volume Control;230
17.2.3;C. The Austrian Formula for Volume Control;232
17.2.4;D. The Hundeshagen Formula for Volume Control;234
17.2.5;E. The Meyer Amortization Method for Volume Control;235
17.2.6;F. The Heyer Method for Volume Control;236
17.2.7;G. Structural Methods for Volume Control;237
17.3;III. Application of Area and Volume Control to the Putnam Tract;237
17.3.1;A. Area Control;237
17.3.2;B. Volume Control-Hanzlik Formula;237
17.3.3;C. Volume Control-Von Mantel Formula;238
17.3.4;D. Volume Control-Austrian Formula;238
17.3.5;E. Volume Control-Hundeshagen Formula;238
17.3.6;F. Volume Control-Meyer Formula;238
17.4;IV. Area-Volume Check;238
17.5;V. Wildlife Habitat Control;239
17.6;VI. The Allowable Cut Effect;240
17.7;VII. Summary;242
17.8;References;244
18;Chapter 12: Spatial Restrictions and Considerations in Forest Planning;246
18.1;I. Adjacency and Green-up Rules as They Relate to Clearcut Harvesting;247
18.2;II. Adjacency and Green-up of Group-Selection Patch Harvests;252
18.3;III. Habitat Quality Considerations;253
18.3.1;A. Case 1: Elk Habitat Quality;254
18.3.2;B. Case 2: Bird Species Habitat Considerations;254
18.3.3;C. Case 3: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Considerations;255
18.3.4;D. Case 4: Spotted Owl Habitat Quality;257
18.4;IV. Road and Trail Maintenance and Construction;260
18.4.1;A. Case 1: Road Management Problem;260
18.4.2;B. Case 2: Trail Development Problem;262
18.5;V. Summary;265
18.6;References;266
19;Chapter 13: Hierarchical System for Planning and Scheduling Management Activities;268
19.1;I. Strategic Planning;269
19.2;II. Tactical Planning;269
19.3;III. Operational Planning;270
19.4;IV. Vertical Integration of Planning Processes;271
19.5;V. Blended, Combined, and Adaptive Approaches;272
19.6;VI. Your Involvement in Forest Planning Processes;273
19.7;VII. Summary;274
19.8;References;275
20;Chapter 14: Forest Supply Chain Management;278
20.1;I. Components of a Forestry Supply Chain;279
20.2;II. Association with the Hierarchy of Forest Planning;282
20.3;III. Mathematical Formulations Associated with Forestry Supply Chain Components;285
20.4;IV. Sources of Variation in the Forestry Supply Chain;288
20.5;V. Summary;289
20.6;References;290
21;Chapter 15: Forest Certification and Carbon Sequestration;292
21.1;I. Overview of Forest Certification;293
21.2;II. Forest Certification Programs;296
21.2.1;A. Sustainable Forestry Initiative;296
21.2.2;B. Forest Stewardship Council;297
21.2.3;C. American Tree Farm System;299
21.2.4;D. Green Tag Forestry System;299
21.2.5;E. Canadian Standards Association;299
21.2.6;F. International Organization for Standardization, Standard 14001;300
21.2.7;G. Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes;300
21.3;III. Cost and Benefits of Forest Certification;300
21.4;IV. Forest Carbon Sequestration;301
21.5;V. Opportunities and Challenges in Increasing Forest Carbon Storage;302
21.6;VI. Emission Trading;303
21.7;VII. Selected U.S. Carbon Reporting and Trading Schemes;303
21.8;VIII. Forest Carbon Implications for Forest Management;304
21.9;IX. Summary;305
21.10;References;305
22;Appendix A: Databases Used Throughout Forest Management and Planning;308
22.1;I. A Douglas-Fir Stand from Western Oregon;308
22.2;II. The Lincoln Tract;317
22.3;III. The Putnam Tract;321
22.4;Reference;324
23;Appendix B: The Simplex Method for Solving Linear Planning Problems;326
23.1;I. An Overview of the Simplex Method;326
23.2;II. Ten Steps That Represent the Simplex Method;327
23.3;III. A Two-Variable, Two-Constraint Problem Solved with the Simplex Method;329
23.4;References;333
24;Appendix C: Writing a Memorandum or Report;334
24.1;I. Memorandums;334
24.2;II. Reports;335
25;Index;338
