E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 35-1, 297 Seiten
E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 35-1, 297 Seiten
Reihe: The Clinics: Internal Medicine
ISBN: 978-0-323-26091-6
Verlag: Elsevier Health Care - Major Reference Works
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;Title page
;2
3;Copyright page
;3
4;Contributors;4
4.1;Editor;4
4.2;Authors;4
5;Contents;8
6;Forthcoming Issues;13
6.1;Forthcoming Issues;13
6.1.1;June 2014;13
6.1.2;September 2014;13
6.1.3;December 2014;13
6.2;Recent Issues;13
6.2.1;December 2013;13
6.2.2;September 2013;13
6.2.3;June 2013;13
7;Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;14
8;COPD;16
8.1;Key points;16
8.2;Definition;16
8.3;Diagnostic criteria;17
8.4;ATS 1995;16
8.5;ERS 1995;16
8.6;Considerations for future diagnostic criteria;18
8.7;COPD phenotypes;19
8.8;Specific COPD phenotypes;19
8.9;References;20
9;Epidemiology and Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;22
9.1;Key points;22
9.2;Introduction;22
9.3;Definition of COPD;22
9.3.1;Measures of Airflow Limitation and Reversibility;23
9.3.2;Clinical Features and Overlap Syndromes;23
9.4;Risk factors;23
9.4.1;Active and Passive Cigarette Smoking;23
9.4.2;Occupational Risk Factors;24
9.4.3;Air Pollution;24
9.4.4;Genetic Factors;24
9.5;Prevalence of COPD;24
9.5.1;Criteria and Impact on Disease Prevalence;24
9.5.2;Prevalence Estimates;25
9.5.3;Prevalence of COPD and Gender Differences;26
9.6;Burden of COPD and mortality;26
9.7;Summary;29
9.8;References;29
10;Tobacco Smoking and Environmental Risk Factors for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;32
10.1;Key points;32
10.2;Introduction;32
10.3;Tobacco smoking;33
10.4;Second-hand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke;34
10.5;Exposure to indoor biomass fuel smoke;35
10.6;Other indoor air pollutants;36
10.7;Occupational COPD;37
10.7.1;Farming;37
10.7.2;Other Occupations Associated with COPD;38
10.8;Outdoor air pollution;39
10.9;Summary;39
10.10;References;40
11;Genetic Susceptibility;44
11.1;Key points;44
11.2;Introduction;44
11.3;Unbiased approaches;45
11.4;Candidate gene approaches;45
11.4.1;The Extracellular Matrix;45
11.4.2;Protease-Antiprotease Balance;46
11.4.3;Reactive Oxygen Species;47
11.4.4;Inflammation;48
11.5;Summary;49
11.6;References;49
12;Alpha1-antitrypsin Review;54
12.1;Key points;54
12.2;Prevalence;54
12.3;Clinical impact;55
12.4;Pathophysiology;56
12.4.1;Susceptibility of Other Phenotypes;57
12.5;Augmentation;58
12.6;New treatments;61
12.6.1;Recombinant A1AT;61
12.6.2;Secretion Strategies;61
12.6.3;Gene Therapies;61
12.6.4;Drugs;61
12.7;Biomarkers;61
12.8;Summary;62
12.9;References;62
13;Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;66
13.1;Key points;66
13.2;Introduction;66
13.3;Mild COPD;66
13.3.1;Clinical Relevance;66
13.3.2;Resting Physiologic Abnormalities in Mild COPD;67
13.3.2.1;Small airways dysfunction;67
13.3.2.2;Ventilation-perfusion abnormalities;68
13.3.3;Responses to Exercise in Mild COPD;69
13.3.3.1;High ventilatory requirements;69
13.3.3.2;Impairment of dynamic respiratory mechanics;69
13.3.3.3;Cardiocirculatory impairment;69
13.3.3.4;Skeletal muscle dysfunction;71
13.4;Moderate-to-severe COPD;71
13.4.1;Resting Physiologic Abnormalities in Moderate-to-Severe COPD;71
13.4.1.1;Progression of resting lung hyperinflation;71
13.4.1.2;Pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities;72
13.4.2;Responses to Exercise in Moderate-to-Severe COPD;72
13.4.2.1;Increased central respiratory drive;72
13.4.2.2;Dynamic respiratory mechanics across the continuum of COPD;73
13.4.2.3;Cardiocirculatory impairment;74
13.4.2.4;Skeletal muscle dysfunction;76
13.5;Physiologic mechanisms of dyspnea in COPD;76
13.6;Summary;77
13.7;References;78
14;Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;86
14.1;Key points;86
14.2;Introduction;86
14.3;Pathology;86
14.4;COPD as an inflammatory disease;87
14.5;Inflammatory cells;87
14.6;Epithelial cells;87
14.7;Macrophages;87
14.8;Neutrophils;89
14.9;Eosinophils;89
14.10;Dendritic cells;89
14.11;T lymphocytes;90
14.12;Mediators of inflammation;90
14.12.1;Lipid Mediators;90
14.12.2;Cytokines;90
14.12.3;Chemokines;91
14.12.4;Growth Factors;91
14.13;Proteases;91
14.14;Oxidative stress;92
14.15;Systemic inflammation in COPD;93
14.15.1;Acute Phase Proteins;94
14.15.2;Cytokines;94
14.16;Defective resolution of inflammation and repair;94
14.16.1;Proresolving Lipid Mediators;95
14.16.2;Accelerated Aging;95
14.16.3;Airway Fibrosis;95
14.17;Implications for future therapy;95
14.17.1;Reversal of Corticosteroid Resistance;95
14.17.2;New Antiinflammatory Therapies;96
14.17.3;New Pathways;96
14.17.4;The Need for Biomarkers;96
14.17.5;Disease Phenotypes;96
14.17.6;Treating Acute Exacerbations;97
14.18;References;97
15;Role of Infections;102
15.1;Key points;102
15.2;Introduction;102
15.3;Acute infection;103
15.3.1;Causes of Exacerbations;103
15.3.1.1;Virus;103
15.3.1.2;Bacteria;104
15.3.1.3;Coinfection with virus and bacteria;106
15.3.2;Community-acquired Pneumonia;106
15.3.2.1;Epidemiology;106
15.3.2.2;Causes of CAP in COPD;106
15.3.2.3;Role of inhaled corticosteroids;106
15.3.2.4;Antimicrobial therapy in COPD and CAP;107
15.4;Chronic infection;107
15.4.1;Vicious-circle Hypothesis;107
15.4.2;Evidence to Support Chronic Infection;108
15.4.3;Mechanism of Increased Susceptibility to Infection in COPD;109
15.4.4;Host Defects: Innate Immunity;109
15.4.4.1;Mucociliary clearance;109
15.4.4.2;Immunoglobulin A;109
15.4.4.3;Antimicrobial peptides;109
15.4.4.4;Macrophage function;110
15.4.5;Pathogen Mechanisms;111
15.4.5.1;Tissue invasion;111
15.4.5.2;Biofilm formation;111
15.4.5.3;Antigenic alteration;111
15.5;Future directions;111
15.6;References;111
16;Comorbidities and Systemic Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;116
16.1;Key points;116
16.2;Introduction;116
16.3;Classification;116
16.4;Cardiovascular disease;116
16.4.1;Prevalence;117
16.4.2;Pathogenesis;117
16.4.2.1;Inflammation;117
16.4.2.2;Hypoxia;119
16.4.2.3;Effect of cigarette smoking;119
16.4.2.4;Polycythemia;119
16.4.2.5;Hypercapnic acidosis;119
16.4.2.6;Abnormalities in vascular endothelial function/vessel wall;120
16.4.3;Common Cardiovascular Complications;120
16.4.4;Interventions to Reduce Cardiovascular Complications;121
16.4.4.1;Smoking cessation;121
16.4.4.2;Effective management of COPD;121
16.4.4.3;Cardiovascular drugs;121
16.5;Skeletal muscle effects;122
16.5.1;Prevalence;122
16.5.2;Pathophysiologic Changes Associated with Muscle Dysfunction/Wasting;122
16.5.3;Factors Contributing to Muscle Dysfunction;122
16.5.4;Interventions to Improve Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction;124
16.6;Osteoporosis;124
16.6.1;Prevalence of Osteoporosis in COPD;125
16.6.2;Potential Contributors to Osteoporosis in COPD;125
16.6.2.1;Corticosteroids;125
16.6.2.2;Inflammation;125
16.6.2.3;Calcification paradox;126
16.6.3;Therapeutic Interventions;126
16.6.3.1;Nonpharmacologic measures;126
16.6.3.2;Pharmacologic measures;126
16.7;Nutritional effects in COPD;126
16.7.1;Prevalence and Implications;126
16.7.2;Factors Contributing to Nutritional Depletion;127
16.7.3;Therapeutic Interventions;127
16.8;Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea in COPD;127
16.8.1;Management of OSA and COPD;128
16.9;Anemia in COPD;128
16.9.1;Prevalence;128
16.9.2;Pathogenesis;128
16.9.3;Management;130
16.9.4;Autonomic Dysfunction;130
16.9.5;Prevalence and Clinical Implications;130
16.10;Lung Cancer and COPD;130
16.10.1;Prevalence;130
16.10.2;Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications of Lung Cancer in COPD;131
16.11;Psychological effects in COPD;132
16.11.1;Prevalence;132
16.11.2;Clinical Implications;132
16.12;Diabetes and metabolic syndrome in COPD;132
16.12.1;Prevalence and Pathogenesis;132
16.12.2;Management and Clinical Implications;132
16.13;Systemic inflammation in COPD;133
16.14;Summary;136
16.15;References;136
17;Biomarkers in COPD;146
17.1;Key points;146
17.2;Introduction;146
17.3;Markers and outcomes: general concepts;146
17.4;Biomarkers: definition and requirements;148
17.5;Biomarkers in COPD: where are we now?;148
17.5.1;Fibrinogen: the Most Promising Biomarker;148
17.5.2;Other Acute Phase Reactants Regulated by IL-6;150
17.5.3;Emerging Biomarkers;151
17.5.4;Pneumoproteins;151
17.5.5;Other Biomarkers;152
17.5.6;Biomarkers of Therapeutic Responses;152
17.5.7;A Network Approach to Inflammation: the Systemic Inflammome;152
17.6;How can we progress in the field?;153
17.7;Summary;154
17.8;References;154
18;Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;158
18.1;Key points;158
18.2;Introduction;158
18.3;Definitions;159
18.4;Clinical features;159
18.4.1;Symptoms;159
18.4.2;Airway Obstruction and Reversibility;160
18.4.3;Atopy;161
18.4.4;Airway Hyperresponsiveness;161
18.4.5;The Overlap Phenotype;162
18.5;Genetics and environment;163
18.5.1;Overlap of Asthma and COPD;164
18.6;Inflammation and remodeling;165
18.7;Pharmacologic responses;166
18.8;Summary;167
18.9;References;168
19;Acute COPD Exacerbations;172
19.1;Key points;172
19.2;Impact of COPD exacerbations;172
19.3;Definition of exacerbations;172
19.4;Causes and pathogenesis of exacerbation;173
19.5;The frequent exacerbator phenotype;174
19.6;Exacerbation prevention;174
19.6.1;Vaccines;174
19.6.2;Inhaled Corticosteroids and Long-acting Bronchodilators;174
19.6.3;Dual Bronchodilators;175
19.6.4;Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors;176
19.6.5;Long-term Antibiotics;176
19.6.6;Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Home Oxygen, and Ventilatory Support;176
19.7;Management of the acute exacerbation;176
19.8;References;177
20;Smoking Cessation;180
20.1;Key points;180
20.2;Introduction;180
20.3;Physiology of smoking;180
20.4;Approach to a quit attempt;182
20.5;Strategy for the quit attempt;183
20.6;Pharmacotherapy;184
20.6.1;NRT;184
20.6.1.1;Nicotine polacrilex gum;185
20.6.1.2;Nicotine polacrilex lozenge;185
20.6.1.3;Transdermal nicotine;185
20.6.1.4;Nicotine inhaler;185
20.6.1.5;Nicotine nasal spray;186
20.6.1.6;Combinations of NRT;186
20.6.1.7;Bupropion;186
20.6.1.8;Varenicline;186
20.6.1.9;Off-label agents;187
20.7;Harm reduction;187
20.8;Summary;188
20.9;References;188
21;Current Drug Treatment, Chronic and Acute;192
21.1;Key points;192
21.2;Introduction;192
21.3;Drug treatment in acute exacerbations;192
21.4;Drug treatment in chronic management;194
21.5;ICS and COPD;194
21.6;Evidence-based therapy;197
21.7;Evaluating patients;197
21.8;Initial drug therapy;198
21.9;Alternative therapies;198
21.10;Emerging issues;199
21.11;Summary;200
21.12;References;200
22;Bronchodilators;206
22.1;Key points;206
22.2;The importance of bronchodilation in COPD;206
22.3;Classes of bronchodilators;207
22.3.1;ß2-Agonists;207
22.3.2;Antimuscarinic Agents;207
22.3.3;Methylxanthines;208
22.4;The choice of bronchodilators in stable COPD;208
22.4.1;When Starting Treatment with Bronchodilators;208
22.4.2;Choice of Treatment Based on Effectiveness;208
22.4.3;Choice of Treatment Based on Safety;209
22.4.4;When Combining Two Bronchodilators with Different Mechanisms of Action;209
22.5;Future developments;210
22.5.1;Novel Classes;210
22.5.2;New Traditional Bronchodilators;211
22.6;References;213
23;How Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors Work in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease of the Severe, Bronchitic, F ...;218
23.1;Key points;218
23.2;Introduction;218
23.3;PDE4 inhibitors and COPD;219
23.4;A triple combination therapy?;220
23.5;Scientific rationale for adding on a PDE4 inhibitor to an ICS/LABA combination therapy: a case for gene transactivation;220
23.6;Why ICS/LABA combination therapies are not enough;222
23.7;Candidate antiinflammatory genes;224
23.7.1;Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 1;224
23.7.2;Glucocorticoid-induced Leucine Zipper;224
23.7.3;Regulator of G-protein Signaling 2;225
23.7.4;Cluster of Differentiation 200;225
23.7.5;Cysteine-rich Secretory Protein Limulus Clotting Factor C, Cochlin, Lgl1 Domain-containing 2;225
23.7.6;p57kip2;226
23.7.7;Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3;226
23.7.8;Cylindromatosis;226
23.7.9;Tristetraprolin;226
23.8;Gene transactivation and glucocorticoid resistance;227
23.9;A note on cAMP-induced, adverse-effect genes;227
23.10;Summary and future directions;227
23.11;Acknowledgments;228
23.12;References;228
24;New Drug Therapies for COPD;234
24.1;Key points;234
24.2;Introduction;234
24.3;Drugs to aid smoking cessation;236
24.4;Inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids;237
24.4.1;Inhaled Bronchodilators;237
24.4.2;ICS;237
24.4.3;Steroid Resistance;238
24.5;Antiinfective and antiinflammatory agents;238
24.5.1;Antibiotics;238
24.5.2;Antivirals;240
24.5.3;Agents Acting on Innate Immunity;240
24.5.4;Chemokine Receptor Antagonists;241
24.5.5;Chemoattractant Receptor-homologous Receptor Antagonism;241
24.5.6;LTB4 Receptor Antagonists;241
24.5.7;Selectin Antagonism;241
24.5.8;Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors;241
24.5.9;Kinase Inhibitors;242
24.5.10;Statins;242
24.6;Miscellaneous additional classes of new drugs;243
24.6.1;Antioxidants;243
24.6.2;Mucoactive Drugs;244
24.6.3;Proteases;244
24.6.4;Fibrosis and Remodeling;244
24.6.5;Biologics: MoABs;245
24.6.6;Aging and Autoimmunity;245
24.6.7;Lung Regeneration;245
24.7;Summary;246
24.8;References;246
25;Pulmonary Rehabilitation;256
25.1;Key points;256
25.2;Outline;256
25.2.1;Definition;256
25.3;The evidence base for pulmonary rehabilitation;257
25.4;Where can pulmonary rehabilitation be organized;258
25.5;A comprehensive intervention: program content;258
25.6;Patient screening and selection;260
25.6.1;Screening for the Extrapulmonary Consequences of COPD;261
25.6.2;Symptoms;262
25.6.3;Physical Activity;262
25.6.4;Severe Exacerbations;262
25.7;Maintaining the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation;262
25.8;Summary;263
25.9;References;263
26;Noninvasive Ventilation and Lung Volume Reduction;266
26.1;Key points;266
26.2;Introduction;266
26.3;NIV;266
26.4;NIV during acute hypercapnic respiratory failure;267
26.4.1;Indications;267
26.4.2;Predictors of Treatment Success and Treatment Failure;267
26.4.3;Ventilator Mode and Setup;268
26.5;Domiciliary NIV for chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure;268
26.5.1;Physiologic Basis;268
26.5.2;Respiratory Drive;268
26.5.2.1;Respiratory load;269
26.5.2.2;Respiratory muscle capacity;269
26.5.3;Early Trials;269
26.5.4;Current Data and Practice;269
26.5.5;Could Technical Factors Explain the Failure to Show a Benefit with NIV?;270
26.5.6;Summaries;270
26.6;LVR for the treatment of emphysema;270
26.6.1;Physiologic Basis;270
26.6.1.1;Surgical LVR;271
26.6.1.1.1;Bullectomy;271
26.6.1.1.2;LVRS;271
26.6.2;Bronchoscopic LVR;275
26.6.2.1;Endobronchial airway valves;275
26.6.2.1.1;Biologic LVR;276
26.6.2.1.2;Bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation (steam);277
26.6.2.1.3;RePneu LVR coils;277
26.6.2.1.4;Airways bypass stents;278
26.7;Summary;280
26.8;References;280
27;Index;286
27.1;A;286
27.2;B;286
27.3;C;287
27.4;D;289
27.5;E;289
27.6;F;289
27.7;G;289
27.8;H;290
27.9;I;290
27.10;K;290
27.11;L;290
27.12;M;291
27.13;N;291
27.14;O;291
27.15;P;291
27.16;Q;292
27.17;R;292
27.18;S;292
27.19;T;292
27.20;V;293
Contributors
Editor
PETER J. BARNES, FRS, FMedSci, Head of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom Authors
ALVAR AGUSTI, MD, PhD, Professor, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Mallorca, Spain PETER J. BARNES, FRS, FMedSci, Head of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom PETER CALVERLEY, DSc, FMedSc, Professor, Respiratory Research, Clinical Sciences Department, Professor of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Diseases, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, United Kingdom CARLOS AUGUSTO CAMILLO, PT, MSc, Respiratory Rehabilitation and Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven; Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium MARIO CAZZOLA, MD, Professor of Respiratory Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy GOURAB CHOUDHURY, MBBS, MRCP(UK), ELEGI and COLT Laboratories, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom DAVID M. DAUGHTON, MS, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska HELEEN DEMEYER, PT, MSc, Respiratory Rehabilitation and Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven; Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ENRIQUE DIAZ-GUZMAN, MD, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama MARK A. GIEMBYCZ, BSc, PhD, Professor, Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Pulmonary Pharmacology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada TREVOR T. HANSEL, FRCPath, PhD, Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU), Biomedical Research Centre (BMRC), Centre for Respiratory Infection (CRI), National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College, Paddington, London, United Kingdom MIEK HORNIKX, PT, MSc, Respiratory Rehabilitation and Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven; Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium WIM JANSSENS, MD, PhD, Respiratory Rehabilitation and Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven; Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium PIERANTONIO LAVENEZIANA, MD, PhD, Laboratoire de Physio-Pathologie Respiratoire, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie (site Pitié-Salpêtrière), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France DAVID A. LOMAS, PhD, ScD, FRCP, FMedSci, Professor, University College London, London, United Kingdom ALEX J. MACKAY, BSc(Hons), MRCP, Clinical Fellow in Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom WILLIAM MACNEE, MBChB, MD, FRCP(G), FRCP(E), ELEGI and COLT Laboratories, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom DAVID M. MANNINO, MD, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, Kentucky STEFAN J. MARCINIAK, PhD, FRCP, Doctor, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom MARIA GABRIELLA MATERA, MD, PhD, Professor of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy PATRICK BRIAN MURPHY, MRCP, PhD, Lane Fox Clinical Respiratory Physiology Group, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom J. ALBERTO NEDER, MD, DSc, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada ROBERT NEWTON, BSc, PhD, Professor, Alberta Innovates-Health Solutions Senior Scholar, Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada DENIS E. O'DONNELL, MD, FRCP(I), FRCP(C), Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada MICHAEL IAIN POLKEY, PhD, FRCP, NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom DIRKJE S. POSTMA, MD, PhD, Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ROBERTO RABINOVICH, MBBS, MD, PhD, ELEGI and COLT Laboratories, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom KAMEN RANGELOV, MD, Fellow, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York HELEN K. REDDEL, MD, PhD, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia STEPHEN I. RENNARD, MD, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Larson Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska CLARE L. ROSS, MRCP, Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU), Biomedical Research Centre (BMRC), Centre for Respiratory Infection (CRI), National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College, Paddington, London, United Kingdom SUNDEEP SALVI, MD, DNB, PhD, FCCP, Director, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India SANJAY SETHI, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division Chief, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Staff Physician, VA Western New York Healthcare System, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York DON D. SIN, MD, PhD, Professor, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Heart and Lung Health, James Hogg Research Center, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada RICHA SINGH, BSc(Hons), MRCP, Clinical Fellow in Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom ROBERT A. STOCKLEY, MD, DSc, FRCP, Professor of Medicine, ADAPT Project, Lung Function & Sleep Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom NICK H.T. TEN HACKEN, MD, PhD, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD,...
